动词的非谓语形式

1、 动词的非谓语形式 动词在句中除充当谓语外，还可以起名词，形容词或副词的作用，在句中充当主语，宾语，表语，补语，定语和状语。 这就是动词的非谓语形式。当句中需要用某种动作作主语，宾语或作某修饰，说明的成分时，就要使用这种形式。 动词 的非谓语形式有三种： 1动词不定式 to study (to +动词原形) 2分词 studying（现在分词） studied（过去分词） 3动名词 studying（形式与现在分词相同） 动词非谓语形式不随主语的人称和数的变化而变化，故又称为非限定性动词。 动词 非谓语形式仍具有动词的一般特征，可以带有宾语，状语等构成短语。 动词非谓语形式有以下几种形式变化：

2、 语态 主动 被动 不 一般 to write to be written 定 进行时 to be writing 式 完成时 to have written to have been written 完成进行时to have been writing 现在分词 一般 writing being written和动名词 完成 having written having been written过去分词 written一动词不定式 动词不定式能起名词，形空词和副词作用，充当谓语以外的各种成分。1作主语。To learn English is not an easy thing.学英语不是一件容易

3、的事。To reallize the four modernizations is our duty.It is our duty to realize the four modernizations.实现四个现代化是我们的责任。(it 是形式主语，是真实主语，to realize the four modernizatios动词不定式作真实主语时，常放在后面。) 2.作宾语。He wants to visit Nanjing.他要参观南京。The guests promised to come early.客人们答应早来。3.作宾语补语。（复合宾语第二部分）I expect you to w

4、rite to me.（我）盼望你（给我）来信。I asked him to show me his new dictionary.我要他让我看看他的新词典。4.作表语。Our task is to realize the modernization of our country.我们的任务是实现我国现代化。The young man seems to be a college graduate.那个年轻人好像是个大学毕业生。To see is to believe.百闻不如一见。（眼见为实）She was seen to enter the hall.有人见到她到在厅里去了。5.作定语。Ma

5、ry has a lot of typing to do.玛丽有许多打字的工作要作。Here is a good book for you to read.这里有一本好书给你看。Is there anything for us to eat?有什么东西给我们吃吗？He is a man to depend on.他是个可信任的人。6作状语。He came to see me yesterday.他昨天来看我了。（目的状语）He opened the door for her to come in .他打开门让她进来。（目的状语）My little brother is too young to

6、 go to school.我的小弟弟还没到上学的年龄。（结果状语）Xiao Ma is old enough to join the army.小马到了参军的年龄。 （结果状语）My father was surprised to hear the news.我父亲听到这个消息，感到惊奇。（原因状语）I am sorry to say that the work is not well done.很遗憾，这件工作做得不好。（原因状语）注：1。有些动词后面的不定式不带to,如：make,let,hear,see,notice,feel, watch, have等。Help后面的动词不定式可以带

7、to,也可以不带to.The teacher made me do my homework carefully.Professor Wang let his assistant leave early enough to catch the last bus.I heard Mary cry.We watched them play football.Tom felt his heart beat fast when he saw Joe come into the room.I would have him wait for me.He was made to do the work at

8、once.She was heard to use strong language.2.动词不定式的否定式只须在to 前加not,例如：My father decicded not to take up the job.The teacher told him not to be late again.3.带疑问词的不定式在to 的 前加疑问词。例如：Mr.Li will teach us how to use the present perfect tense.Can you tell me where to get the book?Mary didnt know what to say

9、when Mr. Hopkins was displeased with her.疑问词加不定式结构一般用于下列动词之后：tell,teach ,know,wonder, learn, show, findout, ask, understand,等。4如果动词不定式的逻辑主语不是句子的主语或谓语动词的宾语，需要在这一逻辑主语前加for,例如：I opened the door for her to come in.I want to open the door.I want him to open the door.5.除ought to, have to,be to外，其它助动词，情态动词

10、 后面的不定式都不带to.be+动词不定式结构含有事先安排好的或预定的计划，预先指出的后果，劝告，告诫，指示，命令等意味。The delegation is to go to Nanjing tomorrow.The teachers are to return next Monday.The question is to be discussed at the next meeting.Xiao Wang said he was to go to Shanghai on business.You are not to offend anybody.You are to find out th

11、e truth of the matter.The policeman said that she wasnt to leave the house.You are to be punished if you do that.All work is to be finished within a week.What is to be done? What are we to do?6.动词不定式的完成式主要体现它所表示的动作发生在谓语动词表示的动作之前。但在plan,hope ,expect,should 或would like,等动词之后，则表示没有实现的行为。I am sorry to h

12、ave kept you waiting.She seemed to have forgotten her promise.He pretended to have read the book.He planned to have gone abroad.I hoped to have seen her.I would like to have had your help.The enemy expected to have found him.7.动词 不定式的进行时表示主要动作发生时，不定式所表示的动作下在进行。 动词 不定式的被动态表示不定式的逻辑主语是不定式所表示的动作的承受者。The

13、y seem to be talking about something important.The two weavers pretended to be working hard.The houses to be built is for the teachers.The medical team asked to be sent to the front at once.EX.I.用动词不定式改写下列句子，必要时作适当的变化。1We should try,modernize, China within 20 years.2.He want, read, some of the new b

14、ooks, in the library.3.I,asked,Xiao li,come.4.You,have,any interesting stories,tell us?5.A moment ago,she ,see,her son,walk across the street.6.It is very hot. He can go swimming.7.My tother was very young. He couldnt join the army.8.The players,train,hard,be fit, for the coming match.9.The winner w

15、as very much excited. He couldnt sleep.10.The pupil, not know, what , say, before the teacher.II.改正下列句子中的错误。1I would have him to go to bed early.2. the new teacher told the students to not make any noise.3. We ought help the newcomers.4. Mr.Brown made Tom to do his exercises again.5. Wang Yi sao you

16、 to take the bag away.III.用动词不定式完成下列句子。1.Lets (早回家)_.2.I am going 问问题。_.3.It is difficult 照顾这么个小娃娃。_.4. He likes 在月光下散步。_.5.Be careful 别着凉。_.6. It is too heavy 你搬不动。_.7.The woman came out 看看发生什么事情_.8. He seems 过去是个猎手。_.9 . I happened 看过这本书。_.10. He appears 是你的朋友_but I doubt if he is .动名词动名词可以起名词的作用，

17、 在句子中作主语，宾语，表语和定语。动名词仍保留动词的一般特征，可以有自己的宾语和状语，构成动名词短语。1作主语。例如：Playing football is my favourite sport.踢足球是我最爱的运动。Seeing is believing.眼见为实。2作宾语。I didnt stop working.我没有停止工作。（动词宾语）Would you mind my opening the window?我打开窗子可以吗？（动词宾语）The teacher doesnt mind Toms asking her many questions.汤姆提出了很多问题，教师并不介意。（

18、动词宾语）She is fond of boating.她喜欢划船。（介词宾语）He is used to getting up early.他习惯早起。（介词宾语）3作表语。Seeing is believing .My favourite sport is running.His work is teaching English.他的工作是教英语。4作定语。He is in the reading room.他在阅览室。This is a swimming pool.这是个游泳池。注：1动名词的否定式：not+动名词 动名词的被动语态：being+过去分词 动名词的完成式：having+过

19、去分词Tom made his aunt angry by not taking his medicine.汤姆没有吃药，他的姑母生气了。I remember being taken to Wuhan when I was a very small child.我记得很小的时候被人带到武汉去过。She denied having opened the box.她否认开过这箱子。动名词的完成式强调动名词表示的动作发生在主要动词所表示的动作或状态之前。 动名词 的一般式主要表示动作发生在主要动词所不示的动作的同时或之后。但在有些词后面，有时也表示发生在主要动词之前。I remember seein

20、g him.我记得见过他。After reviewing my lessons I went to bed.复习完功课，我就去睡觉。强调时间发生的先后或某种因果关系时，在一一的上下文中可用完成式， 例如：上一句可用having reviewedAter having reviewed my lessons , I went to bed.2.有些动词后只能用动名词，有此动词后只能用动词不定式，有些动词后两者都可以用骨时含义相同，有时含义不同。例如：A在下列动词后只用动名词（也可用名词）作宾语：Avoid,consider,delay,deny,dislike,enjoyi,excuse,fan

21、cy,forgive,finish,imagine,keep,mind,fardon,postpone,prevent,practise,resist,risk,suggest,understand等。在某些惯用语后也用动名词：cant help, cant stand,its no use ,its no use ,its no good,its worth 等。B有下列动词后只用动词不定式：decide,desire,expect,hope,mean,pretend,promise,refuse,undertake.C在下列动词后可以用动名词或动词不定式：在attempt,begin,st

22、art和,intend等动词后可以用动名词或动词不定式,含义相同。但如果后面接用know,understand这类动词时，则常用不定式。例如I begin to understand the truth.在loove,like,haate,prefer等动词后用动名词时，表示习惯性的，一般性的动作；用动词不定式时，动词不定式多表示一次性具体的动作（有时也表示习惯性，一般性的动作）。在remember,forget,和regret等词后用动名词时，动名词往往表示过去的动作；用动词不定式时动词不定式往往表示将来的动作或过去未做的动作。例如：I love going(=to go)to the th

23、eatre.going指一般性的动作。I should love to go with you.(to go指一次性的动作)I hate getting up (=to get up )early.(getting up指一般性的动作。)Id hate to spend a night in such a small room.（To spend指一次性的动作）I regret going there . （going指过去的动作）I regret to say that there is no wine in the cupboard. （to say指regret 之 后的动作）I lik

24、e running （=to run） but my brother prefers walking. （running指一般性的动作。）This bus is too crowded . I should like to run to the school.（to run指一次性的动作）I prefer going by bike to walking to the office. （going指一般性的动作。）Id prefer to go by like rather than to walk. (to go指一次性的动作）Remember to see him before he go

25、es away.（ to see指将来的动作）I remember seeing him once in Shanghai. （Seeing指过去的动作）I forgot to post the letttter. to post指过去未做的动作。I shall never forget seeing the Premier. （seeing指过去的动作）在Stop， want ，need。 Require， try等动词后用动名词或动词不定式，意义上有区别。例如：He stopped to work （to think,to talk with sb.）他把正在做的事停下来去工作。（去思考，

26、去和某人谈话）He stopped working（ thinking,talking.）他停止工作。（思考，谈话）The boy wants to wash。那个孩子想洗洗澡了。（自己洗）The boy wants washing =to be washed.这个孩子需要洗澡了。（别人洗）You must try writing letters in English. 你应该试着用英语写信。（经常试）He must try to write this letter in English.你应该试着用英语写信。（试一次）在Permit ,allow,advise等动词后，如有表明“人”的名词或

27、代词作间接宾语，后面用动词不定式，否则用动名词。She allowed him to have a smoke.She allowed his smoking whenever he wants to.I advise you to go to college.I advise your going to college.3.动名词的复合结构。“物主代词或所有格名词+动名词”结构在句中可作主语或宾语，叫做动名词的复合结构。例如：His intervening wont help much.I dont like his saying that.They insist on Toms stayi

28、ng longer.在口语中，常用人称代词宾格或名词的普通枸和动名词一起用作宾语。例如：I dont like him saying that.They insist on Tom staying longer.EX:I. 将括号内的动词变成动名词，并注意动名词用在哪些词之后。1.He is clever at (learn)_languages.2.His brother is fond of (play)_ football.3.Im looking forward to (see)_ them next week.4.Do you enjoy (visit)_ friends?5.I s

29、hall never forget (meet)_ her on the first day at college.6.Would you mind (travel)_ with children?7.(watch)_ television is my favourite pastime?8.She is afraid of (stay)_ in that house alone.9. Excuse me for (wake)_ you up.10.The fillm is not worth(see)_.11.They got used to (live)_ in the countrysi

30、de?12.Your (see)_ hi again must be a pleasant surprise.13.Its no use (offer)_ to help when its too late.14.Its a waste of time (try)_ to reason with him.15.The stranger came to the party without (invite)_.II.用动名词结构合并下列句子。例：He sat there. He did not say anything. He sat there without saying anything.1

31、.He did not turn off the radio. He left the room.2.He went out of the restarrant. He did not pay the bill.3.She heard the news . She fainted.(晕)4.Think carefully. Then answer my question.5.I saw the plane diving towards us. I dashed for cover.6.Please dont walk on the frass. Would you mind?7. Dont c

32、ry over spilt milk. It is useless.III. 根据括号内的汉语词语用动名词结构填空。1_游泳is a very enjoyable exercise.2.His work is _ .修理自行车3. You will only succeed by _努力工作 .4. Europeans use a knife and fork _.吃肉5.Tom hates _早晨九点以前起床.6. I couldnt help_迟到 .My train was delayed by a heavy fog.7. Are you again _今天开会?8 Instead o

33、f _ 挨批评,she ought to be praised.IX用动词的不定式或动名词填空。1，He want to (see)_ the book I had bought .2. He made her (go)_ although she want (stay)_.3.When the professor finished (speak)_ we will ask him a question.4. Please remember (give )_ her this letter.5.l The children enjoyed (play)_ at the seaside.6. S

34、he had her husband (wash)_ her dirty linen.7. I forget (see)_ you there.8. He promised (come )_ to our party.9. The thief kept (say)_ he hadnt taken the purse.10. I must apologize for not (let)_ you know earlier.分词 分词有现在分词和过去分词两种： 作为谓语，现在分词和be 一起构成进行时。 过去分词和be 一起构成被动语态，和have 一起梦成守成时。 例如：I am reading

35、 a novel.(现在分词和be 一起表示主语正在进行的动作。Mr Robinson has drunk five glasses of wine already.(过去分词和have一起表示主语已完成的动作。)The gold fish bowl was broken by Xia Tao just now.(过去分词和Be 一起表示主语是承受动作的客体) 作为非谓语形式，分词可用作形容词和副词，在句子中充当定语，表语，补语和状语。但它仍保持动词的一般特征，可以有自已的宾语和状语。分词和自己的宾语，状语构成分词短语。 现在分词有一般式和完成式。它的一般式表示和谓语动词所表示的动作同时发生的

36、行为或存在的状态；它的完成式（having +过去分词）表示在谓语动词所表示的动作之前发生的动作或存在的状态。 现在分词有主动态和被动态（being +过去分词）1Having failed three times , he didnt want to try again.=As he had failed three times,he didnt want to try again.他失败了三次，不想再干了。Having failed 表示发生在前的动作。2Walking along the sands,Crusoe saw in the sand the mark of a mans fo

37、ot.=while he was walking along the sands ,Crusoe)克鲁索沿着沙滩走的时候，看见沙上有人的脚印。Walking 表示同时发生的动作。3The question being discussed seems important. =The question is being discussed.It seems important. 正在讨论的问题似乎很重要。4The old days are gone.旧时代一去不复返了。（gone表示完成的状态。）5I had my hair cut yesterday.我昨天理发了。Cut是过去分词，表示被人理发

38、。分词的否定形式：not +分词。例如：Not fearing the fire,the child touched and got a finger burnt.不孩儿不知道怕火，用手去摸，把手指烫了。I现在分词和过去分词的区别： 在语态上现在分词表示主动的意思（表示它所修饰在人或物的行为）：过去分词则表示被动的意思（表示它所修饰的人或物是动作的承受者）。在时间上现在分词一般表示在进行的动作；过去分词则往往表示已经完成的动作。例如：boiling water沸腾的水 boiled water开水developing countries发展中国家developed countries发达国这t

39、he exploiting class剥削阶级the exploited class被剥削阶级an exciting story令人激动的故事exciting people激动的人们surprising news令人惊讶的消息a surprised man受惊的人an inspiring leader具有号如力的领袖the inspired soldiers受到鼓舞的士兵a delighting speech令人高兴的演说the delighted audience（感到）高兴的听众a moving film 动人的电影the moved children受感动的孩子们a box contai

40、ning tea 装茶叶的盒子tea contained in a box装在盒里的茶叶faling snow正在下的雪 fallen snow落在地上的雪（二）用法1作定语作定语的分词通常放在被修饰的名词之前。如果被修饰的词是something,anything,nothing等，则分词放在这些词之后。分词短语通常放在被修饰的名词之后。例如：1）This is an interesting book.(=This is a book.It is interesting.)这是一本有趣的书。2）There is something interesting in the news.(=There

41、 is something in the news.It is interesting.)消息中有些有趣的事。3）The man sitting by the window is our maths teacher.(=The man who is sitting by the window is our maths teacher.)靠窗户坐着的那个人是我们的数学教师。4）The machine run by the old worker is made in Shang-hai.(=The machine that is run by the old worker is made in S

42、hanghai.)那位老工人开的机器是上海造的。5）Most of the students singing were girls.(=Most of the students who were singing .)唱歌的学生多数是女生。6）Many of the villagers questioned refused to answer.(=Many of the villagers who were questioned.)注：(1)分词作定语与动名词作定语的匹别：分词和它所修饰的名词有逻辑上的主、谓关系。动名词则没有这种关系，而表示它所修饰的词的用途或有关动作。试比较现在分词动名词a

43、sleeping child (a child whoIs sleeping )正在睡觉的孩子 a flying bird (a bird that is flying )飞鸟a swimming girl (a girl who is swimming)游泳的女孩子 the running water (the water that is running)流水a sleeping cat (a car for sleep-ing)卧车a flying course (a course for flying )飞行课程a swimming pool (a pool for swimming)游

44、泳池the running track (the track for running)跑道现在分词和它所修饰的名词都要重读，动名词所修饰的名词则不必重读。(2)现在分词作定语时，它表示动作正在进行或与谓语动词所表示的动作同时发生（或差不多同时发生）。例如：1)Who is the boy dancing over there?在那儿跳舞的少年是谁呀？2)The girls swimming in the sea were in danger.在海里游泳的姑娘们有危险。如果两个动作在时间上有先后，一般不能用现在分词作定语，而往往用主从复合句结构。例如：1）The man who has gone

45、 to Shanghai will be back again.到上海去的那个人会回来的。2）The teacher wants to talk to the stuednts who smash-ed the windows.教师要找破了窗子的那个学生谈话。(3)be 的现在分词being不能用于作定语（可用作状语或被动态中的助动词）。表示这种概念时，也用主从复合名结构。He has a brother who is a worker.他有一个当工人的兄弟。2作状语 分词和分词短语作状语时，可以表示时间、原因、行为方式等意义。表示时间和原因的分词短语相当于对应的状语从句。例如：1）Seein

46、g the teacher entering the room ,the students stood up.(=When the stuednts saw the teacher entering the room,they stood up.) 学生看见老师走进房间，都站了起来。（时间）2）Heated,the metal expands.(=The metal expands.if /when it is heated.)金属受热而膨胀。（条件、时间）3）Being excited,I couldnt go to sleep.=As I was excited,I couldnt go

47、to sleep.我兴奋得睡不着觉。（原因）4）Being a student,he was interested in sports.=As he was a student,he was interested in sports. 他是个学生，所以对体育运动感兴趣。（原因）5）Inspired by Dr.Yangs speech. Li Hua and his classmatesss dicided to study physics harder.=As they were inspired by Dr.Yangs speech,Li Hua and his classmates de

48、cided to study physics harder.李华和李的同学们受到杨博士讲话的鼓舞，决定更努力学习物理。6）The children went away laughing.=The children went away. They laughed as they went.孩子们笑着走开了。（行为方式）7）The professor stood there surrounded by many students.=The professor stood there . He was surrounded by many students.教授站在那里，许多学生围着他。（行为方式）

49、8）While reading the newspaper, father nodded from time to time.=While he was reading the newspaper, father nodded from time to time.看报时，父亲不时地点头。（时间，分词前，可加表示时间的连词while）3.作宾语的补语。例如：1）Can you get the machine going again?你能使机器再动起来吗？2）You should have your hair cut?你该理发了？3）I saw him coming last night.我昨天看

50、见他来了。4. 作表语。例如：1）The film is very moving.这部电影很感人。2）Your homework is well done.你的作业做的好。3）The visitors looked surprised.看来， 参观者都很惊奇。4）The boys were seen to walking in the grass.有人看见孩子们在草地上散步。5.作句子独立成分。（分词 有自己的逻辑主语时，称为独立结构。）1）Flags flying,the army men marched in the streets.旗帜飘扬，军队在街上行进。2）All his rebs

51、broken, he lay half dead.他的肋骨全部折断，半死不活地躺着。注：1分词作状语进，逻辑主语即句子的主语，否则要用从句或独立主格结构等表示。 例如：Looking out of the window,I saw lots of peole there.=When I looked out of the window,I saw lots of people there.我往窗外一看，看见那儿有许多人。Looking out of the window的逻辑主语就是句子的主语）2在see,hear,watch,notice等动词后，用动词不定式作宾语补语，通常表示（或强调）动

52、作从开始到结束的全过程。 如用现在分词作宾语站语，则通常 表示动作正在进行。例如：1)We sat two hours and watched the teacher make his experiment.我们坐了两个小时，看教师作实验。2)We passed by the classroom and saw the teacher making the experiment.我们走过教室，看见老师在作实验 。（办在走过教室的一刹那间，看见老师正在那里做实验。）3）I saw him enter the room, unlock a drawer, take out a document,p

53、hotograph it and put it back.我看他走进房间，打工抽屉，拿出一份文件，拍了照又放回去。（表示一个接一个动作的全过程时，用动词 不定式）4)I noticed them sitting in the corner and talking about something secret.我注意到个们坐在角落里在谈什么秘密。（表示几个动作同时进行，用动词 的现在分词）3在“have+宾语+分词”的结构中，用现在分词或过去分词表示的意义不同。 在 “have+宾语+现在分词”的结构中，现在分词所表示的动作往往是主体让（叫，使，听任，允许）客体做的，或使客体保持或处于某种状态。

54、例如：1)He had the fire burning day and night.他让火日夜燃烧着。2)Father had me swimming the whole summer vacation.父亲让我整个暑假（天天）游泳。3)We cannot have you wasting time.我们不许你浪费时间。在“have(get)+宾语+过去分词”的结构中，过去分词所表示的动作往往是别人做的或与主体的意志无关。例如：1）Mary had her dress washed.玛丽叫别人洗了她的衣服。2)He had his leg broken.他的腿骨折断了。（表示与主体意志无关的

55、客观遭遇）3）I had my watch stolen yesterday.昨天我的表被人偷了。4）They had Jack beaten.他们叫人打了杰克。(4)分词作表语时，现在分词有“主动”、“进行”、“使”等意义。例如：1)The story is interesting.这个故事很有意思。（故事使人感兴趣。）2)He is interested in dancing.他对舞蹈感兴趣。（舞蹈使他感兴趣。）3)The news was disappointing.这消息令人失望。4)They were all disappointed.他们都感到失望。5)The work was tiring.那工作累人。5）The workers soon became tired.工人们很快就累了。（5）谓语动词的现在进行时