非谓语动词用法辨析

1、非谓语动词用法辨析(一) 非谓语动词在句中的成分不定式几乎可以充当除谓语以外的所有成分，动名词起名词的作用。现在分词和过去分词起形容词和副词的作用。(二) 非谓语动词在同一成分中用法的辨析1做主语：-般来说，不定式和动名词成份一样时，表示客观性、一般性行为为多用动名词 表示，而表示一次性、具体性行为如此多用不定式。Look ing after childre n is her job.To clea n the classroom is his job today.2. 做宾语：I like swim ming, but I don't like to swim today becau

2、se I don't feel well.(1) 有些动词只能接不定式做宾语，这些动词接上不定式，含有明显的主观性和将来性意义。如： help, hope, ask, refuse, decide, promise, wish, pretend, expect, arrange, learn, pla n, dema nd, dare, man age, agree, prepare, fail, determ ine, offer, choose, desire, elect, long, (happen, seem),等等。He refused to speak on the ra

3、dio.He desired to see you.(2) .有些动词只接动名词做宾语，这些动词接上动名词，含有明显的”依据往事或经验来作出理解和判断 "的意思。 mind , finish , enjoy, suggest, permit, appreciate , consider , miss , dislike , keep(on) , avoid , permit , imagine , risk , escape, admit , stand(忍受),allow , forbid , excuse ,等等。短语动词：give up , put off , look for

4、ward to , feel like , insist on , object to , preventfrom , set about, can't help , be/get used to 等短语：be worth doing , be no good doing , be no use doing, be busy doing 等The mother did agree to let the boy risk swimming across the river.She can't sta nd hav ing nothing to do at home.His wif

5、e does n't allow smok ing in side the room and ofte n advised him to give up smok ing.All the family in sisted on my stay ing with them a few days Ion ger.It's no good lear ning without practici ng.rm look ing forward to heari ng from you soon.She does n't feel like eati ng anything , be

6、ing ill for a few days.(3) .有些动词后面既可接不定式，又可接动名词，其意义根本一样，区别不大。女如; like,love , hate , delay , continue , attempt(企图),afford(提供),prefer. omit(省略),begin , start.The Einsteins, however, could not afford to pay for(or : paying for)the advaneed education that young Albert n eeded.I prefer stay ing (to stay

7、) at home on Sun day.注意：begin和start本身为进展时，或后面动词为心理变化意义的动词时，须接不定式。When we came in, they were begi nning to have supper.After his expla nati on, I bega n to un dersta nd it / realize that I was wrong.(4) .有些词后面既可以接不定式亦可接动名词，但其意义有很大区别，须特别注意：A . remember , forget , regret接动名词,表示完成意义(=having done),接不定式,表

8、示将来意义：Please remember to bring me the book I want next time.I remember see ing her (=hav ing see n her) somewhere before.Don't forget to write to me soon.I n ever forget visit ing (=hav ing visited) them for the first time.I regret missing that good film last week.( 后悔干事 )I regret not tak ing (n

9、ot havi ng take n) your advice.I regret to say I can't take your advice.(遗憾=be sorry)B. mean: mean to do=want to do 打算，想要; mean doing： 意味着，就是I am sorry, I did n't mean to hurt your feeli ngs ,I meant to call on you, but I was so busy.Lear ning a foreig n Ian guage does n't mean just work

10、 ing in class.C. stop： stop to do停下来，要干另一件事，不定式作目的状语；stop doing停止干, 动名词作宾语。After some time, they stopped walk ing and had a rest.After walk ing some time, they stopped to have a rest.D. try: try to do，努力，试图干事； try doing :试着干事He searched everywhere and tried to find his key.He came to the city from t

11、he countryside and tried to find a job.The mother is out and the boy had to try cook ing for himself.They tried to succeed and tried doing their experiments again and again.E. want, need, require接动名词表示被动意义，表示"需要、该”；接不定式，表示"想，要干"The room wants clea ning.The bike requires repairi ng.The

12、se young trees require look ing after.The matter n eeds thinking over.(=to be thought over)A Mr. Wang wants to see you.You don't n eed to leave so early.F. go on： go on to do继续干和原来不同的另一件事，不定式作目的状语。 go on doing继续干原来同一件事，动名词作宾语。After a smoke , he went on telling us that interesting story.After wri

13、ting his English position he went on to work out his maths problems.G. 动词advise, allow , permit, forbid后面接单宾语时用动名词，接复合宾语时用动 词不定式。Doctors advise givi ng up smok ing to ben efit on e's health.The doctor advised him to give up smok ing so as to improve his health.She does n't allow (permit) smo

14、k ing in her room.=She does n't allow (permit)a nyone to smoke in her room.Parking is forbidde n here.=A ny cars not permitted to park here.3. 做宾补：不定式可以表示一次性、具体性行为，以与将来意义的行为。现在分词可以表示当时正在发生的进展意义的行为，亦可表示-个持续时间的延续性的行为动作。过去分词可以表示 完成意义的行为或状态，与物动词的过去分词亦有被动意义，不与物动词的过去分词仍是主动意义。When I came in, I saw her

15、dancing happily.I ofte n hear her sing songs in En glish in her room.They had the lights burning all ni ght long.I saw Li Ping pass by and en ter the n ext room just now.The mother will have the doctor exam ine her son aga in.Tomorrow ni have my hair cut.When I got home I found the window broke n an

16、d the thief gone away already.When they returned to their hometown, after an absenee of twenty years, they found everyth ing eha nged.4. 做表语：不定式和动名词做表语解释主语内容，且可以和主语颠倒，意思仍然通顺，回答what的问题。它们有时存在经常性和一次性行为的区别，分词做表语明确主语的性质、特征和状态，不能和主语颠倒，可以回答 how的问题。Her job is elea ning offiees.(What is her job?) (Clea ning

17、 offices is her job.)Our job today is to elea n the offiee.(=To elea n the office is our job today.)The n ews is very exeit in g.(How is the n ews?)They are very tired after a long walk.The door is locked now.The ehildre n are well dressed these days.5. 做定语：不定式做定语与先行词有动宾、主谓和解释先行词内容等关系。在时态上常是将来意义， 现在

18、分词做定语是现在时或进展时态意义；过去分词做定语如此是完成时态意义。此外，不定式做定语时只能后置，不可前置，而单个分词做定语可前置，分词短语做定语如此须后置。动名词做定语，须前置，且要重读，它明确先行词的用途。而分词做定语明确先行词的性质、特征和状态。a swimmi ng boy=a boy who is swimmi nga swimmi ng pool=a pool for swimmi ngthe boiling water=the water that is boilingdrinking water=water for drinkingToday I have a letter t

19、o write. Please find a man to help us.It is a good eha nee to practise your spoke n En glish.I like reading books written by Lu Xun.The woma n sta nding over there is our En glish teacher.The house to be built (=whieh will be built/whieh is to be built) n ext year will be our new library.The house b

20、eing built (=whieh is being built) now will be our new library.The house built (=whieh was built) last year is our new library now.6. 做状语：不定式和分词做状语各有不同分工。动词不定式多做目的、结果和原因状语，且多放在句末；分词可以表示时间、原因、条件、让步、方式状语，多置于句首，做伴随状语，多放 在后面。单独的动名词不能做状语，在介词后形成介词短语，从而做状语。(1) 目的状语：通常有不定式表示，由于不定式的客观性和将来性特征。不定式前还 可加上in orde

21、r, so as来加强说话的口气。但so as to通常不用于句首。The Smiths have gone to London to spe nd their holidays.I came here (in order/so as) to hear the report.In order to(不用 so as to) see better, we took front seats.(2) 时间状语：分词作时间状语相当于时间状语从句。现在分词作时间状语一般位于句首，表示的动作和谓语动词的动作同时发生，有时现在分词前可以加上时间连词。如果分词动作发生在谓语动词之前，用现在分词的完成体形式。过

22、去分词作时间状语与谓语动词构 成同时性和被动意义。分词前有时加上时间连词。Arriving (=When he arrived) at the bus stop, he found his sister there.Waiting (=When I was waiting) to see the doctor, I met with a friend of mine.Having (=Whe n we have) made full preparati ons, we are ready for an exam in ati on.Having (=Whe n he had) fini she

23、d his homework, he went to bed.After finishing his homework, he went to bed.Seen (=Whe n the tow n is see n) from the hill, the tow n looks more beautiful.Locked (=When he was looked) up in the room, he found himself isolated from the outer world.When asked to make a speech, he said he was glad to d

24、o so.Once recovered, he went all out to do his work.(3) .原因状语：不定式作原因状语往往用于形容词之后，这些形容词通常是 happy, sorry,fortunate, angry, glad, ashamed, discouraged, delighted, frightened, shocked 等。分词作原因状语 相当于原因状语从句。一般位于句首。I am sorry to hear that you are not well.I'm very sorry to have kept you waiting so long.W

25、e are greatly delighted to have a n ative as our guide.Being (=Since he was) ill all last year, he lived in a sanatorium.There being no eno ugh mon ey, he could n't buy the dicti onary that he wan ted.Having (=S ince they had) bee n asked to stay, they could n't possibly leave right away.Mov

26、ed (=As he was moved) by the heroic deeds of the PLA man, he burst into tears.(4) 条件状语：通常用分词来表示，相当于条件状语从句。一般位于句首。Turning (=If you turn) to the left , you will see the post office.Un ited (=If we are un ited), we sta nd; divided (=if we are divided), we fall.Given (=If he had been given) more time, h

27、e would be able to do better.(5) .结果状语从句：不定式作结果状语通常用于so+形容词或副词+as to, such+名词+asto, too to, eno ugh to 禾口 on ly to 等结构。现在分词作结果状语表示谓语动词的结果。He arrived late to find the train gone.I worked late into the night, only to find I had not finished half of the job.He was so friendly as to be always helpful to

28、 his neighbours.His is such a sad story as to arouse out sympathy。I ran faster tha n ever, reach ing the schoolyard quite out of breath.The man died youn g, leavi ng nothing but debt.(6) .让步状语：通常有过去分词来表示，而且前面通常有表示让步意义的though。Though woun ded, the soldier man aged to get to the village safely.Though w

29、arned of the dan ger, he still went skati ng on the thin ice.(7) .伴随或方式状语：分词作伴随状语通常位于句尾，表示谓语动词正在所处主动或 被动的状态。Chin ese bus in essme n, taxi drivers and stude nts talk with them using En glish.She came running towards us.They walked along the streets, talk ing and laugh ing. He went into the house, fol

30、lowed by some children.He con ti nued to walk up and dow n, I ost i n thought.F面是历年高考题：做做看!(78) 1. I've heard himabout you ofte n.A. spokeB. speaksC. speak(79) 2. I'm hun gry. Get me something.A. eatB. to eatC. eati ngD. for eati ng(79)3. There isn't any differe nee betwee n the two. I r

31、eally don't knowA. where to chooseB. which to chooseC. to choose whatD. to choose which(79)4, The teacher told themmake so much no ise.A. don'tB. notC. will notD. not to(79)5. I saw himout of the room.A. goB. had goneC. has gone(79) 6. I'm going to have my radioA. fixedB. to fixC. fix(80

32、) 7. The workers want ustogether with them.A. workB. worki ngC. to work(80)8. The officers n arrowly escapedin the hot battle.D.goesD. fix ingD. workedA. have killed B. to killC. to be killedD. being killed(80)9.the letter, he went out to post it,A. Writi ngB. Bei ng written C. Havi ng written D. Wr

33、itten(80)10. If you wave your book in front of your face, you can feel the airaga inst your face.A. movedB. mov ingC. movesD. to move(81) 11. Don't you remember?A. see ing the man beforeC. saw the man before 注；第11题A . D答案均为正确B. to see the man beforeD. to have see n the man before(83) 12. People

34、could n't helpthe foolish emperor in the processi on.A. laugh atB. to laugh atC. laugh ing at D. laugh ing on(83) 13. What's the Ian guage in Germa ny?A. speak ingB. spoke nC. be spoke n D. to speak(83)14. We're looki ng forwardthe photo exhibiti on.A. to visit ing B. to visitC. to havi

35、ng visited D. visit ing(83) 15. Our headmaster ofte n told usthings for gran ted.A. not to have B. not to take C. did n't take D. not to make(83) 16. The girlun der that tree is my sister.A. sitt ingB. sitsC. is sitt ingD. sat(84) 17.some officials, Napole on in spected his army.A. FollowedB. Fo

36、llowed byC. Bei ng followedD. Havi ng bee n followed by(84) 18. Do you rememberme at a party last year?A. meetB. to meetC. meet ingD. met(85) 19. This sentence n eedsC. improv ingD. improvedA. an improveme nt B. improve(85) 20. "What are you goi ng to do this morni ng?""I'm thinki

37、ng ofto visit my aun t."A. goB. goingC. havi ng gone D. my going(85) 21.anything about the accide nt ,he went to work as usual.A. Not knownB. Known notC. Knowing notD. Not knowing(85) 22. "Have you decided when?""Yes, tomorrow morni ng."A. to leave B. to be leavi ngC. will y

38、ou leave D. are you leavi ng(85)23. I really enjoythat kind of job.A. doB. doingC. to doD. to be doing(85)24. "There's a hole in your bag.""l kno w. I am going to have itA. mendB. mendingC. men dedD. to be men ded(86) 25. The next morning she found the man in bed,dead.A. lyi ngB.

39、lieC. layD. layi ng(86) 26. Tell himthe win dow.A. to shut not B. not to shutC. to not shutD. not shut(86) 27. Only one of these books isB. worth being readD. worth read ingA. worth to readC. wroth of readi ng(86) 28. He had his legin the match yesterday.A. to break B. broke nC. breakD. break ing(86

40、) 29. I ca n't imaginethat with them.A. doB. to doC. being done D. doing(87) 30. Most of the peopleto the party were famous scie ntists.A. in vitedB. to in viteC. being in vitedD. i nviti ng(87) 31. The squirrel was lucky that it just missed.A. catch ingB. to be caughtC. being caughtD. to catch(

41、87) 32. Though he had often made his little sister, today he was madeby his little sister.D. to cry; cryA. cry; to cry B. crying; crying C. cry; cryacross the en emy line.B. risk ing to goD. risk going(87) 33. They would n ot allow himA. to risk goingC. for risk to go(88) 34. She did n't remembe

42、rhim before.A. hav ing met B. have metC. to meetD. to havi ng met(88) 35. They knew her very well. They had see n herup from childhood.A. growB. grewC. was grow ingD. to grow(89) 36. Do you know the boyun der the big tree?A. layB. lai nC. layi ngD. lyi ng(89) 37. Go onthe other exercise after you ha

43、ve fini shed this one.A. to doB. doi ngC. withD. to be doi ng(89) 38.There was terrible noisethe sudde n burst of light.A. followed B. followi ngC. to be followed D. bei ng followed(89) 39. "What do you thi nk of the book?""Oh, excelle nt. It's wortha sec ond time."A. to read

44、B. to be readC. readi ngD. being read(89)40. She pretendedme whe n I passed by.A. not to see B. not see ingC. to not see D. havi ng not see n (89)41. "Good morning. Can I help you?""I'd like to have this package, madam."A. be weighed B. to be weighed C. to weighD. weighed(89)

45、 42.your coat at once. We must hurry.A. WearB. Weari ngC. Put onD. Putti ng on(90) 43. Most of the artiststo the party were from South Africa.A. in vitedB. to in viteC. being in vited D. had bee n in vited(90) 44.more atte nti on, the trees could have grow n better.D. Having give nA. Give nB. To giv

46、eC. Givi ng(90) 45. She reached the top of the hill and stoppedon a big rock by the side of the path.D. restA. to have rested B. resti ngC. to rest(90) 46. Last summer I took a course onB. how dresses be madeA. how to make dressesC. how to be made dressesD. how dresses to be made(91) 47. The murdere

47、r was brought in, with his handsbeh ind his back.A. being tied B. havi ng tiedC. to be tied D. tied(91) 48. The secretary worked late into the ni ght,a long speech for the preside nt.A. to prepare B. prepari ngC. prepared D. was prepari ng(91) 49. I can hardly imagi ne Peteracross the Atla ntic Ocea

48、 n in five days.A. sailB. to sailC. saili ngD. to have sailed(91) 50. -The light in the office is still on.-Oh, I forgotA. turni ng it offB. turn it offC. to tur n it offD. havi ng turned it off(91) 51. Joh n was madethe truck for a week as a puni shme nt.A. to washB. wash ingC. washD. to be wash in

49、g(92) 52. Little Jim should love tothe theatre this evening.A. to be take nB. to takeC. being take n D. tak ing(92) 53. -I usually go there by train.-Why notby boat for a cha nge.A. to try going B. trying to go C. to try and go D. try going(92) 54. I would appreciateback this afternoon.A. you to cal

50、l B. you callC. your calli ng D. you're calli ng(92) 55. There're so many kinds of tape- recorders on sale that I can't make up my mindtobuy.A. whatB. whichC. howD. where(92)56.a reply, he decided to write aga in.A. Not receivi ngC. Not hav ing receivedB. Receivi ng notD. Having not rece

51、ived(93)57, "Ca n't you read?" Mary saidto the notice,A.a ngrily poin ti ngB. and point an grilyC.an grily poin tedD. and angrily pointing(93)58.How about the two of usa walk dow n the garde n?A. to takeB. takeC. tak ingD. to be tak ing(93)59. The puter cen tre,last year, is very popul

52、ar among the stude nts in this school.A. ope nB. ope ningC. havi ng ope ned D. ope ned(93) 60. Charles Babbage is gen erally con sideredthe first puter.A. to inventB. inventingC. to have inven tedD. hav ing inven ted(94)61. -I must apologize forahead of time.-That's all right.A. letti ng you not

53、 knowC. lett ing you know notB. not lett ing you knowD. lett ing not you know(94)62, The missi ng boys were last seenn ear the river.A. play ingB. to be play ingC. playD. to play(94) 63.The visiti ng Min ister expressed his satisfact ion with the talks,that he had enjoyedhis stay here.A. hav ing add

54、edB. to addC. addi ngD. added(94) 64. The first textbooksfor teaching English as a foreign Ianguage came out in the 16thcen tury.A. hav ing writte n B. to be writte nC. being writte n D. writte n(95) 65.-You were brave eno ugh to raise object ions at the meet ing:-Well, now I regretthat.A. to doB. t

55、o be doingC. to have done D. havi ng done(95) 66. Paul does n't have to be made. He always works hard.A. learnB. to lear nC. learnedD. learni ng(95)67. We agreedhere but so far she has n't turned up yet.A. hav ing metB. meet ingC. to meet D. to have met(96) 68. The patie nt was warnedoily fo

56、od after the operati on.A. to eat notB. eati ng notC. not to eat D. not eati ng(96) 69.in thought, he almost ran into the car in front of him.A. Los ingB. Havi ng lostC. LostD. To lose(97) 70. I would loveto the party last night but I had to work extra hours to finish a report.A. to goB. to have gon

57、eC. goingD. havi ng gone(97) 71. The Olympic Games,in 776 B. C., did not in clude wome n players un til 1912.A. first play ingB. to be first playedC. first playedD. to be first play ing(97)72.-Alice, why did n't you e yesterday?-I, but I had an un expected, visitor.A. hadB. wouldC. was going to D. did(97) 73. The fire spread through the hotel very quickly but everyoneget out.A. had toB. wouldC. coul