态度改变理论

1、态度改变理论态度改变理论<p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-align:left;mso-pagination:widow-orphan; tab-stops:45.8pt 91.6pt 137.4pt 183.2pt 229.0pt 274.8pt 320.6pt 366.4pt 412.2pt 458.0pt 503.8pt 549.6pt 595.4pt641.2pt 687.0pt 732.8pt;background:white;word-break:break-all&q

2、uot;>1.海德的平衡理论认为，人们的认知系统中存在着使某些情感和评价之间趋向于一种的压力，强调人际关系对认知平衡的影响。<p class="MsoNormal" align="left"style="text-align:left;mso-pagination:widow-orphan;tab-stops:45.8pt 91.6pt 137.4pt 183.2pt 229.0pt 274.8pt320.6pt 366.4pt 412.2pt 458.0pt 503.8pt 549.6pt 595.4pt641.2pt 687.0

3、pt 732.8pt;background:white;word-break:break-all"><p class="MsoNormal" align="left"style="text-align:left;mso-pagination:widow-orphan;tab-stops:45.8pt 91.6pt 137.4pt 183.2pt 229.0pt 274.8pt320.6pt 366.4pt 412.2pt 458.0pt 503.8pt 549.6pt 595.4pt641.2pt 687.0pt 732.

4、8pt;background:white;word-break:break-all">借助 P O X 模型，可以推知人们的感情及其平衡关系中包括了八种状态。其中有四种是平衡的结构，四种是不平衡的。个体将尽可能少地改变情感关系以恢复平衡结构。在一定情景中，有许多解决不一致的途径。任何一种不平衡结构，都必须得到解决，以尽力维护其平衡。<p class="MsoNormal" align="left"style="text-align:left;mso-pagination:widow-orphan;tab-stops:45.

5、8pt 91.6pt 137.4pt 183.2pt 229.0pt 274.8pt320.6pt 366.4pt 412.2pt 458.0pt 503.8pt 549.6pt 595.4pt641.2pt 687.0pt 732.8pt;background:white;word-break:break-all"><p class="MsoNormal" align="left"style="text-align:left;mso-pagination:widow-orphan;tab-stops:45.8pt 91.

6、6pt 137.4pt 183.2pt 229.0pt 274.8pt320.6pt 366.4pt 412.2pt 458.0pt 503.8pt 549.6pt 595.4pt641.2pt 687.0pt 732.8pt;background:white;word-break:break-all">在企业管理中， 可以采取一定的措施来改变员工对某人或某些实施方案的态度，尽力使员工的心理达到平衡，从而以积极的工作态度投入生产中，提高生产效率。<p class="MsoNormal" align="left"style="

7、;text-align:left;mso-pagination:widow-orphan; tab-stops:45.8pt 91.6pt 137.4pt 183.2pt 229.0pt 274.8pt 320.6pt 366.4pt 412.2pt 458.0pt 503.8pt 549.6pt 595.4pt641.2pt 687.0pt 732.8pt;background:white;word-break:break-all"><p class="MsoNormal" align="left"style="text

8、-align:left;mso-pagination:widow-orphan;tab-stops:45.8pt 91.6pt 137.4pt 183.2pt 229.0pt 274.8pt320.6pt 366.4pt 412.2pt 458.0pt 503.8pt 549.6pt 595.4pt641.2pt 687.0pt 732.8pt;background:white;word-break:break-all">2.费斯廷格的认知失调论比起海德的平衡理论来，更注重个体通过自我调节达到认知的平衡。费斯廷格认为一个人的两种认知元素直接的不一致，就是失调。认知失调的来源有：

9、决策行为和与自己的态度相矛盾的行动。而认知的失调，会逐渐促使人们改变自己的态度。认知元素的两个单位之间的关系分为协调、不协调和不相关。<p class="MsoNormal" align="left"style="text-align:left;mso-pagination:widow-orphan;tab-stops:45.8pt 91.6pt 137.4pt 183.2pt 229.0pt 274.8pt320.6pt 366.4pt 412.2pt 458.0pt 503.8pt 549.6pt 595.4pt641.2pt 687

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11、732.8pt;background:white;word-break:break-all">在现实生活中， 可以通过一些具体的方法来解除或减轻失调状态：（ 1）改变某一认知元素，使其与其他元素趋于协调；（ 2）增加新的认知元素，加强协调关系的认知系统。（3）强调某一认知元素的重要性。<p class="MsoNormal" align="left"style="text-align:left;mso-pagination:widow-orphan;tab-stops:45.8pt 91.6pt 137.4pt 183.2

12、pt 229.0pt 274.8pt320.6pt 366.4pt 412.2pt 458.0pt 503.8pt 549.6pt 595.4pt641.2pt 687.0pt 732.8pt;background:white;word-break:break-all"><p class="MsoNormal" align="left"style="text-align:left;mso-pagination:widow-orphan;tab-stops:45.8pt 91.6pt 137.4pt 183.2pt 229.

13、0pt 274.8pt320.6pt 366.4pt 412.2pt 458.0pt 503.8pt 549.6pt 595.4pt641.2pt 687.0pt 732.8pt;background:white;word-break:break-all">在企业管理中， 可以通过以上三种方法来改变员工的某些态度，以达到他们认知的普遍协调。<p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-align:left;mso-pagination:widow-orphan; tab-sto

14、ps:45.8pt 91.6pt 137.4pt 183.2pt 229.0pt 274.8pt 320.6pt 366.4pt 412.2pt 458.0pt 503.8pt 549.6pt 595.4pt641.2pt 687.0pt 732.8pt;background:white;word-break:break-all"><p class="MsoNormal" align="left"style="text-align:left;mso-pagination:widow-orphan;tab-stops:45.

15、8pt 91.6pt 137.4pt 183.2pt 229.0pt 274.8pt320.6pt 366.4pt 412.2pt 458.0pt 503.8pt 549.6pt 595.4pt641.2pt 687.0pt 732.8pt;background:white;word-break:break-all">3.勒温的参与改变理论中，看重一个人是否参与态度的形成过程，从而会在改变别人态度时取得不同的成效。勒温认为，改变态度的方法，不能离开群体的规范和价值。个人在群体中的活动性质能觉得他的态度，也会改变他的态度。其中包括主动型和被动型。实验证明，就某一对象中，改变主动型

16、人的态度要比改变被动型的容易得多，效果也比较明显。<p class="MsoNormal" align="left"style="text-align:left;mso-pagination:widow-orphan; tab-stops:45.8pt 91.6pt 137.4pt 183.2pt 229.0pt 274.8pt 320.6pt 366.4pt 412.2pt 458.0pt 503.8pt 549.6pt 595.4pt641.2pt 687.0pt 732.8pt;background:white;word-break

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18、all">由勒温的观点和实验中我们可以看到，在企业管理中，如果想改变员工的态度、提高工作效率，就要努力让员工积极参与某些活动。<p class="MsoNormal" align="left"style="text-align:left;mso-pagination:widow-orphan;tab-stops:45.8pt 91.6pt 137.4pt 183.2pt 229.0pt 274.8pt320.6pt 366.4pt 412.2pt 458.0pt 503.8pt 549.6pt 595.4pt641.2pt

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20、t 732.8pt;background:white;word-break:break-all">4.沟通改变态度理论中，强调了人容易受到周围环境和一些媒介的影响个鼓动。通过沟通， 可以显著地改变对某些事物和人的态度看法。但要讲究沟通的技巧，才能取得良好的效果。<p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-align:left;mso-pagination:widow-orphan; tab-stops:45.8pt 91.6pt 137.4pt 183.2pt 229.0pt

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22、t320.6pt 366.4pt 412.2pt 458.0pt 503.8pt 549.6pt 595.4pt641.2pt 687.0pt 732.8pt;background:white;word-break:break-all">许多心理学家认为，沟通对态度改变的影响，倚赖于沟通者、沟通过程和沟通对象三个因素，沟通者需有良好的沟通能力，沟通过程要能充分了解对象的需要和动机，以其惯用的言语来传达。当然，即便是这两个过程都做好了，还得看看沟通对象的因素。<p class="MsoNormal" align="left" styl

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