大学高级英语写作

1、n考核分两部分：考核分两部分：形成性考核形成性考核和和课程终结考核课程终结考核。课程总成绩采用百。课程总成绩采用百分制，形成性考核占分制，形成性考核占20%，课程终结考核占课程终结考核占80%。 n形成性考核形成性考核：满分满分100分，占课程总成绩的分，占课程总成绩的20%。形成性考核是对学。形成性考核是对学生学习过程和阶段性学习效果的综合评价，包括学生参与各项教学活生学习过程和阶段性学习效果的综合评价，包括学生参与各项教学活动和自主学习活动的情况以及阶段性的学习进展情况。动和自主学习活动的情况以及阶段性的学习进展情况。 n课程终结考核课程终结考核：形式为闭卷，笔答。满分为形式为闭卷，笔答。

2、满分为100分，由中央电大统一分，由中央电大统一命题，在同一时间全国统考。考试时间为命题，在同一时间全国统考。考试时间为90分钟。分钟。 Reading and Summary (35 points) Writing a letter (25 points) Writing (40 points)命题依据命题依据 本课程终结性考试的命题依据是中央广播电视大学本科开放教育英语专业教学计划、课程教学大纲以及“高级英语自学系列教程”中的高级英语写作教材。评价目标评价目标 本课程终结性考试重点测试学生用书面英语进行跟学习与工作有关的交际活动的能力，包括写信件、写总结、描述所见所闻、陈述和辩护自己的观点

3、、写报告等，同时也考察与此相关的阅读能力。命题原则命题原则 根据教材所涵盖的有关话题及练习的写作目标进行命题，涉及教材的内容不少于50%。高级英语写作课程试卷内容与结构高级英语写作课程试卷内容与结构内容内容构成构成题号题号题量题量题型题型分分数数总总分分时间时间(分钟分钟)阅读与写作Part 1ReadingandSummary1-55排序/填空1035906-94识别主题句10101基于6-9题中的阅读文章写总结(70-80词)15Part 2 Writing a letter111写信 (约120词)2525Part 3 Writing121写报告/说明文/论说文 (150-200词)40

4、40合计合计1-1212100Text-bookWriting knowledgeUnit 1- unit 3Four types ofessay writingPractical writing Unit 2, Unit 8DescriptionUnit 4 Narration Unit 5Argumentation Unit 7Exposition Unit 6By the end of this unit, you should be able to: make clear your purpose for writing in English; display an awareness

5、 of different types of written texts; recognise the features of a well-written text; assess your own writing performance; Set goals and methods of practice. Reading maketh a full man; conference a ready man; and writing an exact man. Practice make perfect. What s your feelings about writing (in Engl

6、ish and Chinese)?Positive view Negative viewWhat s the purpose of writing?What s the types of writing ?note message diary memo letter story notice poem play essay report fax advertisement instruction newspaper article postcard invitation examination answer etc. Prewriting stage Step 1 Generate ideas

7、 Step 2 Sort out the ideas (group ideas) Step 3 Work out the outline Writing stage (first draft) Step 1 Write opening sentences and thesis statement. Step 2 Develop the topic sentences and support it with specific evidences. Step 3 Write concluding sentences. Rewriting stage (a checklist) unity supp

8、ort organization languageFour ways of generating ideas Clustering Making a list Questioning Free writingDiagram of an essay Title of the essayIntroduction Opening remarks to catch readers interest Thesis statement topic sentence 1 (supporting point 1) Body topic sentence 2 (supporting point 2) topic

9、 sentence 3 (supporting point 3)Conclusion Summary (optional); General closing remarksUnity Is my paper unified?a. Do I have a thesis that is clearly stated or implied in the introductory paragraph?b. Do all my supporting paragraphs support and back up my thesis?support Is my paper supported?a. Are

10、there three separated supporting points for the thesis?b. Do I have spedific evidence for each of the three supporting points?c. Is there plenty of specific evidence for each point?Is my paper organized?a. Do I have an interesting introduction, a solid conclusions, and an accurate title?b. Do I have

11、 a clear method of organizing my paper?c. Do I use transitions and other connecting words?a. Do I use specific words?b. Do I vary my sentences?c. Do I use words effectively by avoiding slang, clichs, and wordliness?organizationLanguage Layout like spacing, indention, handwriting or typeface should c

12、omply with conversions. Language, a well-written text includes spelling accurately, getting the grammar right, having a range of vocabulary, punctuating meaningfully, and using a range of sentence structures. Content, ideas should be developed and organised clearly and convincingly, and ideas and in

13、formation in sentences should be linked in a coherent fashion.1. If you advance a single point and stick to that point.Unity 2.If you support the pointwith specific evidence.3.If you organize and connectspecific evidence.4.If you write clear, error-freesentence.Four bases Support Coherence Good lang

14、uage Four steps At the end of this unit, you should be able to: write letters in appropriate formats identify the different features of formal and informal letters write letters in the appropriate style follow the formalities used in addressing English envelopes write a letter of application write y

15、our own curriculum vitae Formal letters: business-like letters. Informal letters: personal lettersWhats correspondence?Correspondence is a formal word for the letters you receive.Format of a Chinese letterFormat of an English letter同学, 你好! 很长没有你的消息, 最近可好? 祝健康快乐! 小燕子 2008,3,30 TVU Shanwei Guangdong R

16、P China 30/3/2008Dear Mary, I was very sorry to tell you that I go to your party this Weekend, for I have to attend a Meeting With love, PriscillasalutationReturn addressdateline Body Complimentary close Signature Printed name of sender Reference line Return address Dateline Inside address Salutatio

17、nreturn addressdateline inside addressSalutationbodyComplimentary closeSignaturePrinted name of sender Format Organization Language ToneOrganization of formal letter:a writer-responsible patternI am writing for information about visa applications.I have booked a flight to Los Angeles via Singapore w

18、ith Northwest Airlines.I am looking forward to your reply.State your purpose directlyDiscuss subject in detailsState your expectationUse the following structures to state you purposeI am writing about a suitcase lost at your airport.I am writing to apply for teaching position advertised In Beijing Y

19、outh Newspaper.I am writing because I was told that we would have a welcome party tomorrowLanguage use in formal letter writinglGiving precise information e.g. a week V.S. for some timelUsing formal words e.g. inform V.S. telllUsing effective words e.g. via V.S. stop aton my wayTone in formal letter

20、 writinglMake requests in a polite waye.g. I wonder if you could send me a U.K. visa application form?Would it be possible to cancel the ticket and arrange a refund?lShow you gratitude.I should be most grateful if you would send me a timetable.I would appreciate it if you could send me details of th

21、e course.Dear Mr. Smith, I would like to be considered as a candidate for the manager position advertised in the South Morning Post I am currently finishing my degree in Businessmanagement I have taken every required course and have a solid background in the marketing, accounting courses. Ill plan t

22、o give you a call to see whether I Can come in for interview at you convenience.State the position wanted and the sourceBriefly highlight your qualifications for the jobState your willing-ness to go to next level in the process Personal information Education Experience Special interests Publication

23、Other information ReferencesName; sex; date of birth; marital status; nationality; mailing address; telephoneList the awards and prizes one has received.邮编 邮票 收信人地址 收信人姓名 发信人地址和姓名 stamp senders name senders address recipients name recipients address Printed MatterPhotos EnclosedPlease Do Not BendPar

24、 AvionPlease ForwardMr. Anthony McArthur c/o Ms. Melanie KleinBy the end of this unit, you should be able to:analyse the structure of a paragraphproduce coherent paragraphsclearly distinguish main ideas from subsidiary pointswrite topic sentencestake notes from reading materialstake notes for lectur

25、esWrite summaries for various purposesCoherence is one of the most important organizational principles.It requires that each sentence in a paragraph leads naturally and logically to the next in explaining the central ideathe topic sentence.Everyone wants to live a long, healthy life. We know that th

26、e food we eat affects us in different ways. For instance, doctor believe that fruit and vegetables can actually prevent many different diseases. On the other hand, animals fat can cause disease. We can improve our diet now, and enjoy many years of healthy living.The food we eat affects us in differe

27、nt ways.The topic sentence in a paragraph lstates the main idea of a paragraphlmust be a sentence of opinion or attitudelmight be the most general of all statementsA topic sentence is to a paragraph what a thesis sentence is to an essay.1.The food affects us in different ways. a. fruit preventing di

28、seases. b. animals fat causing diseaseConcluding: We can prove our diet now.Topic sentenceSupporting evidence 1Supporting evidence 2Concluding sentenceTopicControlling IdeasThe topic sentence in a paragraph provides a focus for the paragraph affords paragraph unity. reflects a point view about the t

29、hesis.A topic sentence cant be written as:1. Announcements e.g. The subject of this paper will be my parents.2. Statements that are too broad. e.g. My parents have been the most influential people in my life.3. Statements that they are too narrow. e.g. My parents had only one child.4. Statements tha

30、t contain more than one idea. e.g. My parents helped my grow in important ways, although in other respects I was limited. Repetition of Key words e.g. Where does the designer get ideas and inspiration for new fashions? The designer gets ideas from everywhere. Substitutions e.g. In Thailand between 2

31、 and 5 of every 100,000 women die of breast tumor. In the US 30-40 meet the fate. Pronouns e.g. Time talks. It speaks more plainly than words. Transitions e.g. Colors are closely associated with individual and group symbolism and emotional response. For example, red is the color or blood, and some p

32、eople subconsciously react to the color read as they would to blood.1. listing, such as: firstly, in the first place, secondly, thirdly, my next point is, last/finally2. showing the cause and effect relationship between one idea and another: so, therefore, thus, because, since3. indicating that the

33、speaker or writer is going to illustrate his ideas by giving examples: for instance, for example, lets take, an example/instance of this was4. introducing an idea which runs against what has been said, or is going to be said: but, nevertheless, on the other hand, and yet, although, whereas, on the c

34、ontrary5. summing up: to summarise, in other words, to sum up 6. expressing time relationship: then, next, after that, previously, while, when7. re-phrasing what has already been said, or introduce a definition: in other words, to put it another way8. expressing a condition: if, unless, assuming tha

35、t9. indicating the extension or further development of ideas which are closely related to the previously discussed topics: furthermore, moreover, in additionGeneralizationSpecific example(1)Specific example(2)Specific example(3)More specific example(1)More specific example(2)More specific example(1)

36、Topic sentenceSupporting evidence 1Supporting evidence 2Concluding sentenceNote-takingI. Topic sentenceII. Supporting evidence A 1. 2. 3. Supporting evidence B 1. 2. 3.III. conclusionSteps in Summarizing an Article Step 1: Skim the passage to gain main ideas by questions: e.g. Q1: What is the subjec

37、t of the passage? Q2: What is about? Q3: Where was it conducted? And when? Step 2: Prepare the first draft of your summary. a. Identify at the start of the summary the title and the author. b. Express the main points and key supporting details in your own words. c. Do not stick to the original in th

38、e order in which ideas are presented. By the end of this unit you should be able to:describe countries, towns, and landscapeswrite guidesdescribe scenes or weather conditionsdescribe peopledescribe objectsdescribe general and specific processes and procedureswrite instructionsNowadays, traveling bec

39、omes one of the popular activities in free time. When we getting around, lots of scenery will impress us, and becomes good memory. In this unit, we are going to learn how to describe what we see in our daily life.What is description?Description is painting a picture in words of a person, place,objec

40、t, process, or scene.Hearing Sight Smell Touch TasteDrills to Describe place _ is surrounded by _. It is composed of/consists of _. it lies off _. It is situated/located _. The population of is _. The density of population is _. is the language which is spoken predominantly. Appearance Presenting de

41、tails of eyes, mouth, nose, hair, facial expression, figure, pose, clothes, jewelry, and etc. Objects Presenting details of texture, pattern, color, material Organization Any description should be organized around a main point, or controlling ideas. Prewriting Stage Step 1 making a list of all steps

42、. Step 2 numbering your items in time order. Step 3 grouping your items in time order. Writing stage Step 1 write an introductory paragraph the thesis can either say (1) it is important that your readers know about this process (2) state your opinion of this process.1.Is it easy for readers to follo

43、w the activities.clear 2. Did I use transitions such as first, next, to make it smooth and fluent.3. Did I have introduction and concluding paragraph?coherent complete Revising StageBy the end of this unit, you should be able to: write a story using correct grammatical forms write a well-organised t

44、ext about your past experience start a story in different ways select accurate and precise words to describe events use quotation marks correctly write direct and reported speechTo narrate is to give an account of an event or a series of events. In its broadest sense, narrative writing includes stor

45、ies, real or imaginary, biographies, histories, news items, and narrative poemsTime and the order of events Time 1 Time 2 Time 3 Time 4 past present future The simple present tenseThe past perfect tenseThe simple past tenseThe simple future tense Five factors for Narrative WritingnContext nSelection

46、 of details nOrganizationnLanguage usednPoint of view contextcontext when, where and to whom the action in an event happened is often made clear at the beginning of the passage.The last sentence usually draws up the conclusion of the whole event so that the reader can get a sense of completeness. Th

47、e conclusion should relate to the main event of the story, not the minor points.Selection of detailsSelection of details Narrations of incidents and events are made up of details. There should be enough details so that the reader knows what is happening. Only relevant details, or things that contrib

48、ute to bringing out the main idea of the story are useful and effective.OrganizationOrganization Incidents and events are usually presented in chronological order, that is, in the order in which they occur. But it is also possible, and sometimes preferable, to start from the middle or even the end o

49、f the story with the event that is most important or most likely to arouse the readers interest, and then go back to the beginning by using flashbacks. Checklist for one to the organization 1. Do you present the idea of time clearly so that your reader will not get confused by the time sequence? Cla

50、rity in presenting time is a very important element in good story telling, particularly in unexpected time sequences. 2. Have you used your imagination to make the account of the story vivid and interesting? Point of viewPoint of viewA first person narrative may be more graphic and lifelike, because

51、 it gives the reader the impression that it is what the writer himself has seen or experienced. but the scope of the narrative may be limited.A third person narrative may seem more objective, and is free from the limitation, but it is not easy to put things happened in good order.Challenges in Creat

52、ing a Narrative WritingnUnity Deciding on the point of view of your essaynSupport Making sure that all materials in the essay contribute to that pointChecklist for the revision1.Have you clearly indicated the time, the place, and the persons?2.Have you used the different forms of the past tenses cor

53、rectly?3.Have you clearly indicated the beginning, the development, and the ending of the event?4.Have you used time indicators and linking words properly?5.Have you used the conventions for presenting reported speech or direct speech correctly?6. have you used correct punctuations?To present our id

54、eas in a coherent and logical way, we make use of various techniques of expository writing.The purpose of expository writing is to present facts and ideas by using various ways of logical development. In expository paper, we often explain or explore something analyze causes of a natural or social ph

55、enomenon, or the solution to a problem. make comparison or contrast define termsclassificationdefinitionexamplescomparison and contrastcause and effect Classification: Breaking subjects into partsClassification:It means breaking a subject according to a single principle.1. Make a list of all systems

56、 in the world.2. Set the criteria for division.3. Draw a diagram for logical division.4. Develop each subcategory into a paragraph.5. Use some transitions to connect the paragraphs.6. Add an introduction and a conclusion. Use of examples: from general to specific Comparison and contrast:using famili

57、ar things to explain the unfamiliar Compare: to see how two things are similar Contrast: to see how two things are differentTwo development methods:1.Point-to-point method Point 1 A, B Point 2 A, B Point 3 A, B2. Block method A Point 1, Point 2, Point 3 B Point 1, Point 2, Point 3 Cause & Effect

58、one thing leading to another Thesis statement: Sub-point 1: cause 1 Sub-point 2: cause 2 Sub-point 3: cause 3 Concluding paragraph Definition of argumentationIn argumentative paper, the writer often attempts to persuade a reader to adopt a certain point of view or to take a particular action using s

59、ound reasoning and sound reasoning and solid evidence by stating facts giving logical reasons using examples quoting expertsMaking arguments means the presentation of facts and reasonsin support of a position held by the arguer and opposed by others. A position One or more opponent of the position A

60、 defender of the position Facts in support of the position Reasons in support of the positiona positionargueropponentFacts and reasons for or against the positionTo understand somethingmore clearly and thoroughlyTo persuade a reader to adopt a point of viewReasonableobjectiveReasonablesubjectivepurposet