免疫学名词解释英

1、学习好资料欢迎下载免疫名词解释历年题1. Recirculation of lymphocytes(淋巴细胞再循环)It means the continuo us movement of lymphocytes across the sites through out blood and lym phatic vessels, and it is critical for the initiation and effector phases of i mmune response.2. hapten(半抗原)antigen which can combine with the corresp

2、onding Ab or sensitized T lymphocyte but can not evoke the immune response independen tly.B cells to produce Ab3. TD-Ag(thymus dependent Ag) Ag stimulateswith the help of T cells and macrophage.B cellsto produce Ab4. TI-Ag(thymus independent Ag)Ag stimulatesby different sp diag no sis.without the he

3、lp of T cells and macrophage.shared5. heterophile Ag(异嗜性抗原)common antigens ecies and play an important role in immunopathology and6. HVR(hypervariable region)超变区 Most of sequenee differences am ong antibodies are confined to three short stretches in the V regions of heavy and light chains are called

4、 HVR7. CDR(co mp leme ntary determ inant regi on)互补决定区 The seque nces of the antibodies form an antigen binding surface that is complementary to the three dimensional structure of the bound antigen It is also called comp leme ntary determ inant regi ons.8. idiotype (独特型)Igs produced by each B cells

5、clone possessing unique structure respectively in HVR or CDR, the unique structure is call ed idiotype of Ig.9. monoclonal Ab (mAb 单克隆抗体)It is prepared by hybridoma tec hnique. Immunized spleen cells (B cells) fuse with myeloma cells and for m hybridoma with property of proliferating Ab10. con forma

6、ti onal determi nan ts 构象决定簇 They are comp osed of amin o acid residues are not in a sequenee but become special juxtaposed infolded p rote in. They are usually on the surface of an tige n and be recog nized by B cells and Ab.11. ADCC ( antibody dependent cell mediated cytotoxicity) It is a proce ss

7、 in which NK cells are target to Ab coated cells, resulting in lyses Abcoated cells .FcR E i s expressed on NK cell membrane and mediate b in di ng of IgG.12. MAC membra ne attack com plex 攻膜复合体 A lytic comp lex of the terminal components of complement cascade, Including C5678and multico pies of C9,

8、which forms in the membrane of target cells MAC causes let hal ionic and osmotic changes in cells.13. CK cytokine 细胞因子 A group of low molecular weight polypeptides or p rote ins which are secreted by activated immuno cytes or some matrix cells and possess high activity and various functions. Their m

9、ajor funct ions are to mediate and regulation immune response and inflammation r eacti on.14. CAM or AM cell adhesion molecules 黏附分子 The cell surface mol ecules whose function is to promote adhesive interaction with other cellsor the extra cellular matrix and play a crucial role in cell interaction,

10、 re cognition, activation and migration.15. CD cluster of differentiation 分化簇 It is a group of cell surface mol ecules associated with the development and differentiation of immune cel ls.16. MHC major histocompatibility complex 主要组织相容性复合体 It is a g roup of genes which encode for major histocompatib

11、ility antigens and rel ate to immune response.17. HLA human leukocyte antigen 人类白细胞抗原 The major histocomp atibility antigens for human bodies which associated with histocompatibilit y and immune response.18. HLA comp lex The MHC of huma n, a cluster of genes which en cod e for HLA and related to his

12、tocompatibility and immune response.19. MHC restriction In interaction of T cell and APC or target cells, T cells not only recognize specific antigen but also recognize polymorphic r esidules of MHC molecules.20. PAMP(pathogen associated molecular pattern)病原相关分子模式 dist inct structures or components

13、that are com mon for many pathogens ， such as LPS, dsRNA of viruses etc.21. PRR (pattern recognition receptor) The receptors that can recogniz e PAMP, located on the surface of macro phage, in clud ing mannose rece ptor, scavenger receptor , toll like receptor etc.22. APC a group of cells which can

14、up take and p rocess an tige n and p resent antigen-MHC - I / n complex to T cells, playing an important role i n immune response.23. TCR comp lex a group of membra ne molecules on T cells that can specifically bind to antigen and pass an activation signal into the cell, consisting of TCR ( a 3 yS),

15、 CD3 (丫 £ Se) and Z - Z。24. ITAM (im muno rece ptor tyros in e-based activati on motif)免疫受体酪氨 酸活化基序 ITAMtransduced e activation signals from TCR, composing oftyrosine residues separated by around 18 aas. When TCR specially bin d to antigen, the tyrosine become phosphorylated by the receptor ass

16、oci ated tyrosine kinases to transduct actively signals.25. immunotoleranee 免疫耐受 a type of specific unresponsiveness to a given antigen previously exposure of specific lymphocytes to that antigen but response naturally to other antigens.26. clonal anergy 克隆无能 a state of functional inactivation witho

17、ut cell death of Tlymphocytes induced by recognition of antigen in the absenee of co-stimulatory signal.27. AICD(activation induced cell death)活化诱导细胞死亡 repeated stim ulation to T B lymphocytes by persistent antigen results in death of the activated ell process of apoptosis. FasL on activated T cell

18、binding to Fa s on activated T cell and induce T cell apoptosis.28. Hyp erse nsitivity 超敏反应 a harmful immune res ponse whe n a sen sit ized in dividual encoun ters the same an tige n aga in, subseque ntly p roducetissue injury or disorder of function and may cause serious disease.29 TSA tumor specif

19、ic Antigen 肿瘤特异抗原 antigens that are only ex pressed on tumor cells but not on normal cells ,having high specificity.30 direct recog niti on 直接识另 In transplan tati on immuno logy T cell is activated by recog niti on of an in tact MHC molecules dis played by donor APC in the graft. It is a cross react

20、 ion of a no rmal TCR. In no rmal con diti on, it recog nize self MHC molecules plus foreig n pep tides , but now ,i t recog nize an alloge nic MHC plus pep tide.31 GVHD (graft versus host disease)移植物抗宿主病 a disease usuall y occurs in bone marrow immune response, immune cells in the graft ca n give i

21、mmune response to the host.32 lymphocyte homing 淋巴纟田胞归巢 the process by which particular subsets of lymphocytes selectively enter some tissues but not others is c alled lymphocyte homing.33 isotype exclusion 同种型排斥 double positive T cells whose TCR c an recognize and combine with MHC can develop and d

22、ifferentiate conti nuously into single positive T cells and got MHC restriction.34 IFN The CKs produced by human or animal tissue cells or T lym phocytes and NK cells,following the infection of virus and exposure to an tigen whose principle function is to inhibit virus replication or activate ma cro

23、p hage in both inn ate immu nity and ada ptive immun ity.35cross-priming or cross-presentation 交叉递呈 a mechanism by whicha professional APC activates, a na?/e s of a third cell (e.g. a virus-infectedCD8 CTL specific for the antigen or tumor cell).Active immunity(主动免疫) ：Immunity that is induced by exp

24、osure to antigens in which the immunized individual pl ays an active role in respo nding to the antigen。2、 Passive immunity : An individual receives antibody or lymphocytes from another individual who wasp reviously actively immunized3、 Antibody : a type of glyc op rotein molecule, also called immun

25、oglobulin (Ig) , p roduced by B cells thatbind antigens often with a high degree of sp ecificity4、 New definition of immunity Immunity is the ability to respond to foreign substances( antigen),including microbes , as well as to macromolecules such as p roteins and po lysaccharides, mediated byimmune

26、 system, regardless of the p hysiologic or p athologic consequence of such a reaction5、 Immune respo nse:A collective and coordinated respo nse to the introduction of foreign substancesin an individual mediated by cells and molecules6、 Immunology Immunology is studying the cellular and molecular eve

27、nts that occur after an organismencounters microbes and other foreign macromoleculesMucosal immune system, also named as mucosa-associatedlymphoid tissue, MALT) is in theep ithelia , lamina propria and submucosal area of gastrointestinal, res pi ratory and genitourinary tract8、Lymp hocyte homing The

28、 p rocess by which p articular subsets of lymp hocytes selectively enter sometissues but not others is called lymp hocyte homing9、lymphocyterecirculation The continuous movement of lymphocytes betweenblood streamand perip heral l ymp hoid tissues is called lymp hocyte recirculation10、 Central immune

29、 organs or primary lymphoid organs The site that lymphocytesgenerate andmature into functional cells Bone marrow and Thymus11、Peripheral immune organs or secondary lymphoid organs and tissues The sitesthatT and Blymphocytesreside in and respond to antigens spleen , lymph nodes , mucosalimmunesystem1

30、2 、 Antigen: non-self substances which can combine with TCR or BCR or Ab and have thepo tential of inducing immune respo nse .AntigenTolerogenAllergen13、 Immunogenicity An ability of antigen which can stimulate the body to evoke a sp ecific immunerespo nse (Ab or effect T cells).14withImmunoreactivi

31、ty (Antigenicity) An ability of antigen corres po nding Ab or sensitized T lymp hocyte.which cancombine15、16、Antigen determinants (ep it ope) are small p articular chemical groupsexisting in antigen whichHap ten: Only po ssess immunoreactivitycombine with TCR/BCR or Ab.of antigenic determinant17、Ep

32、it ope: decide the sp ecificity of the antigen ， a subtle change (characteristics, number and conformation) can influence the sp ecificity of Ag. Antigen determinant is the combining site of Ag and Ab18、 T cell ep it ope : Antigenic Determinants recognized by T cells(TCR)Comp osition:Pep tidesSequen

33、tial determinants(Exist in anywhere of Ag)Processed MHC p resentation-Size 8 -23 residues19、B cell ep it ope : Antigenic Determinants Recognized by B cells and AbComp ositionpep tide, po lysaccharides, nucleic acidsSequential determinants or Conformational determinants (existed on the surface of Ag)

34、Recognized directly No MHCSize 5-7 residues20、 Conformational determinants are formed by amino acid residues that aren ' t in a sequence butbecome sp atially juxta posed in the folded p rotein.They are normally exist on the surface of antigen molecules.They are recognized by B cells or antibody.

35、21、 Sequential (or linear) determinants : Ep it opes formed by several adjacent amino acid residues arecalled linear determinants.They are exist on the surface of antigen molecules or inside molecules.They are mainly recognized by T cells, but some also can be recognized by B cells.22、 Commom antige

36、n : the same or similar ep it opes among relative antigens are called commonantigen.23、 Cross reaction: The antibodies induced by one kind of antigen can react with other antigenbecause of p resence of common determinant between two antigens24、Hetero philic Ag (forssman Ag) : -common Ags are shared

37、by different sp ecies-no sp ecificity ofspecies Significance : immunopathology, Diagnosis25、 .Antibody : a type of glyc op rotein molecule, p roduced by B cells that bind antigens often with a highdegree of sp ecificity The basic structural unit of antibody is comp osed of two identical heavy chains

38、 andtwo identical light chains 26Tumor sp ecific Ag, TSA-only exp ress on the tumor cells but normal cells27、 Tumor associated Ag,TAA : Its express is high on tumor cells but low on normal cells, eg.AFP CEA28、Sup erantigen (SAg) :Antigens that can non-s pecifically stimulate po lyclonal T/B cells an

39、d induce avery strong Ir with a extremely low concentration29、 Immunoglobulin, It refers to all globulins that p ossess the bioactivity of Ab or a similar structureto Ab Therefore, all Abs belong to Igs, but not all Igs p ossess the functions of Abs30、Hypervariable region (HVR): Most of the sequence

40、 differences among antibodies are confined tothree short stretches in the V regions of heavy and light chains are called HVR. Because thesesequences form an antigen-binding surface that is compi ementary to the three-dimensional structure ofthe bound antigen, HVR are also called Compi ementarity-det

41、ermining regions, CDRsL chain possesses 3 CDRs : CDR1, CDR2 and CDR3H Chain possesses 3 CDRs : CDR1, CDR2 and CDR331、CDR , comp lementarity-determining regionsThe three short stretches in the V regions of Ig that contain most of the sequence differences among Igsare called CDR because these sequence

42、s form an antigen-binding surface that is compi ementary to thethree-dimensional structure of the bound antigen32、 domain of Ig : the Polypeptide chains of Ig are folded by intrachain s-s bond into globular shapein each 110aa regions which is called a domain ,33、 Polyclonal Ab:a mixture of Abs with

43、different specificities and affinities ,generated in a natural respo nse or artificialimmunization34、 Monoclonal Ab:Abs produced by single B cell clone (or one hybridoma clone ) possess samestructure and sp ecificity35、 mAb / McAb :Prep ared by hybridoma technique:Immunized spl een cells (B) fuse wi

44、th myelomacells and form hybridoma with property of p roliferating and p roducing antibody36、genetic engineering Ab:Abs prep ared by the method of gene recombination37、Isot ype of Ig : the ep it ope of Ig in all healthy individuals of a sp ecies is called as isot ype,This isa kind of sp ecies sp eci

45、ficity which exists in C region of immunoglobulin, including class, subclass, type.subt ype38、 Alloty pe:The property of a group of antibody molecules defined by their sharing determinant found on the antibodies of some individuals but not others of aa particular antigenic species.This is a kind(ofi

46、ndividual sp ecificity within a sp ecies which exists in C region of immunoglobulin39、Idiotype of Ig :Igs produced by one B cell clone possess uniquestructureresp ectivelyinhyp ervariable region(HVR) ,the unique structure of Ig is called idiot ype of Ig40、compiement system :A system of serum and cel

47、l surface proteins(including more than30proteins ) that interact with one another and with other molecules of the immune system to generate imp ortant effectors of innate and ada ptive immune respo nse .41、 MAC: a lytic complex of the terminal compo nents of the compi ement cascade, including C5,6,7

48、,8 and mult iple copies of C9, that forms in the membrane of target cells .The MAC causes lethal ionic and osmotic changes in cells. MAC: C5678942、 Cytokines (CK): group of low molecule weight p roteins with high activity and mult iple functions thatare produced by many different kinds of cells and

49、that mediate immune response and inflammatory reactionLy mp hokines(淋巴因子) monokines(单核因子) 43、 Cell-adhesion molecules (CAMs):the cell surface molecules whose function is to promote adhesive interactions with other cells or the extracellular matrix and p lay crucial roles in cell interaction, recogni

50、tion , activation and migration .Leukocytes exp ress various types of adhesion molecules, such as selectins, integrins, and members of the Ig sup erfamily, cadherin.44、 CD, cluster of differentiation Cell surface molecules expressed on various cell types that are designated as cluster of differentia

51、tion D numberMGses of McAb) The CD molecules is a group of cell surface molecules associated with the devel op ment and differentiation of the immune cells .CD1-339 45、 .MHC (Major histoco mp atibility com plex)A cluster of genes which encode for major histoco mp atibility antigens and relate to imm

52、une respo nse.46、 .HLA (human leucocyte antigen)The major histoco mp atibility antigens of human which are associated with histoco mp atibility and immune respo nse.47、HLA com plexThe MHC of human, a cluster of the genes which encode for HLA and relate to histoco mp atibility and immune respo nse48、

53、Anchor sites binding sites of an antigen pep tide bound with antigen-binding grooves of MHC molecules49、anchor residues amino acids in the anchor sites bind to antigen- binding grooves of MHCmolecules.50、innate immunity Its refered to the p rotection against infections that relies on the ability tha

54、t existbefore infection, and be cap able of rapid respo nse to p athogens .Innate immunity is the first line ofdefence against infection51、 PAMP: distinct structures or compo nents that are common for many p athogense.g. LPS, p roteoglycan, N-formylated pep tides, double RNA of viruses et al.52、 Pat

55、tern recognition receptors, PRR:the receptors that can recognize pathogen associatedmolecular p atterns, locating on the surface of macro phages.e.g. mannose rece ptor, scavenger rece ptor.CD14, Toll like rece ptors et al.53、Antigen-p resenting cells: cells that can p rocess and p resent antigens (M

56、HC-pep tide) to T cellsnonp rofessional APCProfessional APC Dendritic cell Macro phage B lymp hocyte54、 AP C:ex pressing MHC-II and co-stimulatory molecules, p resent exogenous antigens to CD4+ Tcells, Including macro phages, dentritic cells and B cells55、 TCR-CD3 compiex: a group of membrane molecu

57、les on T cells that can specially bind to theantigen and p ass an activation signal into the cells, consisting of TCR (ba,dg) andCD3( eg,ed, zz or z n )56、 TCR: a kind of membrane molecule on T cells that can sp ecially bind to the antigen (Recognizesp ecifically with Ag-MHC com pl ex)57、 BCR complexa group of membrane molecules on B cells that can sp ecifically bind to the antigen and p ass an activationsignal into B cells, consisting of BCR and Iga-Ig b heterodimer58、 BCRmembrane immunologlobulin on B cell, mIg: IgM, IgD,Iga-Ig b, (CD79),IT