八年级生物下册 13.1 生物的分类课件1 北京版 (1104)

1、Unit 3 Computers词海拾贝 难句剖析理解诱思 【文章导语】Computers are playing an important part in our daily life,so we should know about some words about computers.This text tells you a few computer words.电脑在我们的日常生活中起着重要的作用,因此我们应该了解一些电脑词语。这篇文章会告诉你几个电脑词语。词海拾贝 难句剖析理解诱思 Computer technology has become a major part of peop

2、les lives.This technology has its own special words.One example is the word “mouse”.A computer mouse is not a small animal that lives in buildings and open fields.It is a small device that you move around on a flat surface in front of a computer.The mouse moves the cursor on the computer screen.词海拾贝

3、 难句剖析理解诱思 Computer expert Douglas Engelbart developed the idea for the mouse in the early 1960s.The first computer mouse was a carved block of wood with two metal wheels.It was called a mouse because it had a tail at one end.The tail was the wire that connected it to the computer.Using a computer ta

4、kes some training.People who are experts are sometimes called hackers.A hacker is usually a person who writes software programs in a special computer language.But the word “hacker” is also used to describe a person who tries to steal information from computer systems.词海拾贝 难句剖析理解诱思 Another well known

5、 computer word is Google.It is the name of a popular search engine for the Internet.People use the search engine to find information about almost any subject on the Internet.The people who started the company named it Google because in mathematics,googol,spelled g-o-o-g-o-l,is an extremely large num

6、ber.It is the number one followed by one hundred zeros.When you “Google” a subject,you can get a large amount of information about it.Some people like to “Google” their friends or themselves to see how many times their name appears on the Internet.词海拾贝 难句剖析理解诱思 译文:电脑技术已经成了人们生活的主要部分。这种技术有它自己的独特用词。单词“

7、鼠标”就是一个例子。电脑的鼠标不是一种生活在建筑物和开阔的田野里的小动物。它是一种小型装置,你在电脑前的一个扁平物体的表面来移动它。鼠标移动电脑屏幕上光标。电脑专家道格拉斯恩格尔巴特在20世纪60年代早期产生了鼠标的想法。第一个电脑鼠标是一块有两个金属轮子雕刻的木板。它因为末端有一根尾巴而被称作鼠标。这根尾巴就是那根把鼠标和电脑连在一起的线。使用电脑需要一些培训。那些精通电脑的人有时被称作黑客。黑客通常是一个会用电脑语言来编写软件程序的人。但是“黑客”这个词也被来描述一个试图从电脑系统窃取信息的人。词海拾贝 难句剖析理解诱思 另外一个为人们所熟知的电脑单词是谷歌。它是一个受欢迎的网上搜索引擎的

8、名字。人们使用这个搜索引擎来找到关于互联网几乎所有的主题的信息。创办这家公司的人们把它命名为谷歌,是因为在数学上googol是一个天文数字,是1后面跟着100个0。当你“谷歌”一个主题时,你可以获得大量的关于它的信息。有些人喜欢“谷歌”他们的朋友和他们自己,看一看他们的名字在互联网上出现过多少次。词海拾贝 难句剖析理解诱思 device /dIvaIs/ n. 装置;设备cursor /ks(r)/n. 光标carve /kv/vt. 雕刻hacker /hk(r)/ n. 黑客search engine n. 搜索引擎词海拾贝 难句剖析理解诱思 A hacker is usually a p

9、erson who writes software programs in a special computer language.译文:黑客通常是一个会用电脑语言来编写软件程序的人。剖析:本句是一个复合句,其中who引导的是一个定语从句,修饰a person。词海拾贝 难句剖析理解诱思 1.Do you want to be a hacker? What kind of hacker do you want to be?2.What do you think of the development of computer technology?3.What is the main idea o

10、f the second paragraph?A.Douglas Engelbart was a great inventor.B.The first mouse was made from wood.C.How the first computer mouse was invented.D.Why the mouse has a tail.答案:Different students have different answers. 答案:Different students have different answers. 答案:C Section Warming Up,Pre-reading,

11、Reading & Comprehending一二三四五六七一、写作词汇预习Reading部分的词汇,完成下列小对话或语篇。1.The river near our village is being polluted.Something must be done to (解决) the problem. 2.What do you think of the plan?(就个人而言),its not a good one. 3.He is kind to others.Thats right.(结果),others are kind to him. 4.Many people think

12、 being rich is (幸福). But I dont think so.solve Personally As a result happiness 一二三四五六七5.Li Hua is a college student and works (如此努力为的是)he can become a scientist.When he was a child,he became interested in science.(从那时起) he did his best to learn about science.His (目标) is to fly to Mars and (探索) it.T

13、hough he faces different kinds of difficulty,(无论如何)he does what he can to make his dream come true. so hard that From then on goal explore anyhow 一二三四五六七二、阅读词汇预习Reading部分的词汇,写出画线部分的汉语意思。导学号With the development of technology 1.,laptops 2. enter our lives.They can help us calculate 3. some difficult m

14、athematical 4. problems.More and more people have their own websites 5. where they can do what they want to do. 科技 手提电脑 计算 数学的 网络/网站 一二三四五六七三、你对电脑了解多少呢?请和同学们讨论,然后说出电脑的用途。First: Second: Third: Fourth: .答案:略一二三四五六七四、单词、词组翻译1.人类 2.如此以至于 3.从时起 4.结果 5.解决 6.探索;探测;探究 human race so.that from.on as a result

15、solveexplore 一二三四五六七五、阅读WHO AM I?,回答下列问题1.When was the computer the biggest?A.In 1642.B.In 1936.C.In the 1940s.D.In the 1970s.答案:C 一二三四五六七2.Which of the following statements is right?A.The first form of the computer appeared as a calculating machine in France in 1642.B.The analytical machine was inv

16、ented by Turing in 1822.C.Computers have been used as a means of communication around the world since the 1960s.D.Computers havent been put into space rockets and used to explore the Moon and Mars.答案:A 一二三四五六七3.According to the description in the text,computers will be in the future. A.bigger and bi

17、gger,faster and fasterB.smaller and smaller but slowerC.more and more advancedD.almost the same as those today答案:C 一二三四五六七六、阅读课文,填写下面表格Who Am I? calculating simplify analytical artificial intelligence quicker universal solve 一二三四五六七size network share applications communication 一二三四五六七七、课文填空按照课文的内容和句

18、子结构的语法性,在空格处填入一个适当的词或使用括号中词语的正确形式填空。导学号Im a computer.It took nearly two hundred years I was built as a machine.Young as I was,I could (simple)difficult sums.After I was put into use,it was considered a (technology)revolution.By the 1940s I had grown as large as a room,and this reality also (worry)my

19、 designers.As time went ,I was made smaller and smaller. before simplify technological worried by 一二三四五六七Later on I (total)changed my shapes.Over time my memory has developed so much I never forget anything I have been told.But I was always so lonely standing there by myself,until in the early 1960s

20、 I was connected by a network. the 1970s many new (apply)have been found for me.I have become very important communication,finance and trade.Im now truly a good friend of the human race. totally that Since applications in 12345678910111.In pairs discuss what they have in common.(P17)两人一组讨论它们有什么共同之处。

21、剖析:本句是一个祈使句。祈使句是用来表达命令或请求的句子,它还用来表示禁止、许可或任何其他类的劝告,是用来要求别人做什么或不做什么的句子。常以动词原形开头,省略句子的主语You。如:Open your books please.请打开你们的书。考点:have (sth) in common有共同之处The two sisters have nothing in common.这两姐妹没有共同之处。The two schools have a lot in common.这两所学校有许多相似之处。1234567891011考点延伸 阅读下列句子,指出common的词组及意义。In common

22、with many other girls,she likes new clothes.和许多其他女孩一样,她也喜欢新衣服。词组:in common with意义:和相同 The two neighbours own the parking lot in common.这两个邻居共同拥有这个停车场。词组:in common意义:共有 【高考典句】(2014北京高考)Use your common sense.运用你的常识。词组:common sense意义:常识 1234567891011知识卡片have nothing in common没有共同之处have a lot in common有

23、许多共同之处in common with和相同in common共用common sense常识12345678910113)他和很多其他男孩一样喜欢足球。 many other boys,he likes football. 答案:1)with2)have in common3)In common with12345678910112.calculating machine(P17)计算机考点:calculate vt.计算;预测【高考典句】(2015四川高考) To calculate just how much mothers would earn from that labour,it

24、 suggested some of the roles that mums could take on,including housekeeper,part-time lawyer,personal trainer and entertainer.为了计算妈妈们从那种劳动中会挣多少钱,它表明了一些妈妈能够承担的一些角色,包括管家、兼职律师、私人教练和表演者。【高考典句】(2013湖南高考)Only now are organizations beginning to wake up to these lost opportunities and calculate the financial

25、 implications.只有到现在这些组织才开始意识到这些失去的机会,并预测所涉及的财务影响。1234567891011考点延伸 1)阅读下列句子,指出黑体词的词性及含义。The machine will read out the result of the calculation.机器将读出计算结果。词性:名词含义:计算;推测The calculator was damaged accidentally,and we needed to buy a new one.这个计算器意外地被弄坏了,我们需要买一个新的。词性:名词含义:计算器12345678910112)阅读下列句子,指出calc

26、ulate与count的不同用法。I do not see how one can calculate the time.我看不出一个人怎么能算出时间来。calculate“计算/预测”,一般要有较复杂的过程,如加、减、乘、除等运算,或数学上精密的计算等。Count up to ten before you open your eyes.你数到十再睁开眼睛。count“数数”,指逐个数过而得出总数。知识卡片calculation n.计算;推测calculator n.计算器1234567891011完成句子2)老师算出了全班的平均分。 the average marks of the cla

27、ss. 3)预计两天后完成这项工作。 the work will be finished in two days. 答案:1)calculated2)The teacher calculated3)It is calculated that12345678910113.Although I was young I could simplify difficult sums.(P18)尽管我很年轻,但我能简化一些复杂的数额。剖析:本句是一个复合句,Although引导的是一个让步状语从句,意为“虽然,但是”,不能用but连用。如:Although he is a Canadian,he like

28、s China very much.虽然他是一个加拿大人,但他非常喜欢中国。1234567891011考点一:simplify vt. 简化;使简易【高考典句】(2013湖北高考)While intelligent people can often simplify the complex,a fool is more likely to complicate the simple.聪明的人往往可以使复杂的事情简单化,而傻瓜则更有可能使简单的事情复杂化。This also helps us simplify our design.这也帮助我们简化我们的设计。Try to simplify yo

29、ur explanation for the children.设法让你的解释简易一些,让孩子们能听懂。1234567891011考点延伸 1)阅读下列句子,指出simplify的词性及含义。The program could simplify further.该程序还可以进一步地简化。词性:不及物动词含义:变简单/简化2)阅读下列句子,指出黑体词的词性及含义。【高考典句】(2013浙江高考)You will then find yourself well along on your journey to simplification.接着你会发现自己在通往简单化的进程中进展顺利。词性:名词含

30、义:简化1234567891011【高考典句】(2014湖北高考)First consider something as simple as sleep.首先把一些事情看得像睡觉一样简单。词性:形容词含义:简单的;简易的【高考典句】(2014课标全国高考)Staying with a native speaker is better for children than simply sitting in a classroom.对于孩子们来说,与说本族语的人待在一起要比仅仅坐在教室里更好。词性:副词含义:简单地Do you enjoy your simplified life?你喜欢你简化了的

31、生活吗?词性:形容词含义:简化的1234567891011知识卡片simplification n.简化simple adj.简单的;简易的simply adv.简单地simplified adj.简化的考点二:sum n.总数,总计(与of连用);金额;款项When you add all the figures together,the sum is 125.你把这些数字都加起来,总数就是125。1234567891011考点延伸 阅读下列句子,指出黑体词的词组及意义。11In sum,the course is clear.总而言之,这个过程是清晰的。词组:in sum意义:总之/总而言

32、之 12Can I just sum up what weve agreed so far?我可否就我们目前已经达成的共识作个概括?词组:sum up意义:概括;合计 13Your marks sum up to 508.你的分数总计为508分。词组:sum up to意义:总计为 14This big house cost him a large sum of money.这所大房子花了他一大笔钱。词组:a large sum of意义:一大笔;大量的 1234567891011知识卡片in sum总之,总而言之sum up概括;合计sum up to总计为a large sum of一大笔

33、,大量的12345678910111234567891011完成句子8)3与5的总和是8。 three and five is eight. 9)我希望利用这次机会简化我的生活。I hope to use this chance to . 答案:1)a2)up3)simplification4)simply5)simplify6)simplified7)simplify8)The sum of9)simplify my life12345678910114.I developed very slowly and it took nearly two hundred years before I

34、 was built as an analytical machine by Charles Babbage.(P18)我发育缓慢,差不多到了两百年之后,查尔斯巴比奇才把我制成了一台分析机。剖析:It will be/is/was/takes+时间段+before.“要过多久/过了多久才”。It was two years before he finished the task.他花了两年的时间才完成了这项任务。It took him half an hour before he came to life.半个小时后他才苏醒过来。It will be a week before we meet

35、 again.一周后我们还会再见面的。1234567891011考点延伸 阅读下列句子,指出before的不同含义。He left angrily before I could explain to him.我还没来得及向他解释,他就生气地走了。含义:还没来得及就Youd better write them down before you forget.趁着还没忘记,你最好把它们写下来。含义:趁着还没He had hardly gone to bed before the door bell rang.他刚刚睡下,门铃就响了。含义:一就12345678910115)The earliest t

36、elephones were not popular and (过了很长一段时间)people began to hire or buy them. 答案:1)before2)is3)gets4)It takes several years5)it took a long time before12345678910115.In 1936 my real father,Alan Turing,wrote a book about how I could be made to work as a “universal machine” to solve any difficult mathema

37、tical problem.(P18)在1936年,我真正的父亲,艾伦图灵写了一本书,讲述了怎样能使我成为一台“通用机器”来解决任何数学难题。剖析:本句中的how I could be made to work.是介词about后的宾语从句。动词不定式短语to work as a “universal machine”作从句中的主语I的补足语;动词不定式短语to solve any difficult mathematical problem作目的状语。如:We were thinking about whether we would be seen to enter the building

38、 to save the child.我们正在考虑是否有人看着我们进入那座建筑物去救那个孩子。1234567891011考点:solve vt. 解决;解答【高考典句】(2013天津高考) We need to get to the root of the problem before we can solve it.在我们解决问题之前,我们必须弄清问题的根源。So far nobody in our class can solve the math problem.至今我们班没人能解答这道数学题。考点延伸 1)阅读下列句子,指出黑体词的词性及含义。He arrived at the solu

39、tion by a simple process of deduction.他通过一番简单的推理得出了解决问题的方法。词性:名词含义:解决12345678910112)辨析solve和settle的不同用法。solve侧重于解决问题;其宾语常为problem,puzzle,mystery,difficulty等名词;settle要解决的对象通常是某种争端,使争端平息;其宾语通常为argument,dispute,affair,matter,quarrel,issue等。3)翻译句子。Most of the problems were solved at the meeting,but two

40、were left hanging in the air.翻译:大多数问题在会议上得到了解决,但还有两个问题悬而未决。They settled the dispute in a friendly way.翻译:他们以友好的方式解决了这一争端。12345678910111234567891011123456789101156123478910116.From then on,I grew rapidly both in size and in brainpower.(P18)从那时起,我的体积和智力都在迅速成长。考点:from then on 从那时起【高考典句】(2015江苏高考) The s

41、tories of his unconventional ideas and the exceptional patients he wrote about were so amazing to me and had such a big impact on how I saw life from then on.那些想法新奇的故事和书中所描写的非凡的病人令我非常惊奇,对我之后的人生态度有着深远的影响。5612347891011考点延伸 1)阅读下列句子,指出黑体词组的意义。I wont take any more of your sauce from now on.从现在开始,我不会再忍受你

42、那些无礼顶撞的话了。意义:从现在起From today/tomorrow on,we will learn a new book.从今天/明天起,我们将学习一本新书。意义:从今天/明天起2)阅读下列句子,指出from then on与since then的不同用法。 From then on they became firm friends.从那时起,他们成了好朋友。from then on“从那时起”所在句子常用一般过去时态。5612347891011【高考典句】(2014课标全国高考)Since thenfor all these yearswe have been allowing to

43、matoes to self-seed where they please.从那以后,多年来,我们一直允许西红柿在它们喜欢的地方自我繁殖。since then“自从以来”,所在句子常用现在完成时态。知识卡片from now on从现在起from today on从今天起from tomorrow on从明天起since then从那时起5612347891011561234789101167512348910117.As time went by,I was made smaller.(P18)随着时间的推移,我被做得更小了。考点一:as conj. 随着剖析:as引导的是一个时间状语从句,其

44、含义是“随着”。As time went by可以用With time going by替换。如:【高考典句】(2015安徽高考)As Internet users become more dependent on the Internet to store information,are people remembering less?随着互联网用户更加依赖互联网来储存信息,人们记的东西少了吗?6751234891011考点延伸 阅读下列句子,指出as的用法。【高考典句】(2015安徽高考) Just as I got to the school gate,I realized I had

45、left my book in the cafe.就在我到校门口时,我意识到把书落在了咖啡馆。用法:as作为从属连词,引导时间状语从句,意为“当的时候”。【高考典句】(2015江苏高考) The number of smokers,as is reported,has dropped by 17 percent in just one year.正如所报道的,吸烟者的数量在仅仅一年中下降了百分之十七。用法:as作为关系代词,引导非限制性定语从句,意为“正如/如同”。A child as he is,he knows how to operate the machine.尽管他是个小孩,他知道如

46、何操作那台机器。用法:as作为从属连词,引导让步状语从句,意为“虽然/尽管”。6751234891011They talked with each other as they walked along the street.他们一边沿着街道走,一边谈话。用法:as作为从属连词,引导时间状语从句,意为“一边一边”。She is not so weak as she looks.她并不像看上去那么虚弱。用法:as作为从属连词,引导方式状语从句,意为“像/按照方式”。Please accept it as a present.请把它作为一件礼物收下。用法:as作介词,意为“作为”。675123489

47、1011考点二:go by(指时间)过去;逝去Time goes by quickly on vacation.度假时时间过得真快。Twenty years went by and she remained unchanged.二十年过去了,她依然没变。考点延伸 阅读下列句子,指出go by的意义。 I went by him,but he pretended not to see me.我从他身旁经过,但他假装没看到我。意义:走过675123489101111You cant afford to let any job go by when youve been out of work fo

48、r so long.你失业那么长时间了,可不能轻易放过任何工作机会。意义:(机会等)错过/轻易放过知识卡片go on (with) 进行;继续;发生go ahead 走在前面;前进;干吧(说吧/用吧)go away 走开go over 复习go through 经历;遭受;穿过go across 横渡;跨越go in for 从事;喜好67512348910116751234891011675123489101178651234910118.As a result I totally changed my shape.(P18)因此,我已经完全改变了我的形状。考点:as a result结果,

49、因此【高考典句】(2015广东高考)Yet,our cells simply cannot continue to reproduce endlessly.They wear out,and as a result,we get old and eventually die.然而我们的细胞不会一直无止境地再生。它们(细胞)慢慢消耗尽,结果我们就会变老并最终死亡。All singers kept together.As a result,their performance was successful.所有的歌手协调一致,因此他们的演出非常成功。7865123491011考点延伸 1)阅读下列句

50、子,指出词组as a result of的意义。 He was late for school as a result of traffic jams.由于交通堵塞,他上学迟到了。意义:作为的结果;因为2)阅读下列句子,指出result的词性、词组及意义。His carelessness resulted in the car accident.他的粗心大意导致了这起车祸。词性:不及物动词词组:result in 意义:导致7865123491011The car accident resulted from his carelessness.这起车祸是由于他粗心大意造成的。词性:不及物动词词

51、组:result from 意义:因而产生;由造成Their research was without result.他们的研究没有结果。词性:名词词组:without result 意义:没有结果,白费7865123491011知识卡片as a result结果,因此as a result of 作为的结果;因为result in导致result from因而产生;由造成without result没有结果;白费7865123491011786512349101189765123410119.Over time my memory has developed so much that,lik

52、e an elephant,I never forget anything I have been told!(P18)随着时间的推移,我的记忆能力发展得如此之快,就像一头大象一样,我从来不会忘记别人告诉我的任何事情!剖析:本句中的that引导的是一个结果状语从句;I have been told是一个定语从句,省略了引导词that,修饰先行词anything。如:I was so busy that I had no time to chat online.我很忙,没有时间在网上聊天。You can buy anything you like.你可以买你喜欢的任何东西。89765123410

53、11考点:so+adj./adv.+that如此以至于【高考典句】(2015江苏高考)It is so cold that you cant go outside unless fully covered in thick clothes.天如此冷,你不能出去,除非你全身穿上厚衣服。【高考典句】(2015课标全国高考) Tony saw a toy on a shop window.He liked it so very much that he quickly walked into the shop.托尼在商店的橱窗里看到一个玩具。他非常喜欢,于是快步走近商店。8976512341011考

54、点延伸 阅读下列句子,指出so/such.that的用法。It is so good a film that I like to see it a second time.这部电影如此好,以至于我想再看一遍。用法:so+形容词+不定冠词+名词单数+that.,意为“如此以至于”。There is so much milk in the glass that I cant drink up.杯中的牛奶太多,以至于我喝不了。用法:so+much(many,few,little)+名词(much和little 接不可数名词;many和few接可数名词复数)+that.,意为“如此以至于”。 8976

55、512341011He caught such a bad cold that he coughed day and night.他得了重感冒,日夜咳嗽。用法:such+不定冠词+形容词+名词单数+that.,意为“如此以至于”。They are such small shoes that I cant put them on.这双鞋太小了,我穿不上。用法:such+形容词+复数名词+that.,意为“如此以至于”。It is such fine weather today that we will go swimming.今天天气那么好,我们要去游泳。用法:such+形容词+不可数名词+th

56、at.,意为“如此以至于”。8976512341011So fast did the teacher speak that I couldnt follow him.老师说得太快,我听不懂。用法:在so.that.引导的结果状语从句中,若将so,such与其后面的成分一起置于句首时,则引起部分倒装。11Such a naughty boy is he that nobody likes him.这男孩如此淘气,以至于没有人喜欢他。用法:在such.that.引导的结果状语从句中,若将so,such与其后面的成分一起置于句首时,则引起部分倒装。8976512341011知识卡片so+形容词/副词+that.如此以至于so+形容词+不定冠词+名词单数+that.如此以至于so+much/little+不可数名词+that.如此多/少以至于so+many/few+可数名词复数+that.如此多/少以至于such+不定冠词+形容词+