动词时态和语态

1、动词的时态用来表示动作或状态发生时间的各种动作形式称为动词的时态。时态与每一种类型相结合，组成了英语动词的整个时态体系。现以do为例列表如下：一般时态进行时态完成时态完成进行时态现在dodoesam is doingarehavedonehasHavebeen doinghas过去didwas doingwerehad done将来shalldowillshallbe doingwill过去将来should dowoulds（一）一般现在时一般现在时常以do表示，但当主语是第三人称单数时，应用动词的第三人称单数 does形式。一般现在时主要有以下几种用法：1、表示现在经常发生或习惯性的行为或状

2、态，常与usually, often, always, every day, twice a week, seldom, sometimes等时间状语连用。例如：He always sleeps with the windows open.We take a rest on Sundays.I usually walk to school, but sometimes go by bus. 2、表示主语的性格、特征、能力等。例如：He works hard .Does he like sports? 3、表示客观事实或普遍真理，也用在格言中。例如：The sun rises in the ea

3、st.4、在时间、条件、让步等状语从句中表将来的动作。在由when, as soon as, until, if，unless,等引导的状语从句中，常用一般现在时 代替将来时，但应注意，主句的谓语动词必须用一般将来时。例如：The volleyball match will be put off if it rains. When they leave school, they will go to college. 5、表示安排或计划好的将来动作，通常限于表示"运动"的动词，如：go, come, leave, start等。例如：The train starts at

4、10 o' clock in the morning.I'll come to see you before you go. （二）一般过去时一般过去时用did 表示。用法如下： 1、表示过去某个特定时间发生的动作或状态，常有明确的时间状语，如yesterday，last night, some years ago，in 1890等，以及由when等引导的时间状语从句。例如：Tom didn't come to class yesterday. We went to dance last night. 2、表示过去某一段时间内经常或反复发生的动作常与often，usua

5、lly，seldom等表示频度的副词连用。例如：When I was in the countryside, I often called on my old friends there. He always went to work by bike last year.3、表示虚拟语气这一用法只适用于某些特定句型，表示现在或将来的非真实、主观意图或愿望。例如：If only I had a better memory. If it rained tomorrow, the match would be put off.（三）一般将来时 一般将来时由“will/shall + do”构成。用法

6、如下：1、表示将来某个时间要发生的动作或存在的状态，常与表示将来的时间状语tomorrow, in the future, next year等连用。例如：He will come to see you the day after tomorrow.We won't be free this afternoon. 2、其他表达法（1）“be going to+动词原形”表将来 这种结构表示打算、计划、决定要做的事或肯定要发生的事。例如：They are going to meet outside the school gate. 还可表示说话人根据已有的事实或迹象，认为某事即将发生、肯

7、定会发生或可能出现的情况。例如：I think I'm going to die.Look at the cloud. Its going to rain. （2）“be about to+动词原形”表将来 “be about to+动词原形”表示打算或据安排即将发生的动作。它不与表示时间的副词或其他时间状语连用。例如：The English evening is about to start. （3）“be to+动词原形”表示约定的、计划中的或按职责、义务要求要发生的动作，这种动作通常是人的意志所能控制的，或用于征求意见。例如：There's to be a slide s

8、how this afternoon.You are to hand in your papers by 10 o'clock. （4）用现在进行时来表示将来现在进行时表示按计划、安排即将发生的动作，这一结构常用于表示位置转移的动词，如come , go , leave, start ,move, arrive等，常与表示将来的时间状语连用。例如：I'm leaving for Tibet on Sunday. When are you going back to your factory? They are arriving tomorrow afternoon. （四）现在

9、进行时现在进行时由“is/am/are + doing”构成。它的用法如下：1、表示说话人说话时正在进行的动作，译成汉语“正在”，这一用法常和表示此刻的时间状语now, at this time, at present，at the moment等连用. 例如：I'm doing my homework now. It's raining hard. 2、表示现阶段但并非眼下正在进行着的动作，这种动作常与表示一段的时间状语如these days , this week等连用。例如： He is writing a novel now. He is learning Englis

10、h at college. 3、表示某个按最近的计划或安排将要进行的动作，或即将开始或进行的动作。常用的这类词go, come, leave, stay, start, arrive, meet, move, return, do等，通常要与表示将来的时间状语连用，以区别此刻正在进行的动作。例如：He is coming to see you tomorrow. His sister is leaving for Hong Kong tomorrow. 4、和always ,forever, continually, constantly, instantly, continuously等频度

11、副词连用，表示经常、反复发生的动作，不强调动作的进行性。表达厌烦、愤怒、抱怨、赞扬等情感。例如：He is constantly leaving his things about.（表责怪）He is always working hard.（表赞赏）Theyre forever quarrelling about something. (表不满)（五）过去进行时过去进行时常由“was/were + doing”构成。用法如下：1、表示过去某一时刻或过去某段时间正在进行的动作。 常和then, at that time, at that moment, at this time yesterd

12、ay, at ten oclock yesterday等时间状语连用. 例如：It was raining at 6 o'clock this morning.They were having a discussion from 7 to 9 last night. 注意：在含有时间状语从句的复合句中，延续时间较长的动作用过去进行时，另一个动作用一般过去时。如果表示两个延续动作在过去某一时刻同时进行，而不考虑动作的先后长短，则主句和从句的谓语动词都用过去进行时。例如：When I entered the room, she was sitting at her desk.The stu

13、dents were reading while the teacher was grading their homework. 2、用来描写故事发生的背景 在口语或记叙文中，可以用过去进行时表示的持续动作作为背景，以此引出由一般过去时表示的新动作。例如：It was a dark night. The wind was blowing hard and the rain was falling heavily. A young woman suddenly appeared on the river bank. He was just falling asleep when there wa

14、s a loud knock at the door. 3、和always，constantly，continually，forever等连用，表示说话人的主观感情，如赞扬、不满、厌烦等。例如：He was always trying out new ideas. He was forever complaining about something. （六）现在完成时现在完成时由“have/has + done”构成。用法如下：1、表示过去发生的某一动作对现在造成的影响或产生的结果。常与already, yet, not.yet, just, by this time等时间状语连用. 例如：I

15、 have already posted the photos. I have just finished my work. 2、表示从过去某时开始一直延续到现在的动作或状态，也许还将继续下去。这种用法常用于具有延续意义的动词，如live, stay, work等，常与so far, recently, up to now, in the last few years, for ten years, since 1989等时间状语连用. 例如：They have lived in Beijing since 2002. My brother has been ill for two days.

16、 注意：表示短暂的动作动词或状态动词不能用于这种用法，如arrive, come, go, leave等。如，不能说：She has come to our school for 2 years. 使用现在完成时应注意的几点（1）现在完成时不能和明确表示过去的时间状语如yesterday, last week, in 1976, two days ago, just now等连用。（2）表示短暂意义的动词，如open，go，come，die，leave，arrive，begin, return，stop等，不能与表示一段时间的状语连用。如要表达"他离开这儿已经3年了"这一意

17、思时，不能说" He has left here for three years. "而要把其中的动词换为延续性动词或用其他表达法。如上句可用下列方式表达:He has been away from here for three years.He left here three years ago.It is three years since he left here. （3）have/has been to表示到过某个地方，而have/has gone to表示已经去了某处。He has been to the Great Wall.他到过长城。(现在他已不在长城)He

18、 has gone to the Great Wall.他去长城了。(现在他不在此地)（七）过去完成时过去完成时由“had + done”构成。用法如下：1、过去完成时表示过去某一时间或动作以前已经发生或完成了的动作。它表示动作发生的时间是“过去的过去”。表示过去某一时间可用by, before等构成的短语，也可用when, before，after，until等引导的从句或通过上下文表示。例如：By the time he was twelve, Edison had begun to make a living by himself. When we got to the cinema,

19、the film had already begun. 2、表示动作在过去某一时间之前开始，一直延续到过去的这一时间，而且还可能继续下去的动作，常和for, since构成的短语或引导的从句连用。例如：The news came as no surprise to me. I had known for some time that the factory was going to shut down. By the time I left the school, he had taught the class for 3 years. 3、用于表示与过去事实相反的虚拟条件句或as if从句中

20、表示与过去事实相反。 例如：If he had seen you yesterday, he would have asked you about it. Had I known that you wanted the book , I would have sent it. 4、过去完成时常用结构有“hardly, scarcely, barely when, no sooner than等副词的句子里。例如：She hardly had gone to bed when the bell rang. No sooner had they left the building than a b

21、omb exploded. （八）、现在完成进行时现在完成进行时由“have/has been + doing形式”构成。用法如下：1、表示过去的动作持续到现在并有可能延续下去的动作。常和for，since引导的时间状语连用。例如：-Hi, Tracy, you look tired. -I am tired. I have been painting the living room all day. They have been living here for 10 years. 他们住在这里十年了。2、表示一个动作从过去某时开始，一直延续到说话时候刚结束。例如：I have been wa

22、iting you for about one hour. She has been working all night long. 动词的语态语态是动词的一种形式，用来说明主语和谓语的关系。英语的动词可分为主动语态(active voice)和被动语态(passive voice)。主动语态表示主语是动作的执行者，被动语态表示主语是动作的承受者。主动语态和被动语态可以相互转化。（一）被动语态构成被动语态表示句子的主语是动作的承受者，也就是动作的对象，一般说来只有及物动词才有被动语态。其构成为“be+及物动词的过去分词”。助动词be有人称、数和时态的变化，其变化规则与be作为连系动词时完全一样

23、。现以动词do为例列表如下：式时一般式进行式完成式现在时amis doneaream is being done arehasbeen done have过去时wasdonewerewasbeing done werehad been done将来时shallbe donewill过去将来时shouldbe donewould（二）被动语态的适用范围1、当我们不知道谁是动作的执行者，或者没有必要指出谁是动作的执行者时。这时不用by短语。例如：This jacket is made of cotton. 2、为了强调动作的承受者时。例如： Visitors are requested not t

24、o touch the exhibits. 3、出于策略、委婉、礼貌等不提出动作的执行者。例如：You are said to be active recently. （三）被动结构的时态 被动语态的时态是由be的不同时态 + done 构成的1、一般现在时一般现在时的被动结构是由“am/is/are + done”构成。Football is played all over the world. 2、一般过去时一般过去式的被动结构是由“was/were + done” 构成。The building was built in 1559. 3、一般将来时一般将来时的被动结构是由“shall/w

25、ill be + done” 构成。More factories will be built in my hometown. 4、现在进行时现在进行时的被动结构是由“am/is/are being + done” 构成。The life of the milu is being studied at present.A teaching building is being built now. 5、现在完成时现在完成时的被动语态是由“has/have been + done” 构成。All the preparations for the task have been completed an

26、d we're ready to start. 6、过去进行时过去进行时的被动语态是由“was/were being + done” 构成。When I got there a new road was being built by them. 7、过去完成时过去完成时的被动语态是由“had been + done” 构成。He asked me how many English words had been learned by that year.8、含有情态动词的句子的被动语态是由“ 情态动词 + be done” 构成。 The classroom must be cleane

27、d right now. 动词的时态和语态练习一、用所给动词的适当形式填空：1. Ill give the book to him as soon as he   back(come). 2.                 the baby               

28、0;      crying yet? (stop) 3. I dont know whether Mother          me to Beijing next month.(take) 4. She                 on her coat and went out. (pu

29、t) 5. “What are they doing?”  “They  ready for the sports meeting.” (get) 6. It_ you are right. ( seem )7. Look, the children_ basketball on the playground. ( play )8. It             (take) him half an hour (finish) his homework y

30、esterday. 9. If it                 an interesting film, well see it tomorrow. (be) 10. They usually                (do) their homework after supp

31、er. 11. Listen! Who  (sing) in the next room now? 12.               (be) your parents in Shanghai last year? 13. Mr. Yu  (teach) us maths since 1982. 14. They will have a trip to the Great Wall if it (not rain) tomorrow. 15.

32、Li Ming often                (listen) to the radio in the morning. 16. Tan： “Father, may I go out and play football?”     Father： “            you 

33、60;             (do) your homework?” 17. He_ to the radio when I came in, ( listen )18. Our teacher told us if it                     

34、(not snow) we would visit the Science Museum the next day. 19. They often              (play) football in the afternoon. 20. Whatre you doing Dad?        I        &#

35、160;      (mend) the radio. 21. It is very cold .I think it_ . ( rain )22. Yesterday she         (want) very much to see the film, but she couldnt              (get) a ti

36、cket. 23. I                   (write) to you as soon as I get to Shanghai. 24. Mike (visit) several places since he came to Beijing. 25. He            

37、;     (write) four letters to his wife every month. 26. Dont make any noise, Grandma  (sleep). 27. His aunt  (do) some cooking when he came in . 28. When they  (reach) the station, the train had already left. 29. There  (be) a meeting next Monday. 30. We 

38、 (know) each other since our boyhood. 31. Sometimes my father  (come) back home late. 32. They             (have) an English evening next week. 33. I need some paper .         I_ some for yo

39、u . ( bring )34. Wei Fang isnt here. She (go) to the reading-room. 35. The story  (happen) long ago. 36. They  (visit) the History Museum last week. 37. Zhang Hong (make) many friends since she came to Paris. 38. She (go) to the cinema with her classmates tomorrow evening. 39. Stay here, J

40、ack. Dont go out. It  (rain) now. 40. Li Ping                  (write) a composition every week. 41. The scientist                (give

41、) us a talk yesterday. 42. My parents   (live) in Beijing since 1949. 43. Look! The young worker (show) the students around the factory now. 44. They (build) a new bridge over the river next year. 45. The students  (clean) their classroom tomorrow. 46. My father is very busy. He often

42、  (come) home late. 47. Our teacher  (join) the party twenty years ago. 48. I cant find my pen . Who_ it ? ( take )49. She (work) in this factory for ten years. 50. He said that he_ back in five minutes . ( come )51. I didnt meet him. He_ when I got there. ( leave )52. I_ my bike, so I hav

43、e to walk to school. ( lose )53. He_ down and began to read his newspaper. ( sit )54. He is very hungry. He_ anything for three days. ( not eat )55. Hurry up or we  (be) late for class. 56. Li Ping usually              (watch) TV

44、after supper. 57. I_ with you if I have time . ( go )58. “                  you                      (hear) fr

45、om your uncle recently?” 59. “Yes, I                just                (get) a letter from him.” 60. We will go to the cinema if it_ fine . (be )61.

46、I will tell her the news when she_ to see me next week. (come)62. “ When_ you_ the car ?”     “ In 1998 . ”( buy )63. We_ good friends since we met at school . （be）64. What_ you_ at five yesterday afternoon ? (do)65. The bike is nice . How much _it_? (cost) 66. The windows of our

47、 lab               (clean) once a week. 67. How long _you_(live) in this town?68. She said that the car_(use) the next week.69. I didnt know what _(happen) to China in a century.70. When I got to the station, the train_ already_(l

48、eave).71. The stone bridge_(build) in our hometown for ten years.72. The desk must_ (clean) once a day.73. The dog_ (lie) on the floor when I came in.74. Mary said that she _(visit) her aunt the next week.75. Her mother_(cook) at this time yesterday.76. The students _ (do) their homework._ ( not mak

49、e) any noise!77. _you ever_(be) to Beijing? Yes. I_(go) there last week.78. Hell telephone us as soon as he_(arrive) there.79. Jiefang trucks_(make) in Changchun.80. The radio_(use) once in a week in our class.It_ (not use) yesterday because there was something wrong with it.81. All that must be don

50、e _(do). 82. It is a fine day. The sun _(shine) brightly.83. The Smiths _( watch) TV at this time last night.84. We _ (learn) about ten English songs by the end of last term.85. Bill isnt here. He _ (chat) with his friends in the classroom.86. The teacher said that the moon _(go) round the earth.87.

51、 The Young Pioneers will go to the zoo if it _(not rain) this Sunday.88. Jim asked us what _ (happen) in China in 1976. 89. My mobile phone _ (steal) on a bus last week.90. The host _ (interview) the little boy just now.91. He said that he _ (ring) me up when he got there.92. We _ (learn) English fo

52、r about three years. 93. The farmers _ (pick) apples when I saw them. 94. The film _(begin) when I got to the cinema.95. The girl told me that she wanted to be an English teacher when she _ (grow) up.96. You _(catch) the early bus if you get up early. 97. _you been_(wear) glasses all the time?98. Il

53、l go home as soon as I _(finish) my homework.99. Most science books _(write) in English. 100. There _(be) a ruler and two pens in his pencil-box .101. There _ (be ) a wonderful football match this evening . But I _(not ,watch ) it if I _ ( be ) busy .102. When _ you _(begin ) your first lesson in th

54、e morning ?103. The little boy didnt know that the moon _ (move ) round the earth .104. When she _ (leave ) school , she will go back to her hometown .105. You _(not , see ) him until he _(come ) back from England next February .二、用括号内动词的适当时态形式填空。It _ (rain) when I _ _(wake) up last Saturday. It alw

55、ays _(rain) when I am not working. We _(plan) to go to the seaside, but in the end we _ (decide) to go to the theatre instead. We _(miss) the bus, and _(arrive) late. We _ (arrange) to meet John outside the theatre and he _ (wait) for twenty minutes when we _(get) there. The play _ (already start) w

56、hen we _(go) in.Its Monday again today, and I _(work) as usual. I_(sit) here in the office for the last two hours, but I _(not do) much work yet. I _ (feel) too fed up to work. I _(already have) my holiday this year. I _(go) to Scotland in July and, of course, it _(rain) every day. Tomorrow I _ (boo

57、k) a holiday for next April in Spain.三、用括号内动词的适当形式（时态，语态）填空。 1. We have an old musical instrument. It _(call) a clavichord. It _(make) in Germany in 1861. Our clavichord _ (keep) in the living room. It _ (belong) to our family for a long time. The instrument _ (buy) by my grandfather many years ago.

58、 Recently it _(damage) by a visitor. She _(try) to play jazz on it! She _ (strike) the keys too hard and two of the strings _ (break). My father _ (shock). Now we _ (not allow) to touch it. It _ (repair) by a friend of my fathers yesterday.2. Ted Robinson (worry) all the week. Last Tuesday he _ (rec

59、eive) a letter from the local police. In the letter he _ (ask) to call at the station. Ted _ (wonder) why he _(want) by the police, but he _(go) to the station yesterday and now he _(not worry) any more. At the station he (tell) by a smiling policeman that his bicycle _ (find). Five days ago, the po

60、liceman _(tell) him, the bicycle (pick) up in a small village four hundred miles away and that it _ (now send) to his home by train. Ted _ (most surprise) when he _ (hear) the news. He _ (amuse) too, because he never _ (expect) the bicycle to be found. It _ (steal) twenty years ago when Ted _(be) a boy of fifteen!动词的时态和语态练习答案：一、用所给动词的适当形式填空：es   2.Has, stopped   3.will take  4.put  5.are getting 6.seems7.are playing  8.took, to finish  9.is 10.do&