词汇学第一章 The Basic Concepts of Words and VocabularyPPT

1、 ObjectivesnTo define word and vocabulary;nTo understand the arbitrary and conventional relationship between sound and meaning;nTo learn the causes of the differences between sound and form;nTo familiarize with the three main principles of lexical classification;nTo know the features of basic word s

2、tock and non-basic vocabulary and etc. ContentsnDefinitions of a wordnVocabularynSound and meaningnSound and formnClassification of words The course you are now learning is called “lexicology”. what is lexicology? Consult a dictionary.Task 1 Define “word” in your own words.Task 2 Based on your defin

3、ition, decide whether or not each of the following is a word. Black bird, I, if, management, ing, mentnD Word w:d a unit of language that native speakers can identifynWikipedia, the free encyclopedia Inlanguage, awordis the smallest free form that may b e u t t e r e d i n i s o l a t i o n withsema

4、nticorpragmaticcontent (with literal or practical meaning). This contrasts with amorpheme, which is the smallest unit of meaning but will not necessarily stand on its own. A word may consist of a single morpheme (for example:oh!, rock, red, quick, run, expect), or several (rocks, redness, quickly, r

5、unning, unexpected), whereas a morpheme may not be able to stand on its own as a word (in the words just mentioned, these are-s, -ness, -ly, -ing, un-, -ed). Our definition（Page 2）The definition of a word will cover the following points:na minimal free form of a language;na sound unity;na unit of me

6、aning;na form that can function alone in a sentence.Therefore, we can say that “a word is a minimal free form of a language that has given sound, meaning and syntactic function”. 词是具有一定的声音、意义和句法功能，能够独立运营的最小的语言单位。Task 1 The term “vocabulary” is used in different senses. Match the examples with the de

7、finition of vocabulary.ABthe total number of the words in a language;His Chinese vocabulary is rather limited.all the words used in a particular historical period;Most technical jobs use a specialized vocabulary.all the words of a given dialect, a given book, a given discipline;Modern English vocabu

8、lary.the words possessed by an individual person.The English vocabulary is one of the largest and richest.nIn how many languages do you know the name of the animal in this picture?nTask 1 Say the name of the animal in as many languages as you can.nTask 2 Listen to “a dog” being said in different lan

9、guages. dogdg chienj 狗狗gouQuestion: What does this tell us about the relationship between the sound which stands for this animal and the animal itself?In different languages the same concept can be presented by different sounds.1.writeriteright2.twototooQuestions: what does this tell us about the re

10、lationship between sound and meaning? The same sound is used to denote entirely different things/convey different meanings. Task 3 Say the following group of words.SummaryIn different languages the same concept can be presented by different sounds.On the other hand, the same sound is used to denote

11、entirely different things/convey different meanings.There is no logical relationship between the sound which stands for a thing or an idea and the actual thing and idea itself.The relationship between them is always arbitrary and conventional.nTask 1 Say the following words by yourself.coughthoughtt

12、houghthoroughtoughthroughQuestion: why is there the disparity?nThe international reasonnChangesnBorrowingsTask 1 choose from the following criteria to fill in the gaps. Notion/use frequency/origin/morphologynotionuse frequencyoriginEnglish words may be classified into By(1)Native wordsBorrowed words

13、(2)Content wordsFunctional words(3)Basic word stockNon-basic vocabulary(4)Compounds Derived wordsmorphology1.5.1 Basic word stock & non-basic vocabulary Basic characteristics of the basic word stock areAll national character 全民性Stability 稳定性Productivity 能产性Polysemy 多义性Collocability 搭配能力强 Not all

14、 the words of the basic word stock have these features.nNon-basic vocabulary include:Terminology 专业术语Jargon 行话Slang 俚语Argot 隐语Dialectal words 方言词Archaisms 古词语Neologisms 新词语1.5.2 Content words & functional wordsBy notion, words can be grouped into:nContent wordsdefinition P10nFunctional wordsdefi

15、nition P10denoteandnotionsevenhaveneverrunuponChristmaswouldTask 1 which of the following words are content words and which are functional words?1.5.3 Native words & borrowed wordsTask 1 Guess whether the following statements are true or false.nNative words are words brought to Britain in the fi

16、fth century by the Germanic tribes: the Angles, the Saxons and the Jutes.nWhat is the true of the basic word stock is also true of native words.Native words Apart from the characteristics mentioned of the basic word stock, native words have few other features: Natural in styleFrequent in usenWords taken over from foreign languages are known as borrowe