【上海高考概要写作】summarywriting5(10篇,有解析)

1、Exercise 1A father s relationship to his child s current and future academic success and the levelher development in academic potential and scholastic achievement are both factors with some rather interesting implications that educators are beginning to study. As a matter of fact, “ life with father

2、 ” has been discovered to be a very important factor in determining a child or lack of progress in school.A recent survey of over 16,000 children made by the National Child Development Study in London revealed that children whose fathers came to school conferences and accompanied their children on o

3、utings did better in school than those children whose fathers were not involved in those activities. The study, which monitored children born during a week in March, 1992， from the time of their birth through the years of their early schooling, further revealed that the children of actively involved

4、 fathers scored much higher in reading and math than those children whose only involved parent was the mother. The purpose of the study was to evaluate the role played by fathers in the raising of a child. It indicated a much higher level of parental involvement by the father than had been anticipat

5、ed. Over 66% of the fathers were said to have played a major role in parental responsibility.The study also suggested that the greatest level of parenting took place in the families of only child. As the number of children and financial expenses increases, the father sand involvement with the childr

6、en decreased.However, no matter what the size or financial condition of the family， a father s active participation in the child s development madifference in the child s progress.The study further revealed that while the frequency of overnight absences reflected a corresponding deficiency of the ch

7、ild lesvel in math and reading, a father emsployment on night shifts appeared to have little effect on the child ascademic progress. The information evaluating the level of the father psarenting performance was taken primarily from the admittedly subjective observations of their wives.A recent study

8、 discovered that a fatherA influence played a significant role in the level of thechild ' s academic progress 1） As is suggested, the father ' s involvement with children w affected by the size of the family and its financial expenses.（f?/点 2） So children who tended to progress academically

9、were those only children.（要点 3） Moreover, a father 'frequent overnight absence had a bad effect on the child要点 s4p）rogress.（分析过程：试题详解1 .核心内容本文是一篇说明文，共四段。第一段讲的是父亲与孩子当前和今后学业成功与孩子学术潜力的发 展程度这两个因素有着有趣的关系，教育者们正开始对它们进行研究和评价。第二段讲的是该研究表明父亲参加家长会并陪同郊游的孩子在学校的表现要比父亲不参加这些活动的孩子好。第三段讲的是研究还表明父亲对孩子活动的参与与家中孩子的多少和家

10、庭财务有关。最后一段指出，父亲经常夜不归宿也会对孩子的学业带来不好的影响，除非是因为父亲上夜班。2 .写作思路找主题句，概括段落大意。找主题句、概括段落大意能帮助学生理清文章脉络，以便找出文章的 要点。第一段的主题句是最后一句“ As a matter of fact, life wi，th hfaatshebreendiscovered to be a very important factor in determining a child s progress or lack oschool. 。事实上这也是 ”本文所提出的观点。第二段的主题句是段落的第一句。该段以近期的一个调查所得出的数

11、据来论述父亲对孩子学业发展的影响。第三、四段的主题句都是该段第一句。内容仍是调查的另外两个结果。这两个方面分别用“also suggested”“further reveale集表述调查内容。确定表达要点。本文的概要把第一段的末句作为一个要点，因为它是全文的主要观点，也是文 章的起点。在确定表达要点后要思考如何准确地表达，这是难点。因为评分标准要求学生用自己的语言组织，因此学生需要灵活地表达以对原文的语言进行替换。范文解析：范文结合第一、二段的内容，用一句话来表述文章的观点，即要点1。要点2 和 3 是因果关系，是第 三段的内容。再从“revealed, also suggested, fur

12、ther revealed词可以看'出第三、 四段与第二段是并 列关系，同是调查的结果。所以用 moreover连接要点4。这样概要的 内容全面而且能避免重复。归纳总结： 语义转换 因为概要写作要求学生用自己的语言组织内容，因此语义转换是概要写作中很重要的一项基本技 能。例如范文中我们将“a very important factoi#换为 “played a significant role 第 ”三段 “ greatest level of parenting took place in the families of only child 用 “ children who” te

13、nded to progress academically were those only childrens换。最后一下要点用“ had a badeffect on 来表达夜不归宿的父亲对孩子会有影响这个概念。 ” 要点整合 本说明文的主题句即要说明的一个观点一一父亲对孩子学业成就有影响。支撑句是对这个观点 的分述，即第二、三、四段调查的结果对第一段提出的观点的分述。要点1 就是对第一、二段内容的整合。第三段提到父亲对孩子活动的参与与家中孩子的多少和家庭财务有关，而父亲的参与对孩子学业有影响，因此将要点2 和 3 用因果关系连接起来。Exercise 2Taxes may well be

14、discussed by your parents or government officials, but they are by no means only relevant to adults. You may not know it, but you are also paying them. For example, if you buy a movie ticket, 5 percent of your money goes to the government.Taxes are fees charged by the government for a product, incom

15、e, or activity. People around the world have to pay all kinds of taxes. In fact, the government takes taxes out of every paycheck畋人） people receive.In China, people have to pay income tax if they earn over 3, 500 yuan per month. The government takes taxes out of their paychecks every month. Working

16、people in China can ask for a receipt at local taxation bureau硼务局）for the income tax they have paid.Sales taxes are taxes that you have to pay when you buy things at a store. You get an invoiced 票） to prove that you have paid the tax.Taxes are also part of owning homes or businesses. People who own

17、buildings pay taxes on the land that the buildings occupy. Taxes are taken from gifts and awards, too. If you win the lottery, you pay taxes on what you receive.What is the money used for?Taxes are used to pay for government expenditures （开支）Last year, about 85 percent ofgovernment income in China c

18、ame from taxing enterprises and individuals.The money collected pays for things that benefit everybody in the country. Taxes are used to build roads and pay the salaries of police officers, firefighters, and public school teachers.Last year, the central government spent about 2.3 trillion yuan on ed

19、ucation and about 1 trillion on public health care, according to People's Daily.Your tuition fees in elementary school and junior high school are also paid by the government. In this sense, your education is supported by taxes.Nearly everyone pays fees to the government for products, incomes or

20、activities. The fees arecalled taxes.便点 1） In China people have to pay income taxes , sales taxes land taxes, and more.（要 点 2） Taxes are used by the government to benefit everybody in the country, includingbuilding roads,paying salaries of civil servants, health care and schools整点 3)分析过程试题详解核心内容本文是一

21、篇说明文，全文共分十段。第一段引人话题，第二段主要讲税收的概念。第三至五段具体介绍了税收的各种形式和内容。第六至十段介绍税收的使用情况。写作思路(1)理清文章脉络，概括段落大意。理清文章脉络、概括段落大意是写摘要的基础，同学们可以通过找主题句、分析段落的逻辑关系来梳理文章的脉络，概括大意。该文第一段引入话题， 第二段的主题句是 “ Taxes are fees charged by the government for a prod， uicntcome, oractivity. 第三、四、五段具体 ” 0讲述了税收的类型，如“ income taxe， s sales taxe，shome-

22、owning taxes等，第六段“What is the money used for是下面几段的主题段，第七、 八、九、十段都是围绕这个话题展开的。(2)确定表达要点，灵活准确表达。这篇文章结构清晰，思路明确。只要抓住三个要点就可以全面 并且准确表达本文的概要。要点 1， 税收的定义，主题句是 “ Taxes are fees charged bythe government for a produc，t income， or activity. ；要点 ” 2,税收的种类，可以概括三、四、 五段得出；要点3,税收的具体使用，从第六段到最后，都涉及了使用。范文分析 范文把文本开头的导人和税

23、收的定义连接在一起，主要是为了用不同的方式表达税收的定义。 范 文的开头用 “nearly everyon撷括了 文本的第段 “by no means only relevant to. you may., but you are also等内容。要点2用more表示了未点明的其他内容，要点 3中 的 including 连接了诸多并列的内容，这样整篇摘要就显得紧凑。归纳总结关注文本中人称的使用第一段使用了 “you, your parent舁大；目的是为了拉近文本与读者的关系，吸引读者继续进行 阅读。关注文本中的疑问句本文的第六段是一个疑问句：“ What is the money used

24、 for，? 在说明性的文章中出现了疑问”句，就 很有可能出现它的回答。疑问句的使用，也是为了增加对读者的吸引力。本文的后四段就是在回答这个问题。Exercise 3The language we use affects the decisions we make, according to a new study. People who participated in the study made more reasonable decisions when money-related choices were given in a foreign language that they ha

25、d learned in a classroom setting than when they were asked in a native tongue.To study how language affects reasoning, University of Chicago psychologists looked at a wel-l known phenomenon: people are more likely to avoid risks when an impersonal decision (such as which vaccine to administer to a p

26、opulation) is presented in terms of a potential gain than when it is given as a potential loss even when the outcomes are almost the same. In the study, native English speakerswho had learned Japanese,native Korean speakerswho had learned English and native English speakers studying French in Paris

27、all followed the expected prejudice when they were given the question in their native tongue. In their foreign language, however, the prejudice disappeared.A second set of experiments tested another kind of mind prejudice we expect a perswill be more painful than the same gain will be pleasant, so t

28、he benefit of winning must be much larger for us to take a bet (such as gambling with our own money). Again, the foreign language effect happenedin two different experiments, one with native Korean speakers and one with native English speakers. The Koreans took more imagined bets in English than Kor

29、ean, and the native English speakers took more real bets in Spanish than they did in English.“ Whenpeople use a foreign language, their decisions tend to show less prejudice. Obviously people are more analytic and more systematic when people think in a foreign language. The reason we find is that th

30、e foreign language provides psychological distance,” leaKeysar suggests.Mind prejudices are rooted in emotional reactions, and thinking in a foreign language helps us disconnect from these emotions and make decisions in a more economically reasonable way.Thinking in a foreign language will help peop

31、le make more logical decisions about finance整 点 1) Two sets of experiments conducted by psychologists show that people will more probably balance the gain and loss in decisions whether they are related with their own interest or n(ot.( 点2、 3) The reason is that thinking in a foreign language will le

32、ave people s emotiothey are making up their minds磔点 4)分析过程：1，核心内容本文是一篇说明文，全文共分四段。第一段主要介绍用外语思考能够让人们做出更加理智的决定，尤其是与金钱相关的决定。第二段讲心理学家研究了一个现象：当人们在做一个与个人无关的决定时，如果测试题是以潜在的获益而不是潜在的损失来陈述，人们更倾向于选择规避风险，尽管最终结果损益程度相当。但是如果用他们所学的外语提问，则偏见消失。第三段介绍了第二个实验 人们对个人损失感觉到痛苦的程度要高于因个人获益而感受到快乐的程度。因此，获益必须相当大，我们才会去冒险。当用非母语提问时，受试者

33、会投下更多的赌注。第四段对以上的现象进行了解释，认为用外语思维会帮助我们脱离情绪的羁绊，让我们以经济上更为理智的方式做出决定。2，写作思路理清文章脉络，概括段落大意。该文第一段的主题句是“ People who participated in thestudy made more reasonable decisions when mon-eryelated choices were given in a foreignlanguage that they had learned in a classroom setting than when they were asked in a nat

34、ive tongue. 。这也是整篇文章的主题。第二段和第三段分别是两个实验，揭示了两个偏见， ”而当人们用外语进行思考时，这个两个偏见就消失了这两段是对第一段的支撑。第四段是以心理学家的话开头，从本质上解释原因。(2)确定表达要点，灵活准确表达。将每段的段落大意都作为要表达的要点可以确保不遗漏要点。 从本文的结构来看，第一段是全文的主要内容，其余三段分别阐释理由，所以是一个 “总一分一分一分” 的结构。范文解析范文把文本第一段的要点的句子结构从people开头改成了 “thinking in a foreign language头， 突出了本文的主题词。范文把第2、 3 两个要点进行了合并，

35、通过一个句子来表达。因为从内容上来说，它们是并列的两个实验，虽然它们侧重点有所差异，分别是侧重对自己的利益无关和相关的风险，用一个句子 “ whether. or.完全能够完整表达这个意思，”并且句子结构简洁，不拖泥带水。要点4用“the reason is that.的句子结构来表达，既呼应 了上文，又使句子结构紧凑。归纳总结：分析句子结构，提炼句子主干要用 60 词左右来概括一篇350 词左右的文章，就需要找出段落的主题句并分析主要内容，然后分 析句子结构，提炼句子主干，去除次要内容。本文的特点之一就是句子长、长句多， 这就更需要抓主干、除细节。 如第一段中的主要句子是：“ People

36、who participated in thestudy made more reasonable decisions when mon-eryelated choices were given in a foreign language that they had learned in a classroom setting than when they were asked in a native tongue?这个句子中有两个定语从句,“who participated in the stud百口 “that they had learnedin a classroom setting

37、,在理解的时候，先暂时忽略 它们，这样剩下的句子就容易理解得 多了： “ People made more reasonable decisions when mo-nrelyated choices were given in a foreign language than when they were asked in a native tongue.”语义转换本范文要点 1 中 “reasonable decision成” “logical decisions, 不但因为 reasonable 与 logical 同 义，而且从要点4中可以看出用外语思考隔离了情感的影响，所以用logic

38、al 就非常合适。Exercise 4Explosions. Radiation. Evacuations晚散).).More than 30 years after Three Mile Island, the unfolding crisis in Japan has brought back some of the worst nightmares surrounding nuclear power- and restarted a major debate over the merits and the drawbacks of this energy source. It seems

39、 that the nuclear energy is either a huge disaster waiting to happen or the -apllowerful way of the future.It is often believed that nuclear energy is something we cannot do without. We live in a consumer society with a huge demand for commercial product of all kinds. Besides, an increase in industr

40、ial production is considered to be one solution to the problem of mass unemployment. Such an increase assumes an abundant and cheap energy supply. Many people believe nuclear energy provides an endless and economical source of power and that it is, therefore fundamental for an industrially developin

41、g society. Among other advantages is that nuclear power, except for accidents, is clean. A further advantage is that a nuclear power station can be run and maintained by relatively few technical and administrative staff.However, opponents仅又t者）of nuclear energy point out that nuclear power stations b

42、ring a direct danger not only to the environment but also to civil liberties. Environmentalists argue in the long run nuclear energy wastes valuable resourcesand disturbs the ecology to an extent which could bring about the destruction of the human race. Furthermore, it is questionable whether nucle

43、ar power is a cheap source of energy when everything is considered. There have, for example，been very costly accidents in America, in Britain and, of course, in Russia.In spite of the case against nuclear energy above, nuclear energy programmes are expanding, which assumes a continual growth in indu

44、strial production and consumer demands. However, it is doubtful whether this growth will or can continue. Having weighed up the argument in both sides, it seems that there are good economic and ecological reasons for sources of energy other than nuclear power.Opinions are divided into two groups ove

45、r the usage of nuclear power in the future.（点 1） One believes nuclear energy is essential to our life because it causes no waste and saves financial cost and workforce.（要,点 2） The other considers it a danger as it does harm to the surroundings as well as humans, and may not be cheap in the long run1

46、（L点 3） Despite its rapid development, nuclear power should be replaced by a better one in future.（点 4）分析过程：、试题详解1 .核心内容本文是一篇议论文，全文共分四段。第一段通过引人发生在美国三里岛核事故提出论点：核能使用到底是灾难还是福音？第二段呈现支持者的观点和理由，他们认为核能是未来生活不可缺少的能源，原因有三：经济，清洁，省力。第三段呈现反对者的观点及理由，他们认为核能会给环境以及人类带来巨大的危险，此外它是否经济有待考证。第四段先描述了核能项目不断发展的现象，然后转折，质疑核能发展的

47、可能性。文章最后提出观点，即应该存在比它更经济环保的能源，也就是提出作者的观点：核能不是未来理想的能源。2 .写作思路 (1)理清文章脉络，概括段落大意。了解文章的体裁对理清脉络、概括大意很有帮助。这篇文章是 议论文， 那么应该抓住论点、论据和论证。该文第一段的关键表达是“ a major debateover.和 ”“ It seems that the nuclear energy is either a. disaster or the-paolwl erful way. ，明确 ”论点是对于核能是好是坏两种观点的争辩。第二段第一句表明支持者的观点，通过 “ Amongother adv

48、antages is that.和“ A f”urther advantage is that.可明了三个论据。.” 第三段首句表明 反对者的观点，通过furthermore知道这里给出了两个论据。第四段通过 however以及最后一句 "it seems that there are othierlha作者的反对观点。(2)确定表达要点，灵活准确表达。首先根据文章的体裁、结构和大意确定文章的要点，然后根据文章要点中的关键词思考要点的表达。要点的概括需要理清语句之间的关系，然后进行筛选与整合。例如这篇文章中第一段总共三句话，第一句是引子，第二句写了三里岛核事故重新引发了关于核能好坏的

49、争论，第三句明确争论的核心为“核能是灾难还是巨大的资源？”。根据三句话的关系，可以将第二句和第三句整合成要点1:人们关于核能使用有两种不同的观点。第二段和第三段根据衔接词确定要点2 和要点 3 的表达结构为“观点+理由”。 第四段,第一句描写核能迅速发展的现象;第二句转折，质疑其 发展是否能继续；第三句提出明确的观点，因此整合为要点4“尽管核能发展迅速，但我们还是应该寻找更好的替代物”。范文解析 范文中要点1抓住原文中的debate和“eitheror.使用了概括化白手段(opinions aredivided) 提出文章的论点。要点2和要点 3根据两段相似的结构用了相似的句式即“观点 +理由

50、”，分别用because口 as连接。两句话分别用“One”“The others.与第一句中的 two 相关。 理由的表达主要通过概括核心词汇的方式，使其更简洁明了。要点 4 用 despite一词将原文中的however连接的句 子用名词来概括，更显精练。提炼归纳1 .语义转换语义转换可以体现在句型转换、谓语表达结构转换、同义近义词转换等方面。本范文中我们将 “a debate over.表达为 “opinions are divided into two groups over.将 "nuclear energy is something we cannot do withou

51、t表达为 “nuclear energy is essential to our life 4等 “economical source of power, clean, can be run and maintained by relatively few technical and administrative staff 表达为 ”“ it causes no was， tesaves financial cost and workforce。”2 .要点提炼要点提炼通常采用自上而下、从大到小的顺序。先了解整篇文章的脉络和大意，这需要按顺序概括每一段的大意。然后具体到每一段，了解段落的脉络

52、和大意，句意的获取需要提取句子的主干，分清句子的成分，在这个过程中将核心信息抽丝剥茧地挑选出来。另外，要特别关注衔接词，它可以帮助我们迅速理清句子之间或段落之间的关系。例如本文第 2 段和第 3 段中的 “ Among other advantages is tha，t.A further advantage is that., Furthermore 这些表达让我们快速了解第 ”2 段有三个论点，第三段有两个论点。Exercise 5Advertisers tend to think big and perhaps this is why they' re always coming

53、 in for cri评 ) . Because they have so much money to throw around. “ ， It .” sthuenifracirritics say, “ th this entirely unproductive industry should absorb millions of pounds each year. Why don stop advertising and reduce the price of their goods? After all, it s the consumePoor consumers would have

54、 to pay a great deal more if advertising didn t create mafor products. But we get the wrong idea if we think the only purpose of advertising isto sellgoods. Another equally important function is to inform. A great deal of the knowledge we have about household goods comes largely from the advertiseme

55、nts we read.Lots of people pretend that they never read advertisements, but this claim may be seriously doubted. It is hardly possible not to read advertisements these days. And what fun they often are, too! Just think what a railway station or a newspaper would be like without advertisements. Would

56、 you enjoy gazing at a blank wall or reading railway regulations while waiting for a train? A cheerful advertisement makes such a difference to a dull wall or a newspaper full of the daily amount of great disasters.We must not forget, either, that advertising makes a positive contribution to our poc

57、kets. Newspapers, commercial radio and television companies could not survive without this source of income. The fact that we pay so little for our daily paper, or can enjoy so many broadcast programmes is due entirely to the money spent by advertisers.Another thing we mustn t forget is the “ small

58、ads ” in every newspaper and magazine. extremely useful service they perform for the community! Just about anything can be accomplished through these columns! For instance, you can find a job, buy or sell a house, announce a birth, marriage or death in a column but so far the most fascinating section is the personal or “ agony” column （读者来信专栏）. No o