初中英语定语从句

1、初中英语定语从句  定语从句在句中做定语，修饰一个名词或代词，被修饰的名词词组或代词即先行词。定语从句通常出现在先行词之后，由关系词（关系代词或关系副词）引出。 关系代词有:who, whom, whose, that, which等。 关系副词有:when, where, why等。一关系代词引导的定语从句 关系代词所代替的先行词是人或物的名词或代词，并在句中充当主语、宾语、定语等成分。关系代词在定语 1）who, whom, that 这些词代替的先行词是人的名词或代词，在从句中作主语和宾语。例如: Is he the man who/that wants to see you?

2、 他就是你想见的人吗？（who/that在从句中作主语） He is the man whom/ that I saw yesterday. 他就是我昨天见的那个人。（whom/that在从句中作宾语） 2）whose 用来指人或物，（只用作定语, 若指物，它还能够同of which互换）。例如: They rushed over to help the man whose car had broken down. 那人车坏了，大家都跑过去帮忙。 Please pass me the book whose （of which） cover is green. 请递给我那本绿皮的书。 3）whi

3、ch, that所代替的先行词是事物的名词或代词，在从句中可作主语、宾语等。例如: A prosperity which / that had never been seen before appears in the countryside. 农村出现了前所未有的繁荣。（which / that在句中作宾语） The package （which / that）you are carrying is about to come unwrapped. 你拿的包快散了。（which / that在句中作宾语）二关系副词引导的定语从句 关系副词可代替的先行词是时间、地点或理由的名词，在从句中作状语

4、。 1）关系副词when, where, why的含义相当于“介词+ which”结构，所以常常和“介词+ which”结构 交替使用。例如: There are occasions when （on which） one must yield. 任何人都有不得不屈服的时候。 Beijing is the place where（in which） I was born. 北京是我的出生地。 Is this the reason why （for which） he refused our offer? 这就是他拒绝我们协助他的理由吗？ 2）that代替关系副词，能够用于表示时间、地点、方式、

5、理由的名词后取代when, where, why和“介 +which”引导的定语从句，在口语中that常被省略。例如: His father died the year （that / when / in which） he was born. 他父亲在他出生那年逝世了。 He is unlikely to find the place （that / where / in which） he lived forty years ago. 他不大可能找到他四十年前居住过的地方。三判断关系代词与关系副词 方法一: 用关系代词，还是关系副词完全取决于从句中的谓语动词。及物动词后面无宾语，就必须要求

6、用 This is the mountain village where I stayed last year. 这是我去年呆过的山村。 I'll never forget the days when I worked together with you. 我永远不会忘记与你共事的日子。 判断改错: （错） This is the mountain village where I visited last year. （错） I will never forget the days when I spent in the countryside. （对） This is the mou

7、ntain village （which） I visited last year. （对） I'll never forget the days （which） I spent in the countryside.习惯上总把表地点或时间的名词与关系副词 where, when联系在一起。此两题错在关系词的误用上。方法二： 准确判断先行词在定语从句中的成分（主、谓、宾、定、状），也能正确选择出关系代词/关系副    词。例1. Is this museum _ you visited a few days ago?   &#

8、160; A. whereB. that C. on which D. the one    例2. Is this the museum _ the exhibition was held.     A. whereB. that C. on whichD. the one答案：例1 D，例2 A。例1变为肯定句： This museum is _ you visited a few days ago.例2变为肯定句： This is the museum _ the exhibition was held.在句

9、1中，所缺部分为宾语，而where, that, on which都不能起到宾语的作用，只有the one既做了主句的    表语，又可做从句的宾语，可以省略关系代词，所以应选D。而句2中, 主、谓、宾俱全，从句部分为句子的状语表地点，既可用副词where，又因 in the museum词组，    可用介词in + which 引导地点状语。而此题中，介词on 用的不对，所以选A。关系词的选择依据在从句中所做的成分，先行词在从句中做主、定、宾语时，选择关系代词（who, whom,    that,

10、which, whose）； 先行词在从句中做状语时，应选择关系副词 （ where 地点状语，when 时间状    语，why 原因状语） 。四限制性和非限制性定语从句1）定语从句有限制性和非限制性两种。限制性定语从句是先行词不可缺少的部分，去掉它主句意思往 往不明确；非限制性定语从句是先行词的附加说明，去掉了也不会影响主句的意思，它与主句之间 通常用逗号分开。例如： This is the house which we bought last month. 这是我们上个月买的那幢房子。（限制性） The house, which we bought last

11、 month, is very nice. 这幢房子很漂亮，是我们上个月买的。（非限制性）2）当先行词是专有名词或物主代词和指示代词所修饰时，其后的定语从句通常是非限制性的。例如： Charles Smith, who was my former teacher, retired last year. 查理?史密斯去年退休了，他曾经是我的老师。 My house, which I bought last year, has got a lovely garden. 我去年买的的那幢房子带着个漂亮的花园。 This novel, which I have read three times, is

12、 very touching. 这本小说很动人，我已经读了三遍。3）非限制性定语从句还能将整个主句作为先行词, 对其进行修饰, 这时从句谓语动词要用第三人称单 数。例如： He seems not to have grasped what I meant, which greatly upsets me. 他似乎没抓住我的意思，这使我心烦。 Liquid water changes to vapor, which is called evaporation. 液态水变为蒸汽，这就叫做蒸发。 说明：关系代词that和关系副词why不能引导非限制性定语从句。五介词+关系词1）介词后面的关系词不能省

13、略。2）that前不能有介词。3）某些在从句中充当时间，地点或原因状语的“介词+关系词”结构可以同关系副词when 和where 互 换。例如： This is the house in which I lived two years ago. 这是我两年前住过的房子。 This is the house where I lived two years ago. Do you remember the day on which you joined our club? 还记得你加入我们俱乐部的那一天吗？ Do you remember the day when you joined our c

14、lub?六as, which 非限定性定语从句由as, which 引导的非限定性定语从句，as和which可代整个主句，相当于and this或and that。as一般放    在句首，which在句中。例如：As we know, smoking is harmful to one's health. 如我们所知，吸烟有害健康。The sun heats the earth, which is very important to us.太阳使地球暖起来，这对我们人类很重要。典型例题1）Alice received an invitation from

15、 her boss, _came as a surprise.A. it B. that C. which D. he答案C。此为非限定性从句，不能用 that修饰，而用which。it 和he 都使后句成为句子，两个独立的句子不能单以逗号连接。况且选he句意不通。2）The weather turned out to be very good, _ was more than we could expect.A. what B. which C. that D. it答案B。which可代替句子，用于非限定性定语从句，而what不可。That 不能用于非限定性定语从句，it不 &#

16、160;  为连词，使由逗号连接的两个句子并在一起在英语语法上行不通。3）It rained hard yesterday, _ prevented me from going to the park.A. that B. which C. as D. it答案B. as 和which在引导非限制性定语从句时，这两个关系代词都指主句所表达的整个意思，且在定语从    句中都可以作主语和宾语。但不同之处主要有两点：（1）as 引导的定语从句可置于句首，而which不可。（2）as 代表前面的整个主句并在从句中作主语时，从句中的谓语必须是系动词；若为行为动词

17、，则从句中         的关系代词只能用which.。在本题中，prevent由于是行为动词，所以正确选项应为B。    as 的用法例1 the sameas；suchas 中的as 是一种固定结构, 和一样。例如：I have got into the same trouble as he （has）. 我碰到了跟他一样的麻烦。例2 as可引导非限制性从句，常带有“正如”。例如：As we know, smoking is harmful to one's health

18、. 如我们所知，吸烟有害健康。As is known, smoking is harmful to one's health.as是关系代词。例1中的as作know的宾语；例2中，它充当从句的主语，谓语动词know要用被动式。七先行词和关系词二合一1） Whoever spits in public will be punished here. （Whoever 可以用 anyone who 代替）2） The parents will use what they have to send their son to technical school.（what 可以用all that代

19、替）八what/whatever; that/what; who/whoever1）what = the thing which；whatever = anything。例如： What you want has been sent here. 你要的动词都送来了。 Whatever you want makes no difference to me. 不管你要什么，跟我没什么关系。2）who= the person that whoever= anyone who。例如： （错）Who breaks the law will be punished. （错）Whoever robbed t

20、he bank is not clear. （对）Whoever breaks the law will be punished. 王子犯法，与庶民同罪。 （对）Who robbed the bank is not clear. 谁抢了银行还不清楚。3）that 和 what 当that引导定语从句时，通常用作关系代词，而引导名词性从句时，是个不充当任何成分的连接 词。宾语从句和表语从句中的that常可省略。What只能引导名词性从句，用作连接代词，作从句的 具体成分，且不能省略。例如： I think（that）you will like the stamps. 我想你会喜欢这些邮票的。 W

21、hat we need is more practice. 我们需要的是更多的实践。九关系代词that 的用法1）不用that的情况 a）引导非限定性定语从句时。例如：（错）The tree, that is four hundred years old, is very famous here. b）介词后不能用。例如：We depend on the land from which we get our food. 我们依赖土地获得食物。We depend on the land that/which we get our food from.2）只能用that作为定语从句的关系代词的情况

22、 a）在there be 句型中，只用that，不用which。 b）在不定代词，如：anything, nothing, the one, all, much, few, any, little等作先行词时，只用that，不用which。 c）先行词有the only, the very修饰时，只用that。 d）先行词为序数词、数词、形容词最高级时，只用that。 e）先行词既有人，又有物时。例如：All that is needed is a supply of oil. 所需的只是供油问题。Finally, the thief handed everything that he had

23、 stolen to the police.那贼最终把偷的全部东西交给了警察。  定语从句的概念在复合句中，修饰某一名词或代词的从句叫定语从句。被修饰的名词或代词叫先行词，定语从句一般放在先行  词的后面。二、定语从句的关系词引导定语从句的关系词有关系代词和关系副词，常见的关系代词包括that， which， who（宾格whom，所有格  whose）等，关系副词包括where， when， why等。关系代词和关系副词放在先行词及定语从句之间起连接作  用，同时又作定语从句的重要成分。三、定语从句的分类 根据定语从句与先行词的关系，定语从句

24、可分为限制性定语从句及非限制性定语从句。限制性定语从句紧跟先  行词，主句与从句不用逗号分开，从句不可省去，非限制性定语从句主句与从句之间有逗号分开，起补充说明  作用，如省去，意思仍完整。 四、关系代词的用法1. that 既可以用于指人，也可以用于指物。在从句中作主语或宾语，作主语时不可省略，作宾语可省略。   例如： Mary likes music that is quiet and gentle.玛丽喜欢轻柔的音乐。（that作主语） The coat （that） I put on the desk is blue.我放在桌子上的那

25、件外套是蓝色的。（that作宾语）2. which用于指物，在句中作主语或宾语，作主语不可省略，作宾语可省略。例如： The building which stands near the train station is a supermarket.   位于火车站附近的那座大楼是一家超市。（作主语） The film （which） we saw last night was wonderful. 我们昨天晚上看的那部电影很好看。（作宾语）3. who， whom用于指人，who 用作主语，whom用作宾语。在口语中，有时可用who代替whom，也可省略。例如： The

26、girl who often helps me with my English is from England.   经常在英语方面帮助我的那个女孩是英国人。（作主语） Who is the teacher （whom） Li Ming is talking to？正在与李明谈话的老师是谁？（作宾语） 注意：      （1）当定语从句中含有介词，介词放在句末时，who， that， which可省略，但介词在关系代词前时，        

27、60;  只能用“介词+which/whom”结构。例如：   This is the house in which we lived last year.这是我们去年居住的房子。   Please tell me from whom you borrowed the English novel.           请告诉我你从谁那借的这本英文小说。（2）含有介词的固定动词词组中，介词不可前置，只能放在原来的位置上。例如：  

28、; This is the person whom you are looking for. 这就是你要找的那个人。（3）that 作介词的宾语时，介词不能放它的前面，只能放在从句中动词的后面。例如：   The city that she lives in is very far away.她居住的城市非常远。（4）关系词只能用that的情况：a.先行词被序数词或形容词最高级所修饰，或本身是序数词、基数词、形容词最高级时，只能用          that，而不用which

29、.例如：  He was the first person that passed the exam. 他是第一个通过考试的人。b.被修饰的先行词为all， any， much， many， everything， anything， none， the one等不定代          词时，只能用that，而不用which.例如：  Is there anything that you want to buy in the shop？你在商店里有什么东西要买吗？

30、 c.先行词被the only， the very， the same， the last， little， few 等词修饰时，只能用          that，而不用w which.例如：  This is the same bike that I lost.这就是我丢的那辆自行车。d.先行词里同时含有人或物时，只能用that， 而不用which.例如：  I can remember well the persons and some pictures th

31、at I saw in the room.          我能清楚记得我在那个房间所见到的人和一些照片。e.以who或which引导的特殊疑问句，为避免重复，只能用that.例如：  Who is the girl that is crying？正在哭泣的那个女孩是谁？f.主句是there be 结构，修饰主语的定语从句用that，而不用which.例如：  There is a book on the desk that belongs to Tom. 桌子上那本书是汤

32、姆的。（5）关系词只能用which，而不用that 的情况：a.先行词为that， those时，用which， 而不用that.例如：  Whats that which is under the desk？在桌子底下的那些东西是什么？b.关系代词前有介词时，一般用which，而不用that.例如：  This is the room in which he lives. 这是他居住的房间。c.引导非限制性定语从句，用which， 而不用that.例如：  Tom came back， which made us happy. 汤姆回来了，这使我们很高兴。五、关

33、系副词的用法（1）when指时间，其先行词表示时间，在句中作时间状语。例如：     This was the time when he arrived.这是他到达的时间。（2）where指地点，其先行词表示地点，在句中作地点状语。例如：     This is place where he works.这是他工作的地点。（3）why 指原因，其先行词是原因，起原因状语作用。例如：     Nobody knows the reason why he is often lat

34、e for school.             没人知道他为什么上学总迟到。单项填空。1. -Do you know the man _is talking with your father？   -Yes， hes our headmaster.   A. he B. who C. which D. whom2. Is this the river _I can swim？   A. which B. in w

35、hich C. that D. the one3. This is the best hotel in the city _I know.   A. where B. which C. that D. it4. Can you lend me the dictionary _the other day？   A. that you bought      B. you bought it   C. that you bought it   D. which you

36、bought it5. Anyone _with what I said may put up you hands.   A. which agrees    B. who agree   C. who agrees      D. which agree6. My watch is not the only thing _ is missing.   A. that    B. it    C.

37、 which    D.who7. The man _coat is black is waiting at the gate   A. whos  B whose  C. that of which.8. The girl _ is reading under the tree _my sister.   A. which； is B. whom； was C. who； is D. who； was9. I love places _the people are really friendl

38、y.   A. that B. which C. where D. who10. The world _ is made up of matter.    A. in that we live    B. on which we live    C. where we live in   D. we live in. 用适当的关系代词that， which， who， whom填空。1. The first thing _you must do is to have

39、 a meal.2. April 1st is the day _is called April Fools Day in the west.3. The family _had lost everything in a big fire got much help from their friends.4. The house _we live in is very old.5. Didnt you see the man _I talked with just now？ 初中英语：定语从句专项练习题1. Dont talk about such things of _ you a

40、re not sure.   A. which        B. what      C. as         D. those2. Is this the factory _ you visited the other day?   A. that       &

41、#160; B. where     C. in which   D. the one3. Is this factory _ some foreign friends visited last Friday?   A. that         B. where     C. which      D. the one4. I

42、s this the factory _ he worked ten years ago?   A. that         B. where     C. which      D. the one5. The wolves hid themselves in the places _ couldnt be found.   A. that  

43、       B. where     C. in which   D. in that6. The freezing point is the temperature _ water changes into ice.   A. at which      B. on that    C. in which   D. of what7. This

44、 book will show you _ can be used in other contexts.   A. how you have observed     B. what you have observed   C. that you have observed    D. how that you have observed8. The reason is _ he is unable to operate the machine. 

45、0; A. because      B. why     C. that         D. whether9. Ill tell you _ he told me last week.    A. all which      B. that      C. all tha

46、t    D. which10. That tree, _ branches are almost bare, is very old.    A. whose       B. of which    C. in which   D. on which11. I have bought the same dress _ she is wearing.    A. as

47、0;         B. that         C. which     D. what12. He failed in the examination, _ made his father very angry.    A. which       B. it  

48、0;        C. that       D. what13. Were talking about the piano and the pianist _ were in the concert we attended    last night.    A. which        B. whom 

49、0;    C. who       D. that14. The girl _ an English song in the next room is Toms sister.    A. who is singing B. is singing   C. sang      D. was singing15. Those _ not only from books but also throu

50、gh practice will succeed.    A. learn         B. who        C. that learns D. who learn16. Anyone _ this opinion may speak out.    A. that against   B. that against C. who is

51、against D. who are against17. Didnt you see the man _?    A. I nodded just now          B. whom I nodded just now    C. I nodded to him just now   D. I nodded to just now18. Can you lend me the novel _ the

52、 other day?    A. that you talked           B. you talked about it    C. which you talked with     D. you talked about19. Is there anything _ to you?    A. that is belonged &#

53、160;       B. that belongs    C. that belong              D. which belongs20. - “How do you like the book?”    - “Its quite different from _ I read last month.” 

54、0;  A. that     B. which    C. the one        D. the one what21. Mr. Zhang gave the textbook to all the pupils except _ who had already taken them.    A. the ones B. ones     

55、 C. some         D. the others22. The train _ she was travelling was late.    A. which B. where      C. on which     D. in that23. He has lost the key to the drawer _ the papers are kept. &#

56、160;  A. where    B. in which    C. under which D. which24. Antarctic _ we know very little is covered with thick ice all the year round.      A. which   B. where  C. that  D. about which25. Its the third

57、time _ late this month.    A. that you arrived         B. when you arrived    C. that youve arrived     D. when youve arrived26. It was in 1969 _ the American astronaut succeeded in landing on th

58、e moon.    A. that       B. which       C. when     D. in which27. May the fourth is the day _ we Chinese people will never forget.    A. which     B. when 

59、;      C. on which D. about which28. We are going to spend the Spring Festival in Guangzhou, _ live my grandparents    and some relatives.    A. which      B. that        C. who

60、60;     D. where29. The hotel _ during our holidays stands by the seaside.     A. we stayed at        B. where we stayed at     C. we stayed          D. in

61、 that we stayed30. Is it in that factory _ “Red Flag” cars are produced?    A. in which   B. where    C. which    D. that31. It is the Suez Canal _ separates Asia _ Africa.    A. which, to     &#

62、160;   B. where, from    C. that, from        D. that, with32. Under the bridge, however, almost directly below, _ was a small canoe, with a boy    in it.    A. there      B.

63、where     C. it     D. which33. He is not _ a fool _.    A. such, as he is looked      B. such, as he looks    C. as, as he is looked        D. so, as he looks3

64、4. Is that the reason _ you are in favour of the proposal?    A. which      B. what     C. why   D. for that35. He must be from Africa, _ can be seen from his skin.    A. that     

65、    B. as      C. who    D. what36. He has two sons, _ work as chemists.    A. two of whom          B. both of whom        C. both of which&

66、#160;         D. all of whom37. I, _ your good friend, will try my best to help you out.    A. who is     B. who am    C. that is     D. what is38. He is a man of great experience, _ mu

67、ch can be learned.    A. who        B. that       C. from which D. from whom39. - Do you know the town at all?    - No, this is the first time I _ here.    A. was      B. have been   C. came    D. am coming40. I dont like _ you speak to her.    A. the way       B. the way in that   C. the way which