高二第二学期英语期中达标检测题

1、第34卷第2期河南师范大学学报(自然科学版V ol.34N o.2 2006年5月J our nal of H enan N or mal Univers ity(N atur al S cienceM ay.2006文章编号:1000-2367(200602-0061-04单分子膜模板法诱导无机晶体取向生长的研究进展高书燕1,2,郑洪河1,赵扬1,逯乐慧2,张洪杰2(1.河南师范大学化学与环境科学学院,河南新乡453007;2.中国科学院长春应用化学研究所稀土化学与物理重点实验室,长春130022摘要:近年来,受生物体内生物矿化现象和科学家对生物体内生物矿物沉积过程的深入研究结果的启发而产生

2、并发展起来的单分子膜诱导晶体生长方法引起了人们的极大关注.本文评述了该领域国际研究的热点:(1系统研究单分子膜诱导晶体生长的机理,找出特殊规律以发展和完善晶体学;(2利用规律开发新型晶体材料.关键词:单分子膜;模板;无机晶体;生长中图分类号:T B383文献标识码:A单分子膜诱导晶体生长是在化学、物理学与生物学多门学科相互交融的基础上发展起来的新兴学科,并逐渐成为仿生合成的重要分支.近年来,单分子膜诱导晶体生长方法引起了人们的极大关注,特别是国际著名期刊Science和Nature等对此进行的大量报道1-2使该领域的研究活跃起来.与经典的晶体生长方法不同,单分子膜诱导晶体生长的方法是受生物体内

3、生物矿化现象和科学家对生物体内生物矿物沉积过程的深入研究结果的启发而产生并发展起来的.自然界中生物矿化的实例很多,如珍珠、贝壳、蛋壳、牙齿、珊瑚、象牙、鱼骨、细菌中的磁性晶体等都是在特定细胞膜分泌的有机物诱导下生成的.在这个过程中,有机物起到模板的作用来调节无机相的取向成核和生长.生成的矿物具有独特精美的结构、尺寸、形状、取向、纹理及精确控制的组分,因而展示出特殊的性能.例如,藻类中的硫酸钡可作为重力接受器,鱼类中的三氧化二铁可作为生物的磁罗盘,软体动物中的碳酸钙可形成珍珠等.为了合成可与自然矿物相媲美的高级材料,科学家采用简易的表面活性剂分子组装(如LB膜来模拟生物膜.有机LB膜是两亲性分子

4、在空气-水界面通过水平加压使分子紧密有序排列而形成的有序单分子膜.这些两亲性分子的亲水基团指向水,疏水基团则伸出水面,亲水基团在水面形成一个二维单晶生长平面,在亲水基团与晶相之间存在静电吸引、结构对应和立体化学匹配等关系,从而影响基团的形状、结构、取向和性质等,这可指导晶体择向成核,从而诱导无机晶体的取向生长.这对晶体工程学、无机纳米材料、有机复合材料和陶瓷材料的合成以及生物矿化模拟研究等在理论和应用方面都具有重要的意义.过去的研究主要集中在利用两亲性分子的LB膜作为模板诱导晶体的取向生长3-5.例如英国贝兹大学的M ann6以及南京大学的唐瑞康7各自研究了氨基酸、碳酸钙、硫酸钡、硫酸铜、氟化

5、钡和氟化钙等晶体的结晶现象.目前研究的热点主要集中在两方面:(1系统研究单分子膜诱导晶体生长的机理,找出特殊规律以发展和完善晶体学.(2利用规律开发新型晶体材料8-12.下面分述这两方面的研究进展及我们已开展的工作.1单分子膜诱导无机材料生长机理的研究有机单分子膜诱导晶体生长的机理是该领域的研究热点之一,这方面的突破有助于揭密生物矿化现象.收稿日期:2005-10-12基金项目:国家高技术发展与规划(863项目(2002A A324080;河南省自然科学基金项目(0511022000作者简介:高书燕(1972-,女,河南南阳人,河南师范大学讲师,中国科学院长春应用化学研究所在读博士研究生,研究

6、方向:纳米材料的结构构筑和性能研究.62河南师范大学学报(自然科学版2006年各国的科研工作者为此作了大量的工作,并且取得了可喜的进展13.在超饱和溶液中,晶体成核有两种可能:一种是在超饱和溶液中发生均相成核;另一种则是在基底表面发生异相成核.单分子膜诱导晶体成核实际上就是促进异相成核而抑制均相成核14.根据晶体成核热力学理论15:稳定成核活化能($G n同超饱和溶液中形成固相所克服的表面能($G I以及晶粒聚集成键所释放的能量($G b密切相关,3者之间的关系可表示如下:$G n=16P($G I33$G b其中$G b=kT ln S也可用经典的晶体成核理论表示如下16:对于均相成核:$G

7、 n=-RT ln S+R A异相成核:$G n=-RT ln S+R c l A c l+(R s c-R s lA s c式中k为玻尔兹曼常数;S为溶液的超饱和度;T为温度;R为气体常数;R为界面能;A为表面积;c、s和l 分别代表晶粒、基底和液体.2利用单分子膜制备无机材料2.1利用成膜分子与成核离子(或已制得的无机材料之间的静电相互作用制其单层膜将花生酸氯仿溶液铺展在510-5mol/L氯化铁的亚相上,调节pH值为3.9,膜压保持在30mN/m,以0.52mm/min的沉积速率可把花生酸铁LB膜多层沉积到覆盖有SiO2的硅片上.将所得到的LB膜在程控烘箱中加热到300e,保持30min

8、,然后在3045m in内冷却到室温即得到均匀的氧化铁薄膜18. Amm等人19将花生酸的氯仿溶液铺展在YCl3(110-5mo l/L的亚相上(用NH4OH溶液调节pH为8.0,在疏水的N-型硅片上,以膜压25mN/m、沉积速率1050mm/min的条件,沉积得到了转移比达0.91.0的高质量Y-型花生酸钇LB膜.将所得到的花生酸钇LB膜于空气中以10e/m in的速率加热. 250e前无明显的变化,温度达250e时,膜的厚度开始很快变薄.在250350e之间,单分子膜的有机部分被除去.扫描电子显微镜显示所得到的Y 2O 3膜完全均匀.最近,T alapatr a 小组利用单分子LB 膜技术

9、,将带正电荷的银纳米粒子组装到带负电荷的十八酸单分子膜上,成功地实现了纳米粒子的组装10.2.2 单层膜诱导无机材料的生长和单分子膜层间反应制备无机材料Fendler 等人20以Pb(NO 32溶液为亚相,在上面铺展二十烷基羧酸单分子膜,在一定表面压下通入H 2S 气体,得到(111取向的三角形PbS 晶体.此外还发现:当亚相条件不同时会得到不同类型的半导体.以Pb(NO 32溶液为亚相,在上面铺展花生酸单分子膜,在一定表面压下通入H 2S 气体,得到n 型PbS 半导体;当亚相同时含有Pb(NO 32和硫脲时通入氨气,在花生酸单分子膜下则得到了p 型的PbS 半导体21.徐如人等人22采用单

10、分子膜辅助电化学方法制备了CdS 纳米晶体.他们将单分子膜覆盖在金电极上,然后将其插入按一定比例混合的CdSO 4、Na 2S 2O 3等溶液中去,再插入另一铂电极,将两电极接在恒电位器上,一段时间后,在LB 膜表面便沉积一层均匀的CdS 薄膜.实验分析发现,CdS 薄膜的类型可以通过改变单分子膜来控制,这对类似半导体纳米材料的生长具有一定意义.最近,Golan 小组将聚丁二炔单分子膜置于空气-硝酸银界面处,而后通入H 2S 气体制得了Ag 2S 纳米晶体12.3 本实验室已开展的相关工作由上述可见,利用有组织的有机分子作为模板诱导晶体取向生长已成为材料科学的一个新的研究热点.目前在该领域研究

11、得较多的是无机氧化物和半导体材料,而钙钛矿结构的AM nF 3(A=NH 4,Na,K 、M g晶体具有有趣的结构、独特的磁、压电和发光性质,其特殊的物理化学性质激发起人们对其结构、形貌和取向随意调控的需求,基于此,我们小组在有机膜模板下实现了它们的可控生长3-5,23.在室温条件下,通过优化实验条件以二十二烷基羧酸的有机单分子膜为模板制备了高质量的(100取向的立方三氟锰化铵和三氟锰化钾以及(101取向的三氟锰化钠无机晶体,探讨了溶液种类、浓度、pH 值和M n:F 配比对所得到的晶体结构、形貌、取向和质量的影响.并且基于实验结果和以前的研究对于3种不同的晶体在单分子膜模板下的生长机理进行了

12、讨论.4 展 望以前的研究结果表明,单层膜的存在在一定程度上降低了表面能垒,在膜-水界面这一特殊的区域物理化学环境、几何空间的限制及有限的反应质点下,可以很容易地制得所需大小和形态的无机材料.在该领域中,图案化单分子膜在晶体取向生长的作用和应用以及手性有机分子形成的单分子膜在模拟手性矿物材料取向生长的应用研究这两个方向存留很大的空间,有望成为该领域研究的主要发展方向.参 考 文 献1Ber man A,A hn D J,L io A ,et a l.T o tal alignment of calcite at acidic po ly diacety lene films:cooperat

13、ivity at the o rg anic -inor ganic inter faceJ.Science,1995,269:515-518.2A ddadi L ,Weiner S.M icr o -printing w ith crystal inksJ.Natur e,1999,398:461-462.3L u L H ,Cui H N ,Li W ,et al.Selective crystallization o f BaF 2under a compressed L angmuir mo no lay er of behenic acid J.Chem M ater,2001,1

14、3:325-328.4L u L H,Wang H S,Z hang H J,et al.Or ganic template -directed cr ystallizatio n of the co mplex fluo ride NH 4M nF 3w ith perov skite st ruct ur eJ.Chem Commun,2001(15:1342-1343.5L i B,L iu Y,Lu N ,et al.O riented cr ystallizatio n of K H 2P O 4under a compressed L ang muir mo no lay erJ.

15、L ang muir,1999,15:4837-4841.6M ann S.Biomineralization and bio mimetic mater ials chemistry J.J M ater Chem,1995,5:935-946.7T ang R K,Jiang C Y ,T ai Z H.Effect of different amphiphiles and their monolayers on the cr ystallizatio n o f CuSO 4#5H 2O J.J Chem Soc Dalton T r ans,1997(21:4037-4041.8 A

16、char ya S,Panda A B,Belman N ,et al.A semiconducto r -nano wire assembly o f ult rahig h junction density by the L ang -muir -Blo dg ett techniqueJ.A dv M ater ,2006,18:210-213.63第2期 高书燕等:单分子膜模板法诱导无机晶体取向生长的研究进展64河南师范大学学报(自然科学版2006年9Wang Y,Wang C,Wang X,et al.H ydrog en-bo nding fabr ication o f N L

17、O L angmuir-Blodgett films w it h no ntr aditio nalmolecular ar chitectur e and unique therma l stabilityJ.Chem M ater,2005,17:1265-1268.10Sarkar J,Pal P,T alapatra G B,Self-assembly of silver nano par ticles on stearic acid L ang muir-Blo dg ett film:ev idence o ffr actal g row thJ.Chem P hys Lett,

18、2005,401:400-404.11G uo P,L iu M,N akahar a H,et al.Contro llable gr ow th of stra ight nano ro ds and nanow ires in the Langmuir films o f abolaamphiphilic PA R deriv ativeJ.Chem Phys Chem,2006,7:385-393.12Belman N,G olan Y,Ber man A.N ano crystalline A g2S o n polydiacetylene Lang muir filmsJ.Cry

19、s G row th D es,2005,5:439-443.13逯乐慧.无机晶体的模板法生长和贵金属复合纳米材料的研究D.长春:中国科学院长春应用化学研究所,1999.14Bunker B C,Rieke P C,T arasevich B J,et al.Ceramic thin-film for matio n on functionalized interfaces thro ug h bio mim-etic processingJ.Science,1994,264:48-54.15M ann S.M o lecular recog nition in bio miner aliza

20、tionJ.N atur e,1988,332:119-124.16H euer A H,Fink D J,L ar aia V J,et al.Innov ativ e materials pr ocessing str ategies:a biomimetic appr oachJ.Sc-ience,1992,255:1098-1105.17Co oper S J,Sessions R B,Lubet kin S D.A new mechanism fo r nucleation beneath monolayer f ilms?J.J Am ChemSoc,1998,120:2090-2

21、098.18Brandl D,Schoppmann C,T omaschko C,et al.Pr epar ation of ultr athin fer ric-o x ide layers using Lang muir-Blodg et tfilmsJ.T hin Solid F ilms,1994,249:113-117.19Jo hnson D J,A mm D T,Laur sen T,et al.Lang muir-Blodgett deposition of yt trium ar achidateJ.T hin So lid F ilms,1993,232:245-251.

22、20Z hao X K,Y ang J,M cco rmick L D,et al.Epitax ial fo rmatio n of PbS crystals under arachidic acid mono layer sJ.JPhy s Chem,1992,96:9933-9939.21Z hao X K,M ccor mick L D,Fendler J H.P repa ratio n-dependent rectification behav ior of lead sulfide particulate films高二第二学期英语期中达标检测题(时间:120分钟满分:150分第

23、一部分听力(共30分略第二部分英语知识运用(共两节,满分45分第一节单项填空(共15小题;每小题1分,满分15分21.Do you know anything about that newly-opened hotel?It's _ five-star one and it is well-known for _ service it offers.A.a; theB.the; aC.a; /D.the; the22.I am sorry I broke the glass.Oh, _. It wasn't expensive.A.I'd rather you didn

24、'tB.I'm afraid notC.that's all rightD.Don't mention it23.The fact is that they have _ evidence to prove you are guilty.A.beneficialB.abundantC.pureD.routine24._in his work, he forgot to have lunch as well as breakfast.A.BuryingB.To buryC.BuriedD.Having buried25.It is said that only a

25、 few people have _ to information about the case.A.witnessB.substituteC.preparationD.access26.I would like the project you are in charge of _ by the end of this month.A.being finishedB.to be finishedC.having finishedD.finishing27.He was not very well off, but he managed to _ something to the people

26、in the earthquake-hit area.A.abandonB.conductC.favorD.donate28.They will be finethey just need time to _their new surroundings.A.adjust toB.meet withC.test outD.participate in29.He was very active in the discussion yesterday, _ was a rare thing for him to do.A.thisB.thatC.whichD.what30.After many ye

27、ars away, he finally returned to his hometown. _, one misses one's home when one is old.A.After allB.HoweverC.OtherwiseD.In addition31.After getting off the train in Beijing, he first went to look for _.A.distrbutionB.accommodationC.satisfactionD.destination32._ let his parents down again, he de

28、cided to do all he could _ harder and get better grades.A.In order to; studyB.In order not to; to studyC.So as to; to studyD.So as not to; study33.Jimmy liked_ to the beach for a holiday, which his parents usually did twice a year.A.takingB.having been takenC.to be takingD.to be taken34.He _ a certa

29、in amount of time to exercise every day, from which he benefited a lot.A.set asideB.turned aroundC.reflected onD.kept up35.After we finish this task I wonder what is _next.A.to doB.to be doingC.to be doneD.to have done第二节完形填空(共20小题;每小题1.5分,满分30分My mother always amazes me. Whenever I have a question

30、about something, I give her a call and she almost always has a(n 36 . My mother is my“Google”. She is nearly 70, but I find myself 37 her for advice more than I do on my favorite search engine.I 38 my mother every day, sometimes just to chat, and sometimes to learn something new. For example, I call

31、ed her one day to ask if I could 39 her food dehydrator(脱水器 to dehydrate some carrots for my daughter's pet pig.She 40 me she had got rid of the dehydraor years before, but that I could dehydrate the carrots 41 with my microwave(微波炉. She was right!There have also been 42 moments when I've ca

32、lled her about one of the kids being 43 . And she always offers me some 44 advice to make them feel better.My mother has been a mother for 45 years now. When you 45 the amount of knowledge she has gathered along the way, it's no 46 that she has the answers so frequently.When you 47 a job, you le

33、arn a specific set of skills. When you're mother, you 48 a little about almost everything. Think about how much mothers“dabble”(涉足 in 49 professions. Most 50 have learnt a thing or two about how to be: a(n 51 (constructing the most confusing toys, chef(厨师( 52 all kinds of food, artist (drawing w

34、ith the kids, and so on. Of course, we, as mothers, aren't as knowledge as a library, 53 our great day to day experience makes up for that.I have been a mother for about 10 years. I can honestly say I have 54 an “expert” in certain areas. And I have already been able to 55 some of this knowledge

35、 with others. If I keep going at this pace, maybe I can hope to be“Google”for my kids some day too.C.solutionD.imaginationC.insisting onD.looking intoC.callD.findC.buyD.borrowC.toldD.orderedC.normallyD.formallyC.necessaryD.favoriteC.naughtyD.politeC.carefulD.helpfulC.think aboutD.care aboutC.chanceD

36、.surpriseC.considerD.needC.valueD.touchC.usualD.differentC.chefsD.expertsC.teacherD.singerC.cookingD.tryingC.beacuseD.butC.knownD.followedC.referD.introduce第三部分阅读理解(共20小题;每小题2分,满分40分第一节(共15小题;每小题2分,满分30分AAs a middle-school student in the 1980s, Lee Buono stayed after school one day to remove the bra

37、in and spinal cord (脊髓 from a frog. He did such a good job with the frog that his science teacher told him he might be a doctor some day.That is exactly what Buono did. Years later, a patient with a tumor (肿瘤came to see Buono. The tumor was benign (良性的, but it interfered with the patient's speec

38、h. “He could get some words out,” Buono recalls. “But it was hard to understand them.”“I was talking to his wife, and I told his family I would try to help him,” he continues. “They started asking me about myself.” They asked Buono who had inspired him to become a doctor, and he told them about his

39、old teacher, Al Siedlecki, back at Medford Memorial Middle School in Medford, Nes Jersey.The operation was a success. The patient could speak freely again. He was excited and happy and crying and wanted to just hug Buono. “Call your teacher,” the patient said. “Make sure you thank him.”So Buono did.

40、 “I picked the phone up and heard, Hey, it's Lee Buono,” Siedlecki says to his former student. “Lee, what's going on? I haven't heard from you since you graduated,” he said.“I want to thank you,” Buono replied.“I was very surprised,” Siedlecki says. “I said, Of all the people in your ent

41、ire career, you want to thank me?Actually it was the same feeling I had when. when my kids were born. I started to cry. It made me feel really important that I had that influence on you.”Lately, Siedlecki admits, “I am almost afraid to say that I'm a teacher to some people.”“Not any more,” he te

42、lls Buono, “because you called me. I'm a teacher, and I'm going to help as many people as I can to find their passion, too.”56.What made Buono become a doctor?A.The experience of working on the frog.B.His science teacher' s encouragement.C.His conversation with the patient with a tumor.D

43、.The success of the operation on a patient with a tumor.57.What can we learn about the patient from the text?A.He couldn't speak before the treatment.B.He knew Buono's teacher very well.C.He was crying due to the pain of his illness.D.He hoped Buono would thank his teacher.58.Why did Buono&#

44、39;s teacher cry when Buono called him?A.He was moved by Buono's thanks.B.His children were born at that time.C.He was afraid to admit he was a teacher.D.He hadn't had a call for a long time.59.What is the text mainly about?A.How to become a good teacher.B.How to become a good doctor.C.How B

45、uono did a good job in an operation.D.How Buono thanked the teacher who inspired him.BA friend asks you to be a volunteer. Your husband asks you to glance over an e-mail he is writing to his boss. You say you'd love to. Really! But. “I don' t have time.”It seems plausible(有道理的. We're all

46、 busy these days, right? But there are reasons not to use these four words, at least with yourself.Here's the big one: it is not true. You tell yourself “I don't have time” to exercise, but we all have 168 hours a week. If someone offered to pay you $100,000 a week to go to the gym for 5 of

47、those 168 hours, you would probably find the time to do it. Since that isn't going to happen, this is a more accurate statement:“It's not a priority(优先处理的事.”There are a million things we could be doing with our time; some are priorities and some are not, even if it's wrong to say so. Try

48、 it. “I'm not going to read to you tonight, sweetie, because it's not a priority. Daddy's priority is to check his e-mails.”Using the words “I don't have time” keeps us from admitting to the fact that how we spend our time is a choice. It puts the responsibility for our lives on some

49、one else: a boss, a client or a family member.Better to be truthful:“I have another volunteer job on which I am focusing my energy right now. It is the cause that is most important to me.” Or, to your husband “I wish you had mentioned this earlier. Right now, my priority is to get our children dress

50、ed and out of the door for school. I will be available around lunch time if you would like talk.”60.What does the word “it” in the third paragraph refer to?A.Saying “I don't have time.”B.Saying “We are all busy today.”C.Checking your husband's e-mail.D.Telling your friend you won't volun

51、teer.61.From the third paragraph we can learn that _.A.it is enough to exercise for five hours a weekB.we are too busy to exercise these daysC.we can earn $100,000 a week by exercisingD.we don't often regard exercise as priority62.Which would be the best answer if your friend asks you to be a vo

52、lunteer?A.I have to check my e-mails first.B.I already have a volunteer job that I enjoy.C.I cannot find any time to do it.D.I have a million things to do.63.What is the text mainly about?A.How to be responsible for our lives.B.How to get time to do exercise.C.How to say no to others without saying

53、“I don't have time.”D.How we should spend our time reasonably these days.CWalking is good for people. In his book, The Lost Art of Walking, Geoff Nicholoson praises the benefits of walking and studies how and why we walk. Besides providing physical, psychological and social benefits, this simple

54、, free activity can change your life, he suggests. From a health perspective(角度, walking is the key to managing weight, controlling blood pressure and reducing the risk of a stroke, breast cancer, diabetes and many other health problems. A daily walk lengthens your life, decreases the risk of depres

55、sion(沮丧 and improves your mood and sense of well-being. According to Beth Israel Medical Centre, walking lowers total cholesterol(胆固醇 and increases high-density, lipoproteins, or the “good cholesterol”.From a psychological viewpoint, walking offers an opportunity to clear one's thoughts, solve p

56、roblems and reduce stress. If you set a rhythm that is relaxing and peaceful, walking can also become a form of meditation(沉思. Walking regularly with someone else enables a friendship to blossom as the pair of you exercise. My husband and I enjoy our regular walk “dates”and use the time to discuss i

57、ssues without being bothered.Also, the best way to explore some of the world's great citiessuch as New York, London, Paris and Romeis on foot. Walking stimulates(刺激 the senses and lets you enjoy a rich engagement with life around you. According to Nicholson, the famous poet, William Wordsworth,

58、walked the same distance as several times around the world in his lifetime. Wordsworth reputedly delighted in the simple truth that “going for a walk is an invitation for surprise”. Here are some tips to get going:Get a walking friend and try to meet each week at a set time.Get a dog; then you will have a constant walking companion.Choose a place t