中国文化导论 lecture Five (Arts)

1、Lecture Five Lecture Five ArtsArtsCalligraphyPaintingTraditional OperasFolk Performing ArtsTraditional Musical InstrumentsCalligraphy and Painting Calligraphy Painting Four treasures of the studyHow do you understand Chinese calligraphy?Chinese calligraphy is also called the art of lines. It stresse

2、s the overall layout and harmony between words and lines. The Chinese saying “The handwriting reveals the person” (字如其人字如其人), is directly related to calligraphy.Its also regarded as a way to keep mind and body fit and healthy.Strokes (笔画笔画) of Chinese CharactersThere are 6 basic categories: diandot

3、strokehenghorizontal strokeshuvertical stroke piecurved strokezheangular (角形的角形的) stroke gouhooked (钩形的钩形的) stroke The most complicated Chinese character ? The number of strokes within a single Chinese character ranges from one to more than 50 strokes.Biang, 二声二声(56 strokes )Calligraphy“一点飞上天，黄河两边弯；

4、一点飞上天，黄河两边弯；八字大张口，言字往里八字大张口，言字往里走，左一扭，右一扭；走，左一扭，右一扭；西一长，东一长，中间西一长，东一长，中间加个马大王；心字底，加个马大王；心字底，月字旁，留个勾搭挂麻月字旁，留个勾搭挂麻糖；推了车车走咸阳。糖；推了车车走咸阳。” The most complicated Chinese character ? Chinese RadicalsStrokes form Chinese radicals (偏旁偏旁)A radical is the root of a character. Some basic character components are

5、 standalone characters (独立成字独立成字), like “土土” and “山山”, but most are just parts of them.Five categories of Chinese scripts the seal form (zhuan 篆书篆书)the official form (li 隶书隶书)the cursive（草写的）（草写的）form (cao 草书草书) the regular form (kai 楷书楷书)the running form (xing 行书行书)The Seal Form (篆书篆书) an ancient s

6、cript that mainly appeared on the bronze vessels during the Warring States and Pre-Qin Periods more close to pictography (象形文字象形文字). Each of the characters has a balanced and symmetrical (对称的对称的) pattern. The Official Form (隶书隶书) It came into being during the Qin and Han dynasties. It was the turnin

7、g point in the evolution of Chinese scripts and is the foundation of the later script forms. It was much easier to use, so that in the Han dynasty it replaced the seal form.The Cursive Form (草书草书) It originated from the Han Dynasty.This style of calligraphy is smooth and lively with strokes flowing

8、and characters linking together.It is executed freely and rapidly so that parts of the characters appear exaggerated (夸张的夸张的). The Regular form (楷书楷书) It was developed during the Wei and Jin dynasties and came to prominence during the Tang dynasty.It is still todays standard writing. It is square in

9、 form, and non-cursive in strokes. Size:Larger Regular Form Smaller Regular FormMedium Regular Form Four most famous Regular style masters 柳公权柳公权 体势劲媚，骨力道健体势劲媚，骨力道健 瘦劲著称瘦劲著称 颜真卿颜真卿 化瘦硬为化瘦硬为 丰腴雄浑，端庄雄伟丰腴雄浑，端庄雄伟 欧阳询欧阳询 挺拔俊丽挺拔俊丽 严密方劲严密方劲 赵孟頫赵孟頫 能精究各体，在朝鲜、日本非常风行（精能精究各体，在朝鲜、日本非常风行（精通书法、绘画）通书法、绘画）柳公权柳公权zha

10、o mengfu （元朝）欧阳询欧阳询The running Form (行书行书) The running form is somewhere between the regular and the cursive forms allowing simpler and faster writing. the running regular form 行楷行楷 the running cursive form 行草行草 the Chinese Calligrapher in HistoryWang Xizhi (303-361, Eastern Jin Dynasty)the sage of

11、Chinese calligraphy 书圣书圣 How do you understand Chinese Painting ? Chinese Traditional Painting refers to ink - wash painting (水墨画水墨画), which can be traced back to the Tang Dynasty and flourished from the Yuan Dynasty onwards.The most important themes of traditional Chinese painting: human figures la

12、ndscape flowers birds pavilions How do you understand Chinese Painting ? Traditional Chinese paintings are not “purely” paintings. A painting usually consists of calligraphic writing, seal stamps, and the painting. They combine fine art, poetry, calligraphy, and seal engraving to achieve an artistic

13、 unison (一致一致). 东晋顾恺之东晋顾恺之洛神赋图洛神赋图唐朝张萱、周昉唐朝张萱、周昉唐宫仕女图唐宫仕女图唐朝阎立本唐朝阎立本步辇图步辇图唐朝韩滉唐朝韩滉huang五牛图五牛图五代顾闳五代顾闳hong中中韩熙载夜宴图韩熙载夜宴图 北宋王希孟北宋王希孟千里江山图千里江山图 北宋北宋张择端张择端清明上河图清明上河图 元朝黄公望元朝黄公望富春山居图富春山居图明朝仇英明朝仇英汉宫春晓图汉宫春晓图 清朝郎世宁清朝郎世宁百骏图百骏图 Modern Chinese PaintersXu Beihong 列子汤问Qi Baishi Modern Chinese PaintersMural Paint

14、ings at DunhuangMural Paintings at DunhuangMural Paintings at DunhuangWood-cut Block Print （版画）Wood-cut Block Print Wood-cut Block Print Four treasures of the studyFour treasures of the study : brush , ink, paper and ink stone The best of each of these items is represented by: Hu brush (湖笔湖笔), Hui i

15、nk stick (徽墨徽墨), Rice Paper（Xuan paper 宣纸宣纸) , and Duan ink stone (端砚端砚). Hu brushHu brushes are produced in the city of Huzhou, Zhejiang Province. Hui ink sticks 古徽州古徽州Hui ink sticks are produced in Hui City, Anhui Province. They are made from the ash of burnt green pine from Mount Huangshan and th

16、en mixed with glue. Rice paperXuan paper is a special type of high quality paper produced in Xuancheng and Jing County of Anhui Province. Duan ink stones 广东肇庆广东肇庆Duan ink stones were first introduced in Duanzhou, now are produced in Zhaoqing City, Guangdong Province.How to practice Chinese Calligrap

17、hy?The regular form is usually taken as the standard form for beginners to practice because it is the basic form for other inscriptions. practicing the character “永永” repeatedly because it contains the eight basic dots and strokes. How to practice Chinese Calligraphy?Traditional Operas Beijing Opera

18、 Other Major Traditional Chinese OperasBeijing OperaBeijing OperaOriginally Beijing Opera was a form of local theatre. It then spread across the country and became the national opera of China. Singing, recitation, acting, and acrobatic fighting (唱、念、做、打唱、念、做、打) are the four artistic means and the fo

19、ur basic skills of Beijing Opera. Each action by the performer is highly symbolic. Feelings and ideas are often expressed through these symbolic motions.starting from Tang dynasty, taking shape in Song and Yuan and becoming mature in the beginning of Qing.Sheng, Dan, Jing, and Chou（生、旦、（生、旦、净、丑）净、丑）

20、 The characters of Beijing Opera are classified according to sex, age, disposition, profession, and social status. There are four major roles in Beijing Opera today: sheng (male), dan (female), jing (painted face, male) and chou (clown).ShengThe sheng roles are generally positive and can be divided

21、into： laosheng (elderly men) wusheng ( military men) xiaosheng (young men)wawasheng (children)DanDan refers to various female roles, including laodan (老旦老旦), qingyi (青衣青衣 or 正丹正丹 雍容华贵、雍容华贵、身份显赫的妇女，杨贵妃身份显赫的妇女，杨贵妃), huadan (花旦花旦 young ladies)， wudan (武旦武旦, eg.青蛇青蛇) caidan (彩旦彩旦, 丑婆子丑婆子，东施，东施). Four Gr

22、eat Dan ActorsMei Lanfang梅兰芳梅兰芳Shang Xiaoyun尚小云尚小云Four Great Dan ActorsCheng Yanqiu 程砚秋程砚秋Xun Huisheng 荀慧生荀慧生Four Great Dan ActorsJing (Hua Lian)The Jing is a romantic, exaggerated Beijing Opera role. The characters are mostly cheerful, honest, gallant (豪侠的豪侠的), and intrepid (刚毅的刚毅的) men or treacher

23、ous (奸诈的奸诈的) and cruel men. 正净（大花脸正净（大花脸, 唱功）唱功）副净（二花脸，做功）副净（二花脸，做功）武净（武花脸）武净（武花脸）ChouThe chou characters are sharp-witted, clever, humorous, honest, and kind men. wenchou (文丑文丑: comic civilian roles) who speak, act, and singwuchou (武丑武丑: arcobatic fighting comic roles) whose performance involves bo

24、th speaking and acrobatic fighting. Chou Facial Makeup and CostumesThere are two ways to distinguish a characters personality or role type. The first is to understand the color code of the painted face. The second is to distinguish the lines and patterns drawn on the face. 红色脸 象征忠义、耿直、有血性；黑色脸 既表现性格严

25、肃，不苟言笑；蓝色脸 表现性格刚直，桀骜不驯；绿色脸 勇猛，莽撞。 CostumesDifferent robe colors indicate different social status or people: yellow for imperial family red for nobility red and blue for violent people scholars-blue gowns generals-padded armor emperors-dragon-patterned robesBeijing Opera贵妃醉酒贵妃醉酒选段选段http:/ Major Tradi

26、tional Chinese Opera Kunqu Opera 昆曲昆曲Shaanxi Opera 秦腔秦腔Chuan Opera 川剧川剧Yue Opera 越剧越剧Huangmei Opera 黄梅戏黄梅戏Yue Opera 粤剧粤剧Yu Opera 豫剧豫剧Kunqu OperaKunqu Opera is considered the mother of many other types of traditional operas.It originated from early folk operas popular in Kunshan, Jiangsu Province and

27、 had reached its peak of popularity by the late Ming Dynasty and early Qing Dynasty.In 2001, it was listed in the Oral and Intangible Cultural Heritage by the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO联合国科教文组织联合国科教文组织).Peony PavilionKunqu OperaShaanxi OperaShaanxi Opera

28、 (秦腔秦腔), the oldest of all the Chinese operas that are still in existence today, is the typical opera of Shaanxi province. “ancestor of all Chinese local operas”Chuan OperaIt originated in the mid-18th century.The technique of “face changes” is most often used in Chuan Opera. In some cases multiple

29、layers of masks are torn away for each change in facial expression.Yue Opera 越剧越剧It originated in Shengxian County嵊县嵊县, Zhejiang Province, but it is popular throughout Zhejiang Province and Shanghai as well as in many large and medium-sized cities throughout the country. The soft and gentle music of

30、 this opera evokes sentimental emotions, and the acting style is likewise graceful and refined. Butterflys Love (Romeo and Juliet in China)Huangmei OperaHuangmei Opera has been performed for over 200 years. It is a local opera in Anhui Province and evolved from the “Caicha Tune” (tea-picking tune) o

31、f Huangmei County, Hubei Province. The Heavenly Maid and the Mortal 天仙配天仙配Female Son-in-law of the Emperor 女驸马女驸马Yue Opera 粤剧粤剧Yue Opera is one type of traditional local operas, popular in Guangdong and Guangxi provinces and in Chinese communities in South Asia and America. Yu Opera 豫剧豫剧Yu opera, al

32、so called Henan Bangzi, is one of the most influential local operas in China. Representative figures: 马金凤马金凤 常香玉常香玉Representative pieces: Hua Mulan花木兰花木兰 Mu Guiying Takes Command穆桂英挂帅穆桂英挂帅Yu Opera 豫剧豫剧Hua MulanHua MulanMu Guiying Takes CommandFolk Performing Arts AcrobaticsQuyi Puppet ShowShadow Pla

33、y Ghost-Exorcising Opera (傩傩nuo舞舞) AcrobaticsAcrobatics has been in existence in China for more than 2,000 years.Chinese acrobats have been successful in many international competitions over the years. As a result, foreign audiences have eulogized the art form as mythical and engrossing and China is

34、 playing a dominating part in acrobatics. QuyiAs an independent art, Quyi was formed in the mid-Tang Dynasty and thrived in the Song Dynasty.It includes: Cross-talk (相声相声) Clapper talk (快板快板) Storytelling (评书评书) Xiaopin (小品小品) Shuanghuang (双簧双簧)Cross-talk (相声相声)Cross-talk is one of the most popular

35、and influential types of quyi. Its performance is characterized by talking, imitation, fun-making, and singing（说、学、逗（说、学、逗、唱）、唱）.Satire is its main purpose. Three types: monologue-comic talk comic cross-talk multilogue cross-talk马三立马三立 侯宝林侯宝林 刘宝瑞刘宝瑞 马季马季 姜昆姜昆 冯巩冯巩 郭德纲郭德纲 Clapper Talk 快板Clapper talk

36、is a folk art form in which a performer delivers comic rhymes or monologues to the accompaniment of bamboo clappers.Storytelling 评书评书Storyteling is also called pingshu or pinghua. It only has a single performer standing or sitting at a table, using a gavel or a folded fan as a prop.刘兰芳刘兰芳 袁阔成袁阔成 田连元

37、田连元 单田芳单田芳 XiaopinXiaopin are short, light comedies in the Huaju (spoken drama) style. About 15 minutes in length. Xiaopin performances have been regular popular items on Chinese televisions New Year Gala Show.陈佩斯陈佩斯 赵本山赵本山 宋丹丹宋丹丹 黄宏黄宏Shuanghuang 双簧双簧Shuanghuang is a kind of two-person folk art, wit

38、h one acting in pantomime and the other hiding behind him or her doing all the speaking and / or singing.Originating in The Han Dynasty, Chinese Puppet show rose to prominence during the Tang and Song Dynasties.It combines elements of song, dance, painting, and sculpture. Puppet showShadow Play（皮影）（

39、皮影）It came into being in the Han Dynasty, having more than 2,000 years history.The performers manipulate colorful leather or cardboard figures whose silhouettes（侧面影像）（侧面影像）are reflected on a screen by lantern light. Ghost-Exorcising Opera (傩舞傩舞)The Ghost-Exorcising Opera originated from a sacrificia

40、l ceremony for driving away evil spirits and pestilence (瘟疫瘟疫) in ancient times. Nanfeng County in Jiangxi Province is considered to the hometown of the Ghost-Exorcising Opera.Traditional Musical InstrumentsPlucked Instruments (弦乐器弦乐器)Percussion Instrument (打击乐器打击乐器)Wind Instrument (管乐器管乐器)Plucked I

41、nstruments (弦乐器弦乐器)Pipa (琵琶琵琶) is an ancient plucked (拨拨动的动的), four-stringed instrument made of wood, with the fingerboard shaped like a melon-seed, and a long beautiful neck bent backward. Plucked Instruments (弦乐器弦乐器)The most traditional pipa music pieces: Ambush on All Sides 十面埋伏十面埋伏 Spring Moonlight on the Flowers by the River 春江花月夜春江花月夜Zither (古筝古筝) is one of the main ensemble and solo instruments of traditional Chinese music. The present-day zither usually