直接英语和间接英语

1、直接英语和间接英语一、句型的变化一、句型的变化（一）如果直接引语是陈述句，间接引语一般是用（一）如果直接引语是陈述句，间接引语一般是用that来引导。口语中来引导。口语中that常可以省略。常可以省略。 “I like to listen to rock music,” said Peter. Peter said that he liked to listen to rock music.【】【】如果直接引语中出现两个或两个以上的陈述句并如果直接引语中出现两个或两个以上的陈述句并列时，第一个列时，第一个that可以省略，后面一个不能省略，以可以省略，后面一个不能省略，以免引起歧义。如：免引起

2、歧义。如：The teacher said, “The text is very important. You should learn it by heart.” The teacher said (that) the text is important and that we should learn it by heart.(二二) 如果直接引语是一般疑问句或选择疑问句如果直接引语是一般疑问句或选择疑问句时时 ，间接引语常变为由，间接引语常变为由whether/if引导，而且引导，而且要用陈述句语序。如：要用陈述句语序。如：1) The boy asked his mother, “Ca

3、n I go to play football with my friends on Saturday?” The boy asked his mother whether/if he could go to play football with his friends on Saturday. 2) “Will you go to the museum this weekend or next weekend?” Li Hua asked me. Li Hua asked me whether/if I would go to the museum this weekend or the n

4、ext weekend.(三三) 如果直接引语是特殊问句，间接引语用特如果直接引语是特殊问句，间接引语用特殊疑问词引导，而且用陈述句语序。如：殊疑问词引导，而且用陈述句语序。如：“How much time do you spend on the homework?” he asked me. He asked me how much time I spent on the homework.（四）如果间接引语是表示请求、提议、建议（四）如果间接引语是表示请求、提议、建议、劝告等意义的问句，要借助其他句型结构来、劝告等意义的问句，要借助其他句型结构来表达。如：表达。如：1)“Would you

5、 buy me some stamps while you are in the office?” He said to me. He asked me to buy him some stamps while I am in the office.2)“Why dont you come and play football with me?” He asked. He advised me to play football with him.【温馨提示温馨提示】表示请求、劝告时，通常用表示请求、劝告时，通常用“ask/advise/want等等 + 宾语宾语 + 动词不定式动词不定式”结构。

6、结构。(五五) 如果直接引语是祈使句，间接引语要用不定如果直接引语是祈使句，间接引语要用不定式的复合结构改，即改为：式的复合结构改，即改为：tell (ask, order, warn, advise等等) sb. (not) to do sth. 如：如：1)The policeman said to the children, “Dont play football in the street.” The policeman told the children not to play football in the street.2)“Listen to me carefully, ple

7、ase.” the teacher said to us. The teacher told us to listen to him carefully.【温馨提示温馨提示】如果祈使句中出现了如果祈使句中出现了please, 在间在间接引语中必须省略。接引语中必须省略。 (六六) 如果直接引语是感叹句，变间接引语时，如果直接引语是感叹句，变间接引语时，用用what, how或或that来引述。如：来引述。如：“What a beautiful house it is!” he said to me. He told me what a beautiful house it was. He to

8、ld me that it was a beautiful house.二、时态的变化二、时态的变化（一）如果主句的时态是一般现（一）如果主句的时态是一般现在时或将来时，则间接引语中的在时或将来时，则间接引语中的时态不变。如；时态不变。如；He says, “Im too tired.” He says (that) he is too tired.（二）如果主句的时态是一般过去时，（二）如果主句的时态是一般过去时，则间接引语中的时态相应地变为与过去则间接引语中的时态相应地变为与过去相关的时态。具体变化如下：相关的时态。具体变化如下：一般现在时一般现在时 一般过去时一般过去时现在进行时现在进行

9、时 过去进行时过去进行时现在完成时现在完成时 过去完成时过去完成时一般过去时一般过去时 过去完成时过去完成时过去完成时过去完成时 过去完成时过去完成时一般将来时一般将来时 过去将来时过去将来时1)The old man said, “Great changes have taken place in China.” The old man said that great changes had taken place in China.2)“ Wang Lin is waiting for you outside of the school gate.” Li Fang said to me.

10、 Li Fang told me that Wang Lin was waiting for me outside of the school gate【温馨提示温馨提示1】当转述的是客观事实、科学真当转述的是客观事实、科学真理、格言或谚语；重复出现或现在习惯性的理、格言或谚语；重复出现或现在习惯性的动作时，间接引语的时态不变化。如：动作时，间接引语的时态不变化。如：1)He said, “The earth travels around the sun.” He said that the earth travels around the sun.2)“Failure is the moth

11、er of success.” The teacher said to us. The teacher told us that failure is the mother of success.【温馨提示温馨提示2】当直接引语中的谓语动词当直接引语中的谓语动词含有情态动词含有情态动词must , need, ought to, had better等，变间接引语时，间接引语中谓等，变间接引语时，间接引语中谓语动词的形式不变。如：语动词的形式不变。如：1)He said, “You had better ask for help when you are in trouble.” He sai

12、d that I had better ask for help when I was in trouble.三、人称代词的变化三、人称代词的变化直接引语变为间接引语时，间接引语中作主直接引语变为间接引语时，间接引语中作主语的人称代词或其他物主代词要作相应的变语的人称代词或其他物主代词要作相应的变化。一般情况下要遵循以下几条原则：化。一般情况下要遵循以下几条原则：（一）直接引语的主语是第一人称，变为间（一）直接引语的主语是第一人称，变为间接引语时，要和主句的主语保持一致。如：接引语时，要和主句的主语保持一致。如：“Can I use your bike for a moment?” the b

13、oy said to me. The boy asked me whether he could use my bike for moment.(二二) 直接引语的主语是第二人称，变为直接引语的主语是第二人称，变为间接引语时，要和主句的宾语保持一致间接引语时，要和主句的宾语保持一致。如：。如：The teacher asked Joan, “Why are you late again?” The teacher asked Joan why she was late again.（三）直接引语的主语是第三人称，变为间（三）直接引语的主语是第三人称，变为间接引语时，间接引语中的主语人称不变。如

14、接引语时，间接引语中的主语人称不变。如：He asked me, “How long has Teddy stayed in China?” He asked me how long has Teddy stayed in China.四、主句谓语动词的变化四、主句谓语动词的变化(一一) 直接引语是陈述句，谓语动词是直接引语是陈述句，谓语动词是say(said)的不变，是的不变，是said to sb.常变为常变为told sb.如：如：He said to his friend, “I am glad to see you.” He told his friend that he was g

15、lad to see him.(二二) 直接引语是特殊疑问句、一般疑问句直接引语是特殊疑问句、一般疑问句或选择疑问句，或选择疑问句，said 变为变为asked; said to sb. 变为变为 asked sb.如：如：“How can you do that?” Mary said to Betty. Mary asked Betty how she could do that.(三三) 直接引语是祈使句，变间接引语时，谓直接引语是祈使句，变间接引语时，谓语动词可根据语气强弱选则语动词可根据语气强弱选则beg, advise, ask, tell, order, warn等。如果祈使句是

16、否定等。如果祈使句是否定句，还需在不定式符号句，还需在不定式符号to前加前加not.如：如：I said to her, “Please pass me a glass of water.” I asked her to pass me a glass of water.She said, “Dont smoke in the public place.” She told me not to smoke in the public place. (四四)直接引语是感叹句，变间接引直接引语是感叹句，变间接引语时，引述动词常用语时，引述动词常用tell, exclaim或或say等。如：等。如：

17、“How well he looks!” he said. He exclaimed how well he looked. He said that he looked well.五、指示代词、时间状语、地点五、指示代词、时间状语、地点状语和方向性动词的变化状语和方向性动词的变化（一）指示代词的变化（一）指示代词的变化this that these those但有时如果所说的东西就在眼前但有时如果所说的东西就在眼前，也可不变。如：，也可不变。如：He said, “I like this book.” He said that he liked this book. (书在眼前书在眼前)二）

18、时间状语的变化二）时间状语的变化 today that day this morning/afternoon, etc. that morning/afternoon, etc. yesterday the day beforetomorrow the following/next daythe day after tomorrow two days laternext week/month, etc. the next week/month, etc.last week/month the week /month beforenow then如果引述的时间和说话时间相同如果引述的时间和说话时间相同（如就在同年、同月、同日），（如就在同年、同月、同日），时间状语也可不变。如：时间状语也可不变。如：Mr Black said, “I visited the Great Wall last year.” Mr Black said that he had visited the Great Wall the year before. Mr Black said that he had vis