第五讲、高中英语语法指津与能力训练(上) [讲义]

1、高考英语语法指津与能力训练一、高考英语语法题命题思想解析上海高考英语语法题总量16题，旨在考查学生的英语基础知识，注重测试考生在具体语境中的正确理解和灵活运用语法基础知识的能力。因此考生在复习中要注意以下两点：1. 复习、掌握中学英语语法中最基本的结构。高考英语“语法”测试呈现出两大特点：一是基础性，基础知识测试面广，覆盖了词法、句法的基本知识点；二是语法测试题更呈现语境化，选用的题干语句上下文情景清晰，学生易于理解。如果仔细分析2007年和2008年高考语法部分，不难发现测试内容均是最基础的知识，如词法中的动词时态和语态、非谓语动词、情态动词、介词、代词、比较结构等，以及句法中的简单句、主从

2、复合句、倒装结构等，而且题目难度也不高，一道试题一般测试一个语法点。可以说高考英语语法测试是集中在中学英语语法最核心的部分，不会有超出中学英语语法范围的偏题、怪题或过难、过深的题目。例如：（1）对介词的考查：(2007 上海 Leaves are found on all kinds of trees, but they differ greatly _ size and shape.A. on B. from C. by D. in 答案为D。(2008 上海 The two sportsmen congratulated each other _ winning the match by

3、shaking hands. A. with B. on C. in D. to答案为B。（2）对形容词、副词的比较级和最高级的考查：(2007 上海 Alan is a careful driver, but he drives _ of my friends.A. more carefully B. the most carefullyC. less carefully D. the least carefully答案为D。(2008 上海 In my view, Londons not as expensive in price as Tokyo but Tokyo is _ in tr

4、affic. A. the most organized B. more organizedC. so organized as D. as organized as答案为B。(3 对动词时态和语态的考查：(2007 上海 Did you tidy your room?No, I was going to tidy my room but I _ visitors. A. had B. have C. have had D. will have答案为A。(2008 上海 In recent years many football clubs _ as business to make a pr

5、ofit.A. have run B. have been run C. had been run D. will run答案为B。2. 学会分析题干句意。考生应该注意到近几年语法知识单项选择题命题的趋向：突出语言意义，要求考生不仅能从语言形式上辨认语法结构，更能从语意上领悟、把握题干所表达的语言情景，从而判断、选择在所给的特定的语言情景中须用的语法结构。例如：(2007 上海 Guess what! I have got A for my tem paper.Great! You _ read widely and put a lot of work into it. A. must B.

6、should C. must have D. should have答案为C。分析： 本对话表示乙方说话人推测的口气，甲方得了A，乙方推测甲方一定广泛阅读，花了很多的功夫。选项C“must have + 过去分词”表示了这种语气，因而是最佳答案。(2007 上海 Its top secret.Yes, I see. I will keep the secret _ you and me.A. with B. around C. among D. between答案为D。分析： 本句情景是两人在谈论互相保守秘密，因此D， between 是正确答案。(2008 上海 Do you know if

7、 Terry will go camping this weekend?Terry? Never! She _ tents and fresh air!A. has hated B. hated C. will hate D. hates答案为D。分析： 本对话情景表示Terry 一向不喜欢户外露营，所以用hates表示她的喜好。总结：正确理解题干情景是解题的关键，如果看不懂题干句子的意思，就很难作出正确的判断。可见，阅读理解能力度语法的答题是十分重要的。3. 2007 年和2008年语法考点比较：词法和句法考点2007年2008年介词11代词11副词最高级1/形容词比较级/1时态11语态11

8、情态动词11倒装11感叹句1/非谓语动词 to do11非谓语动词 doing12（现在分词和动名词各1题）非谓语动词 done11状语从句22定语从句11主语从句11表语从句1/宾语从句/1注意：近两年没考的有：冠词、反义疑问句、独立主格、虚拟语气。二、高考英语语法考点指津1. 名词、数词和形容词复习要点 常考的不可数名词：advice, baggage, equipment, information, luggage, furniture, fun, weather, knowledge, jewelry, progress 名词前的修饰词：1）只能修饰可数名词的有： few, a few

9、, many, a great/good many, a large number of2）只能修饰不可数名词的有：little, a little, much, a large amount of, a great/good deal of3）可数不可数都可修饰的有：a lot of, lots of, plenty of, a large quantity of, large quantities of 数词使用中的问题：1）大于: more than 20 years, over thirty, above twenty degrees2）小于: less than ten days,

10、fewer than 50 people, children under 73）至少: at least 10 dollars, no less than 100 people4）大约: about three days, around 2 o'clock, two miles or so5）至多: not more than 5 rooms, at most ten days6）仅有: no more than 1 year, only 2 years7）倍数: This ruler is twice/three times longer than that one. This ru

11、ler is twice/three times as long as that one. This ruler is twice/three times the length of that one. 形容词复习要点1）只能做定语的形容词有：live, main, chief2）只能做表语的形容词有：alone, alike, awake, asleep 3）多个形容词修饰名词的顺序依次是：冠词（所有格；指示词；数词）；品质；大小长短；形状；新旧；颜色；产地；材料；用途。例如：a beautiful little round red Chinese wooden public reading

12、 room4）修饰形容词比较级的有：much, rather, even, still, far, any, no, a little, a bit, a lot, a great deal, yet等；5）修饰形容词最高级的有：by far, very, much2. 时态和语态复习要点 “主将从现”符合的原则：if条件句，时间状语从句，方式状语从句和让步状语从句。如：If he comes, I'll let you know. He will be happy when I tell him. Next time I'll do as you say. Even if i

13、t rains tomorrow, the sports meet will take place. 过去完成时注意点: 1）没有一般过去时，就不存在过去完成时。2）过去完成时用在no soonerthan, scarcelywhen, hardlywhen, had intended, had hoped, had planned等短语中。 “主动表被动”的适用范围: 1）表衡量的动词: The room measures 5 by 6.2）sell, write, wash, read, wear, keep, drink等表状态的情况: The pen writes well.3）在动词

14、不定式中主语发出的动作: I have a lot of work to do. 4）动词不定式前面的词为形容词时: The question is easy to answer.5）在need, want, require, be worth后面doing主动表被动: The bike wants repairing.3. 情态动词复习要点 can 1）在疑问句中表示怀疑: Can it be true?2）在否定句中，表示判断或推断: You can't be hungry so soon. You've just had lunch. shall1）用于二、三人称表允许、

15、命令、警告: You shall leave the door or I'll call the police.2）征求对方意见或向对方请示（用于一、三人称）: Shall I open the window? will1）愿意、意愿、意志、决心（用于各人称）: If you will wait, I'll come back.2）will= probably表一种猜想: You will remember the story I told you last time.3）征求意见，用于第二人称: Will you give me a piece of paper?4）表某种倾

16、向或习惯性动作: Fish will die out of water. 情态动词+have doneought to have done 和should have done 应该做某事而未做could have done 本可以做某事而未做needn't have done 不需要做某事而做了must have done 过去一定做了某事may/might have done 过去可能做过某事cant/couldnt have done 过去不可能做过某事 情态动词表推测的反意疑问句：It must have rained last night, didn't it?He m

17、ust have waited for you for a long time, hasn't he?He must be waiting for you outside, isn't he?4. 主谓一致复习要点1）A teacher and writer is waiting for you outside. 2） In our country every boy and every girl has the right to education. (类似的还有: each boy and each girl, no boy and no girl, many a boy

18、and many a girl3）由以下几个连词连接两个主语谓语动词看前面的主语: as well as, no less than, rather than, more than, but, except, besides, with, along with, together with, like, including, in addition to 如：Tom as well as his classmates is going to visit the Forbidden City tomorrow.4）成双的名词前有a pair of来修饰，谓语动词用单数; 否则用复数。 如： My

19、 trousers are on the chair. A pair of trousers is on the chair.5）%，分数，half, the rest后面的谓语动词符合就近一致原则: 10% of the students are hard-working. 6）表时间、距离、价格、度量衡等的复数名词或短语做主语时，谓语动词用单数: 1 million dollars is a large sum of money. 7）加、减、乘、除运算做主语，谓语动词用单数: Ten plus ten is twenty.8）集合名词如：family, team, crowd, clas

20、s, audience, population, class等做主语，如果指整体，用单数；如果指整体中的每个人，用复数。9）one and a half后接复数名词，但是谓语动词用单数: One and a half oranges is on the table. 10）以下情况符合就近一致原则: there be, eitheror, or, neithernor, whetheror, not onlybut also, notbut误：Not his teacher but his parents is waiting outside.正：Not his teacher but his

21、 parents are waiting outside. 5. “it作形式主语和形式宾语”复习要点1）It is no use/useless/no good/a waste of time doing sth. 例如：It is useless crying over the spilt milk. 2）某些表示“喜、怒、哀、乐”的动词，如like, enjoy, love, hate, appreciate等，往往不能直接接宾语从句: 如：I dont like it that hes so lazy. I hate it when my mother asks me to eat e

22、ggs. 3）that引导的宾语从句不能直接作介词的宾语: 如：You may depend on it that we shall always help you.Would you see to it that she gets home early? He insisted on it that he was innocent. 6. 倒装复习要点1）完全倒装： 做状语的副词置于句首：in, out, down, up, back, over, away, off以及here, there, now, then等。但是主语为人称代词时不倒装。如：Here comes the bus. H

23、ere he comes.2）部分倒装: A. 否定词放在句首: neither, nor, never, hardly, scarcely, not only, seldom, little, rarely, nowhere, by no means, not until B. 频率状语放在句首: often, always, once, many a time, now and again, every other day, every two daysC. only +状语放在句首: Only in this way can you learn English well. 注意：only

24、接名词或代词不用倒装：Only you can do it. D. as / though引导的让步从句必须将句中的名词、形容词, 副词, 分词, 实义动词提前。注意：句首名词不能带任何冠词。句首是实义动词, 其他助动词放在主语后。如果实义动词有宾语和状语,随实义动词一起放在主语之前。如：Student as he is, he does not study hard. Much as I admire his courage, I dont think he acted wisely.Try hard as he will, he never seems able to do the wor

25、k satisfactorily.7. 定语从句复习要点span1 在定语从句中，先行词为物的情况下，以下几种情况只能用that不能用which。A. 有序数词或最高级修饰：It's the first time that I have been here.B. 先行词为不定代词：That is all that I want to know.p C. 先行词由不定代词修饰 ： He mentioned all the books that were laid on the table.D. 先行词有the only, the very, the last修饰：It is the ve

26、ry dictionary that I need.E. 先行词既有人又有物：He talked about the teachers and schools that he had visited.2 只能用which的情况有：A. 介词后面：This is the factory in which my father works.B. “，”后面：I have a book, which is very interesting. 3 as和which的用法：A. 在such, as, the same后只能用as。如：I never heard such stories as he tel

27、ls. B. 引导非限制性定语从句时，有时两者可互换。如：I live a long way from work, as /which you know.C. 当从句位于主句前面时，只用 as。如： As is known to everybody, the moon travels round the earth once every month. D. as 引导的非限制性定语从句应与主句在意义上和谐一致，which无此限制： He went abroad, as which was expected. He went abroad, which was unexpected. (不用as

28、 E. 当as 引导非限制性定语从句作主语时，其谓语通常应是连系动词，而 which则无此限制： She has married again, as /which seemed natural. She has married again, which delighted us. (不用as 4 but 和 than 引导的定语从句：A. but在句子中可用作关系代词，引导定语从句, 但but形式上是肯定的，意义上却是否定的。这正是but和其它关系代词(who, that , which等不同之处。例如： There is no rule in English but has exceptio

29、ns. 英语中没有无例外的规则。 = There is no rule in English that has no exceptions/ that has not any exceptions. B. than也可以用作关系代词，引导定语从句，但主句中必须有比较级和than前后呼应。例如： We often advise him not to drink more wine than is good for his health. 我们经常劝他为了身体健康不要喝过量的酒。 5 例题分析：Only those _ knew well were invited to his birthday

30、party last night. A. who B. that C. he D. which8. 非谓语复习要点1 分词作插入语，其结构是固定的，意思上的主语并不是句子的主语。 generally speaking一般说来 talking of /speaking of 说道 strictly speaking 严格的说 judging from 从判断 all things considered 从整体来看taking all things into consideration全面看来 Judging from his face, he must be ill.从他的脸色看，他一定是病了。

31、Generally speaking, dogs can run faster than pigs. (speaking 并不是dogs 的动作2 不定式to的省略问题：A. 在表示感觉意义的动词，如see, feel, watch, notice, smell, hear, observe等后，或是表示“致使”意义的动词，如have, let, make等后，动词不定式不带to。但是当这类结构转移为被动语态时，后面的不带to不定式一般转换为带to 不定式。例如：I often heard him say that he would study hard.He was often heard

32、to say that be would study hard.B. 在had better, would rather, may/might as well, rather than, cannot but等搭配之后，动词不定式也不带to 。例如：She could not but criticize his foolish behavior.C. 在介词but, except之后，如果其前有动词do的某种形式，其后不定式一般不带to，反之则必须带to，表示“不得不，只能”。例如：He will do anything except work on the farm.I had no cho

33、ice but to wait till it stopped raining.下面一些短语是固定搭配，不带to：can not help but, can not choose but, can not but, do nothing but, have nothing to do butD. 紧跟在why或why not之后的动词不定式总是不带to。但是，紧跟who, what, which, whether等连接词后的不定式带to。例如：Why stand up if you can sit down?Why not ask your teacher when you don't

34、 understand the meaning?You neednt decide yet whether to study arts or science.三、语法能力自测题Directions: Beneath each of the following sentences there are four choices marked A, B, C, and D. Choose the answer that best completes the sentence.25. In order to change the attitude _ employing women, the gove

35、rnment is bringing in new laws.A. in B. with C. towards D. for26. I agree with most of what you have said about this important project, but I dont agree with _.A. anything B. everything C. something D. nothing27. The magnificent museum, standing in the middle of the city, is said _ about a hundred y

36、ears ago.A. to build B. to be built C. to have built D. to have been built28. The life the businessman had long been used to _ soon after the big failure of his business.A. changing B. changed C. change D. changes29Jack Thompson has written a number of interesting short stories, but he is _ known fo

37、r his plays.A. more B. the most C. better D. the best 30. As he never listened to others, I was surprised at his _ your suggestion without any hesitation.A. accepting B. to accept C. being accepted D. to be accepted31. The interviewer should take down some notes while the person _ is answering quest

38、ions.A. to be interviewed B. having been interviewed C. being interviewed D. interviewed32. What I dont believe is _ Chinese herb medicine doesnt have any side effect on the patients who have taken it. A. that B. which C. whether D. if 33. In some countries where democratic system is adopted, _ is c