新安全观：在现代安全观的反思中探索(1)

1、新安全观：在现代安全观的反思中探索(1)    【论文关键词】：安全; 现代安全观; 新安全观  【论文摘要】：对新安全观的探讨不能局限于国际关系学领域，需要更多学科的关注。新安全观是反思并力图超越现代安全观的产物。现代安全观的前提条件是，在绝对信任科学和理性的基础上，对民族国家保护社会和人们生活安全的能力的绝对信任。但资本的全球化使现代安全观的存在条件陷入困境：科学技术的发展产生人们理性无法控制的风险后果，民族国家无力保障社会和人们的安全，个体对本体性安全充满焦虑。然而，以人的安全为核心的新安全观还处于争论和探索中，还无法

2、完全超越以国家安全为核心的现代安全观，其根源在于，作为其观念基础和制度保障的新政治形态尚未确立。     在当今的全球化时代，随着自然和人为的危机事件频繁出现，学术界越来越关注安全议题，但只有国际关系和国际政治学才真正把新出现的各种安全问题作为专门的研究对象，即"新安全观"或"非传统安全观"。他们敏锐地洞察到，以国家安全为终极目标和运作轴心的现代安全观已经难以解释和解决当今全球化进程中出现的各种安全问题，只有发展一种新安全观才能有效适应在政治、经济、社会、信息、环境等方面出现的各种不安全现象。然而，人类如何才能更安全地共处于

3、这个不安全的全球化时代，这个历史性难题不是一门学科所能全部解答的，而是需要引起几乎所有人文社会科学甚至是自然科学的足够重视。因为马斯洛的需求层次理论认为，生理需求和安全需求是人类最低层次的两种需求，人类一旦失去安全感，就难以进一步追求和实现更高层次的需求，如归属和爱、尊重和自我价值的实现。   文章缘于不满足目前国际关系学界对两个相关问题的解释：一、新安全观为何兴起。国际关系学者对新安全观兴起的原因有很多研究，基本上认为是后冷战时代国家非军事竞争、旧国际秩序解体、各种非政府组织推动等现实因素混合的产物。但我们认为这只是新安全观兴起的表面现象或直接原因。更根本的原因是，现代安

4、全观的运作条件和价值基础在全球化时代陷于困境，而新安全观兴起的过程就是对现代安全观的全面反思过程。那么，构成现代安全观的要素在全球化时代出现哪些问题？二、新兴起的安全观为何还无法超越现代安全观。许多国际关系学者从现实主义的方法论指出，当前国际社会的复杂形势仍然需要把国家安全和军事安全置于安全问题的首位。我们认为，除此之外，还有更深层次的理论原因，即试图取代现代政治的新政治形态还没有确立，从而缺乏支撑新安全模式的新政治基础。     <注89>See Isaiah Berlin, "Two Concepts of Liber

5、ty," in his Four Essays on Liberty, ch. 3 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1969).    <注90>Jackson, Quasi-State: Sovereignty, International Relations, and the Third    World,op. cit.,pp. 27-29.    <注91>J. E. S. Fawcett, The

6、 Law of Nations (New York: Basic Books, Inc., 1968), p. 33.    <注92>"Island of Palmas Case," United Nations, Reports of International Arbitral Awards, Vol. 2 (1949), p. 838.    <注93>Clive Parry, "The Function of Law in International

7、Community," in Manual ofPublic International Law, Max Sorensen ed. (New York: St. Martin's Press,1968), pp. 1-54, at p. 13.    <注94>Charles Rousseau, Droit International Public, 2, Paris: Sirey, 1974, pp. 73-93.(quoted in Ruth Lapidoth, "Sovereignty in Transit

8、ion," Journal of InternationalAffairs, Vol. 45, No. 2 (Winter 1992), pp. 325- 346.)    <注95>Michael Akehurst, A Modern Introduction to International Law, 4th Edition(Taipei: Central, 1982), p. 16.    <注96>Alan James, Sovereign Statehood: The B

9、asis of International Society (London:Allen & Unwin Publishers Ltd., 1986), p. 25.    <注97>Ibid., p. 39.    <注98>Ibid., p. 25.    <注99>Ibid., p. 48.    <注100>See J. D. B. Miller, "Soverei

10、gnty as a Source of Vitality for the State," Review of International Studies, Vol. 12, 1986, pp. 79 - 89; and J. D. B. Miller, The World of States, Connected Essays (London: Croom Helm Ltd., 1981), pp.16-32.    <注101>Ibid., "Sovereignty as a Source of Vitality for

11、 the State," pp. 80-83.    <注102>J. E. S. Fawcett, The Law of Nations, op. cit., p. 45.    <注103>Nkambo Mugerwa, "Subjects of International Law," in Manual of PublicInternational Law, Max Sorenson, ed. (New York: St. Martin's Pre

12、ss, 1968), p. 253.    <注104>Ian Brownlie, Principles of Public International Law, 4th Edition, Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1991, p. 728.    <注105>Camilleri and Falk, The End of Sovereignty: The Politics of a Shrinking and Fragmenting World, op. cit.,

13、p. 35.    <注106>Emerich de Vattel, Le Droit des gens, Quaestiones, Ad lectorem, quoted from Brierly, The Law of Nations, op. cit., p. 37.    <注107>United Nations, Declaration onPrinciples of International Law Concerning Friendly Relations and Co-op

14、eration among States in Accordance with the Charter of the United Nations, Resolution 2625 (XXV) 24 October 1970.    <注108>See Marek Korowicz, Introduction to International Law: Present Conceptions of International Law in Theory and Practice (The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff, 19

15、64), pp. 226-273.    <注109>See Caroline Thomas, New States, Sovereignty and Intervention (London: Gower, 1985), pp. 1-9.    <注110>Antonio Cassese, International Law in a Divided World (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1986), pp. 144-145.   &

16、#160;<注111>有关武力是用与国际法的详尽讨论，请参阅 Anthony Clark Arend & Robert J. Beck,International Law and the Use of Force (New York: Routledge, 1993).    <注112>Koskenniemi, From Apology to Utopia: The Structure ofInternational Legal Argument, op. cit., p. 209.   &

17、#160;<注113>Louis Henkin, "International Law: Politics, Values and Functions," Recueil des Cours, 1989-IV, pp. 9-416, at. pp. 24-25. Also see Louis Henkin, "The Mythology of Sovereignty," Presidential Notes, ASIL Newsletter ( February - March 1993).    &l

18、t;注114>Ibid., "International Law: Politics, Values and Functions," p. 25.    <注115>Bull, The Anarchical Society, op. cit., p. 8-19.    <注116>Vyver, "Sovereignty and Human Rights in Constitutional and InternationalLaw," op. ci

19、t., p. 322.    <注117>See Marvin S. Soroos, Beyond Sovereignty: The Challenge of Global Policy (University of South Carolina Press, 1986); see also Camilleri and Falk, The End of Sovereignty: The Politics of a Shrinking and Fragmenting World, op. cit.    

20、<注89>See Isaiah Berlin, "Two Concepts of Liberty," in his Four Essays on Liberty, ch. 3 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1969).    <注90>Jackson, Quasi-State: Sovereignty, International Relations, and the Third    World,op. cit.,pp. 27-29

21、.    <注91>J. E. S. Fawcett, The Law of Nations (New York: Basic Books, Inc., 1968), p. 33.    <注92>"Island of Palmas Case," United Nations, Reports of International Arbitral Awards, Vol. 2 (1949), p. 838.    <注93>

22、;Clive Parry, "The Function of Law in International Community," in Manual ofPublic International Law, Max Sorensen ed. (New York: St. Martin's Press,1968), pp. 1-54, at p. 13.    <注94>Charles Rousseau, Droit International Public, 2, Paris: Sirey, 1974, pp. 73-

23、93.(quoted in Ruth Lapidoth, "Sovereignty in Transition," Journal of InternationalAffairs, Vol. 45, No. 2 (Winter 1992), pp. 325- 346.)    <注95>Michael Akehurst, A Modern Introduction to International Law, 4th Edition(Taipei: Central, 1982), p. 16.  

24、0; <注96>Alan James, Sovereign Statehood: The Basis of International Society (London:Allen & Unwin Publishers Ltd., 1986), p. 25.    <注97>Ibid., p. 39.    <注98>Ibid., p. 25.    <注99>Ibid., p. 48.  &

25、#160; <注100>See J. D. B. Miller, "Sovereignty as a Source of Vitality for the State," Review of International Studies, Vol. 12, 1986, pp. 79 - 89; and J. D. B. Miller, The World of States, Connected Essays (London: Croom Helm Ltd., 1981), pp.16-32.    <注10

26、1>Ibid., "Sovereignty as a Source of Vitality for the State," pp. 80-83.    <注102>J. E. S. Fawcett, The Law of Nations, op. cit., p. 45.    <注103>Nkambo Mugerwa, "Subjects of International Law," in Manual of PublicInternation

27、al Law, Max Sorenson, ed. (New York: St. Martin's Press, 1968), p. 253.    <注104>Ian Brownlie, Principles of Public International Law, 4th Edition, Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1991, p. 728.    <注105>Camilleri and Falk, The End of Sovereignty: The

28、Politics of a Shrinking and Fragmenting World, op. cit., p. 35.    <注106>Emerich de Vattel, Le Droit des gens, Quaestiones, Ad lectorem, quoted from Brierly, The Law of Nations, op. cit., p. 37.    <注107>United Nations, Declaration onPrinciples of

29、International Law Concerning Friendly Relations and Co-operation among States in Accordance with the Charter of the United Nations, Resolution 2625 (XXV) 24 October 1970.    <注108>See Marek Korowicz, Introduction to International Law: Present Conceptions of International La

30、w in Theory and Practice (The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff, 1964), pp. 226-273.    <注109>See Caroline Thomas, New States, Sovereignty and Intervention (London: Gower, 1985), pp. 1-9.    <注110>Antonio Cassese, International Law in a Divided World (Oxford

31、: Clarendon Press, 1986), pp. 144-145.    <注111>有关武力是用与国际法的详尽讨论，请参阅 Anthony Clark Arend & Robert J. Beck,International Law and the Use of Force (New York: Routledge, 1993).    <注112>Koskenniemi, From Apology to Utopia: The Structure ofInternati

32、onal Legal Argument, op. cit., p. 209.    <注113>Louis Henkin, "International Law: Politics, Values and Functions," Recueil des Cours, 1989-IV, pp. 9-416, at. pp. 24-25. Also see Louis Henkin, "The Mythology of Sovereignty," Presidential Notes, ASIL Newsl

33、etter ( February - March 1993).    <注114>Ibid., "International Law: Politics, Values and Functions," p. 25.    <注115>Bull, The Anarchical Society, op. cit., p. 8-19.    <注116>Vyver, "Sovereignty and Human Ri

34、ghts in Constitutional and InternationalLaw," op. cit., p. 322.    <注117>See Marvin S. Soroos, Beyond Sovereignty: The Challenge of Global Policy (University of South Carolina Press, 1986); see also Camilleri and Falk, The End of Sovereignty: The Politics of a Shrinkin

35、g and Fragmenting World, op. cit.    <注89>See Isaiah Berlin, "Two Concepts of Liberty," in his Four Essays on Liberty, ch. 3 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1969).    <注90>Jackson, Quasi-State: Sovereignty, International Relations, and

36、the Third    World,op. cit.,pp. 27-29.    <注91>J. E. S. Fawcett, The Law of Nations (New York: Basic Books, Inc., 1968), p. 33.    <注92>"Island of Palmas Case," United Nations, Reports of International Arbitral Awards,

37、 Vol. 2 (1949), p. 838.    <注93>Clive Parry, "The Function of Law in International Community," in Manual ofPublic International Law, Max Sorensen ed. (New York: St. Martin's Press,1968), pp. 1-54, at p. 13.    <注94>Charles Rousseau, D

38、roit International Public, 2, Paris: Sirey, 1974, pp. 73-93.(quoted in Ruth Lapidoth, "Sovereignty in Transition," Journal of InternationalAffairs, Vol. 45, No. 2 (Winter 1992), pp. 325- 346.)    <注95>Michael Akehurst, A Modern Introduction to International Law, 4

39、th Edition(Taipei: Central, 1982), p. 16.    <注96>Alan James, Sovereign Statehood: The Basis of International Society (London:Allen & Unwin Publishers Ltd., 1986), p. 25.    <注97>Ibid., p. 39.    <注98>Ibid., p. 25.

40、0;   <注99>Ibid., p. 48.    <注100>See J. D. B. Miller, "Sovereignty as a Source of Vitality for the State," Review of International Studies, Vol. 12, 1986, pp. 79 - 89; and J. D. B. Miller, The World of States, Connected Essays (London: Croom H

41、elm Ltd., 1981), pp.16-32.    <注101>Ibid., "Sovereignty as a Source of Vitality for the State," pp. 80-83.    <注102>J. E. S. Fawcett, The Law of Nations, op. cit., p. 45.    <注103>Nkambo Mugerwa, "Subjects o

42、f International Law," in Manual of PublicInternational Law, Max Sorenson, ed. (New York: St. Martin's Press, 1968), p. 253.    <注104>Ian Brownlie, Principles of Public International Law, 4th Edition, Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1991, p. 728.    <

43、;注105>Camilleri and Falk, The End of Sovereignty: The Politics of a Shrinking and Fragmenting World, op. cit., p. 35.    <注106>Emerich de Vattel, Le Droit des gens, Quaestiones, Ad lectorem, quoted from Brierly, The Law of Nations, op. cit., p. 37.    

44、;<注107>United Nations, Declaration onPrinciples of International Law Concerning Friendly Relations and Co-operation among States in Accordance with the Charter of the United Nations, Resolution 2625 (XXV) 24 October 1970.    <注108>See Marek Korowicz, Introduction to I

45、nternational Law: Present Conceptions of International Law in Theory and Practice (The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff, 1964), pp. 226-273.    <注109>See Caroline Thomas, New States, Sovereignty and Intervention (London: Gower, 1985), pp. 1-9.    <注110>Anto

46、nio Cassese, International Law in a Divided World (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1986), pp. 144-145.    <注111>有关武力是用与国际法的详尽讨论，请参阅 Anthony Clark Arend & Robert J. Beck,International Law and the Use of Force (New York: Routledge, 1993).    <注112>Koske

47、nniemi, From Apology to Utopia: The Structure ofInternational Legal Argument, op. cit., p. 209.    <注113>Louis Henkin, "International Law: Politics, Values and Functions," Recueil des Cours, 1989-IV, pp. 9-416, at. pp. 24-25. Also see Louis Henkin, "The Mytho

48、logy of Sovereignty," Presidential Notes, ASIL Newsletter ( February - March 1993).    <注114>Ibid., "International Law: Politics, Values and Functions," p. 25.    <注115>Bull, The Anarchical Society, op. cit., p. 8-19.  

49、0; <注116>Vyver, "Sovereignty and Human Rights in Constitutional and InternationalLaw," op. cit., p. 322.    <注117>See Marvin S. Soroos, Beyond Sovereignty: The Challenge of Global Policy (University of South Carolina Press, 1986); see also Camilleri and

50、 Falk, The End of Sovereignty: The Politics of a Shrinking and Fragmenting World, op. cit.    <注89>See Isaiah Berlin, "Two Concepts of Liberty," in his Four Essays on Liberty, ch. 3 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1969).    <注90>Jackson

51、, Quasi-State: Sovereignty, International Relations, and the Third    World,op. cit.,pp. 27-29.    <注91>J. E. S. Fawcett, The Law of Nations (New York: Basic Books, Inc., 1968), p. 33.    <注92>"Island of Palmas Case,"

52、United Nations, Reports of International Arbitral Awards, Vol. 2 (1949), p. 838.    <注93>Clive Parry, "The Function of Law in International Community," in Manual ofPublic International Law, Max Sorensen ed. (New York: St. Martin's Press,1968), pp. 1-54, at p.

53、13.    <注94>Charles Rousseau, Droit International Public, 2, Paris: Sirey, 1974, pp. 73-93.(quoted in Ruth Lapidoth, "Sovereignty in Transition," Journal of InternationalAffairs, Vol. 45, No. 2 (Winter 1992), pp. 325- 346.)    <注95>Michae

54、l Akehurst, A Modern Introduction to International Law, 4th Edition(Taipei: Central, 1982), p. 16.    <注96>Alan James, Sovereign Statehood: The Basis of International Society (London:Allen & Unwin Publishers Ltd., 1986), p. 25.    <注97>Ibid., p

55、. 39.    <注98>Ibid., p. 25.    <注99>Ibid., p. 48.    <注100>See J. D. B. Miller, "Sovereignty as a Source of Vitality for the State," Review of International Studies, Vol. 12, 1986, pp. 79 - 89; and J. D. B. Mille

56、r, The World of States, Connected Essays (London: Croom Helm Ltd., 1981), pp.16-32.    <注101>Ibid., "Sovereignty as a Source of Vitality for the State," pp. 80-83.    <注102>J. E. S. Fawcett, The Law of Nations, op. cit., p. 45.  

57、;  <注103>Nkambo Mugerwa, "Subjects of International Law," in Manual of PublicInternational Law, Max Sorenson, ed. (New York: St. Martin's Press, 1968), p. 253.    <注104>Ian Brownlie, Principles of Public International Law, 4th Edition, Oxford:

58、Clarendon Press, 1991, p. 728.    <注105>Camilleri and Falk, The End of Sovereignty: The Politics of a Shrinking and Fragmenting World, op. cit., p. 35.    <注106>Emerich de Vattel, Le Droit des gens, Quaestiones, Ad lectorem, quoted from Brierly, Th

59、e Law of Nations, op. cit., p. 37.    <注107>United Nations, Declaration onPrinciples of International Law Concerning Friendly Relations and Co-operation among States in Accordance with the Charter of the United Nations, Resolution 2625 (XXV) 24 October 1970.  

60、0; <注108>See Marek Korowicz, Introduction to International Law: Present Conceptions of International Law in Theory and Practice (The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff, 1964), pp. 226-273.    <注109>See Caroline Thomas, New States, Sovereignty and Intervention (London: Gower

61、, 1985), pp. 1-9.    <注110>Antonio Cassese, International Law in a Divided World (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1986), pp. 144-145.    <注111>有关武力是用与国际法的详尽讨论，请参阅 Anthony Clark Arend & Robert J. Beck,International Law and the Use of Force (New York: R

62、outledge, 1993).    <注112>Koskenniemi, From Apology to Utopia: The Structure ofInternational Legal Argument, op. cit., p. 209.    <注113>Louis Henkin, "International Law: Politics, Values and Functions," Recueil des Cours, 1989-IV, pp. 9-4

63、16, at. pp. 24-25. Also see Louis Henkin, "The Mythology of Sovereignty," Presidential Notes, ASIL Newsletter ( February - March 1993).    <注114>Ibid., "International Law: Politics, Values and Functions," p. 25.    <注115>Bull, T

64、he Anarchical Society, op. cit., p. 8-19.    <注116>Vyver, "Sovereignty and Human Rights in Constitutional and InternationalLaw," op. cit., p. 322.    <注117>See Marvin S. Soroos, Beyond Sovereignty: The Challenge of Global Policy (Universi

65、ty of South Carolina Press, 1986); see also Camilleri and Falk, The End of Sovereignty: The Politics of a Shrinking and Fragmenting World, op. cit.    <注89>See Isaiah Berlin, "Two Concepts of Liberty," in his Four Essays on Liberty, ch. 3 (Oxford: Oxford Universit

66、y Press, 1969).    <注90>Jackson, Quasi-State: Sovereignty, International Relations, and the Third    World,op. cit.,pp. 27-29.    <注91>J. E. S. Fawcett, The Law of Nations (New York: Basic Books, Inc., 1968), p. 33.  &

67、#160; <注92>"Island of Palmas Case," United Nations, Reports of International Arbitral Awards, Vol. 2 (1949), p. 838.    <注93>Clive Parry, "The Function of Law in International Community," in Manual ofPublic International Law, Max Sorensen ed.

68、(New York: St. Martin's Press,1968), pp. 1-54, at p. 13.    <注94>Charles Rousseau, Droit International Public, 2, Paris: Sirey, 1974, pp. 73-93.(quoted in Ruth Lapidoth, "Sovereignty in Transition," Journal of InternationalAffairs, Vol. 45, No. 2 (Winter 1992)

69、, pp. 325- 346.)    <注95>Michael Akehurst, A Modern Introduction to International Law, 4th Edition(Taipei: Central, 1982), p. 16.    <注96>Alan James, Sovereign Statehood: The Basis of International Society (London:Allen & Unwin Publishers Ltd.,

70、 1986), p. 25.    <注97>Ibid., p. 39.    <注98>Ibid., p. 25.    <注99>Ibid., p. 48.    <注100>See J. D. B. Miller, "Sovereignty as a Source of Vitality for the State," Review of Internationa

71、l Studies, Vol. 12, 1986, pp. 79 - 89; and J. D. B. Miller, The World of States, Connected Essays (London: Croom Helm Ltd., 1981), pp.16-32.    <注101>Ibid., "Sovereignty as a Source of Vitality for the State," pp. 80-83.    <注102>J. E. S.

72、 Fawcett, The Law of Nations, op. cit., p. 45.    <注103>Nkambo Mugerwa, "Subjects of International Law," in Manual of PublicInternational Law, Max Sorenson, ed. (New York: St. Martin's Press, 1968), p. 253.    <注104>Ian Brownlie, Prin

73、ciples of Public International Law, 4th Edition, Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1991, p. 728.    <注105>Camilleri and Falk, The End of Sovereignty: The Politics of a Shrinking and Fragmenting World, op. cit., p. 35.    <注106>Emerich de Vattel, Le Droit des gens, Quaestiones, Ad lectorem, quoted from Brierly, The L