专题-14-【解题技法】完形填空()

1、题型二：完形填空高考题型解题技法总论n 江苏高考完形填空考情统计与命题分析n 完形填空3大着眼点n 完形填空6大解题技巧n 完形填空解题流程n 完形填空技能训练江苏高考完形填空考情统计与命题分析江苏高考完形填空考情统计与命题分析备注 句内层次题：空格的答案由空格所在句决定的题目。 句组层次题：空格的答案由与空格相距不远的一组句子决定的题目。 语篇层次题：空格的答案由整篇文章的内涵决定的题目。选材角度01江苏高考完形填空试题共同特点体裁上，以叙为主，叙议结合。选材多为具有一定故事情节的记叙文，一般按照时间线索行文，逻辑清晰层次分明。题材上，现实生活贴近考生实际生活的语言材料文章均富有思想性和教育

2、性，通过生活琐事来预示人生哲理与人性，可读性较强。挖空角度02首先，文章首句通常不设空，目的是让考生熟悉语言环境，迅速进入主题，对文章有宏观和整体性的把握。其次，挖去的词汇以实词为主，虚词为辅。最后，具体挖空的时候遵循“重复原则”，即挖去的词通常都在保留的上下文中给出解题的线索。选项角度03江苏高考完形填空试题共同特点同一空格所对应的四个选项一般是同一词性，或在句子中充当同样的语法成分，这是拟选项时所应遵循的最基本的原则。在完形填空题中，具体的语法规则不再是考查重点，而主要考查考生对上下文的理解，要求考生通过具体的语言环境来做出选择。所以，所拟出的四个选项往往在语法方面都能成立，错误选项多半可

3、以和空前、空后的文字形成某种考生非常熟悉的固定搭配，具有很强的干扰和迷惑作用。考查角度04完形填空主要考查5个角度：上下文语义理解、语法结构及逻辑关系、习惯搭配及固定结构、词义辨析和生活常识及文化背景。完形填空3大着眼点句内层次题01完形注重考查考生在对于上下文、段落、篇章整体理解之上的各类词汇知识的掌握情况，即在语境中考查词义。几乎所有的备选项都要通过联系上文或下文而确定。因此答案有的由一个句子决定，有的由相邻不远的一组句子决定，还有的由整个语篇内容综合决定。因此，依据完形填空设题的考点层次，可将完形填空题分为句内层次题、句组层次题和语篇层次题。明确了解题着眼点，就锁定了思考范围，有利于考场

4、快速准确答题。句内层次类题目是指通过阅读空格所处的那一句话即可找出答案的题目。命题角度通常有上下文语义理解、词义辨析、生活常识和文化背景、习惯搭配及固定结构、语法结构及逻辑关系等五种。句内层次题01【典例】(2013江苏高考)One year, through a series of unhappy events, it all fell_37_. I found myself homeless and alone .37A. offBapart Cover Dout分析选B本题为句内层次题。由空前的“through a series of unhappy events”可知，作者经历了一系列

5、不幸之后，梦想破碎了。fall apart“崩溃，破碎”，故选B。句组层次题02句组层次类题目是指通过阅读空格所处的那一句话不能找出正确答案，需要结合题目所在句子以外的句子才可找出答案的题目。命题角度通常有上下文语义理解、词义辨析和逻辑关系三种。【典例】(2013江苏高考). I had my truck and $56. I 38_searched the countryside for some place I could rent for the _39_ possible amount.39A. fullest Blargest Cfairest Dcheapest分析选D本题为句组层

6、次题。由上文“I had my truck and $56”可知，作者已经几乎到了身无分文的地步。所以只能尽可能以最便宜的价格租下住处。语篇层次题03【典例】(2013湖南高考) When I was 8 years old， I once decided to run away from home. With my suitcase 36 packed and some sandwiches in a bag， I started for the front door and said to Mom， “Im leaving.”“If you want to 37， thats all ri

7、ght，” she said. “But you came into this home without anything and you can leave the same way.”The door inched open and Moms smiling face appeared.“Did you change your 47 decision about running away？” she asked.37. A. drop out B. go by C. move around D. run away分析选D本题为语篇层次题。根据第一段中的“I once decided to

8、run away from home”可知，作者是要离家出走。47空后的“running away”也是线索提示。语篇层次类题目是指无法在句内或句组确定答案，需要结合整个语篇才能找到正确答案的题目。这类题目主要考查考生的篇章分析能力。命题角度通常有上下文语义理解和逻辑关系两种。完形填空6大解题技巧利用文章首句解题(一)完形填空首句一般不设空，而首句往往是了解全文的窗口，依据首句所给的信息常常可以看出文章的体裁和背景，从而有利于快速把握文章的主旨大意。文章第一句往往是完形填空做题的切入点，开始几个空往往与首句有密切关系。【典例】(2013山东高考) I used to be a very sel

9、fcentered person， but in the past two years I have really changed. I have started to think about other people 36 I think about myself. I am happy that I am becoming a 37 person.36. A. sinceB. before C. or D. unless37. A. famous B. simple C. different D. skilled分析36、37题可利用文章首句解题。通过首句并结合全文可知，本文为记叙文，主要

10、讲述了“我”个人思想的转变。通过首句“我以前是个以自我为中心的人，但是在过去两年里我真正变了”可以推知前两空所在句的含义分别为“我开始在为自己考虑之前，先考虑他人”，“我很高兴我变成一个不同的人”。由此可知36题答案为B.before,37题答案为C.different。利用上下文语境解题(二)上下文是形成语境的基础，做题时要学会瞻前顾后，要做到词不离句、句不离段、段不离文。因为，有时如果单独看空格，看似几个选项填入空格都没有错，句子也通顺，但结合全文内容来理解，就只有一个最佳答案。【典例】(2013山东高考) At first， I just wanted to get my 39 degr

11、ee and be left alone. I thought I was smarter than everyone else， so I hardly ever 40 talked to anyone in my classes. By the end of my first semester， I was really 41 lonely. It seemed as if everyone but me had made friends and was having fun. So I tried a(n) 42 experiment. I started asking people a

12、round me how they were doing， and if they were having trouble I 43 offered to help. That was really a big 44 for me. By the end of the year， I had several new friends， and two of 45 them are still my best friends today.44. A. dream B. problem C. duty D. step利用上下文语境解题(二)上下文是形成语境的基础，做题时要学会瞻前顾后，要做到词不离句

13、、句不离段、段不离文。因为，有时如果单独看空格，看似几个选项填入空格都没有错，句子也通顺，但结合全文内容来理解，就只有一个最佳答案。【典例】分析选D本题必须结合上下文语境才能正确解题。由上文知作者以前几乎从不和班里任何人交流，而现在却主动询问别人有什么困难需要帮助，所以这对作者来说是一大“步”，所以填step。利用逻辑关系解题(三)逻辑关系隐藏在句子中、句与句之间以及段落的衔接中。利用逻辑关系，我们可以通过确切、具体的线索，把答案的逻辑意义推测出来，从而确定正确选项。【典例】(2013江苏高考)The locals knew nothing about me, _43_ slowly, the

14、y started teaching me the 44_art of being a neighbor. They dropped off blankets, candles, and tools, and began 45_sticking around to chat.43A. but Balthough Cotherwise Dfor分析选A本题可利用逻辑关系解题。句意：尽管当地人对“我”一无所知，但是慢慢地他们开始教“我”做邻居的技巧。空处前后为转折关系，故选but。利用语义复现解题(四)复现是一种语境衔接手段，它通过原词、同义词或近义词、反义词、上义词、下义词、同源词或同根词等形式

15、，重复出现来表达某一概念，使整篇文章上下连贯，有机地衔接在一起。因此，考生可根据文章的具体情况，理解文章的结构和语境，利用文章中的复现现象来选择正确的答案。利用语义复现解题(四)【典例】(2013四川高考)Even though I was used to regular insults (侮辱) because of the 11 on my head， it was 12 still horrible to hear.“But shell be 17 left with scars on her head， and of course her hair wont grow there.”A

16、s a child， I cared much about my scars， so I 18 usually wore a scarf to cover them up when I left home.11. A. hat B. scarf C. scars D. cuts分析选C利用原词复现解题法。本文后文多次出现scars一词，故C项正确。利用习惯搭配及固定结构解题(五)完形填空中经常会测试一些固定结构、固定句式，这时考生就需要用到习惯搭配及固定结构来解题。【典例】(2013安徽高考)Well， relax and laugh about your mistakes 52 youre

17、much less likely to make them again.52. A. if B. and C. but D. before分析选B本题可利用固定结构解题。此处表达的意思为“放松心态，自嘲自己的错误，这样你再次犯错的可能性就会大大降低”。此处为“祈使句and陈述句”结构，故B项符合语境。利用生活常识和文化背景解题(六)完形填空的语篇中往往渗透着相关的如文化科学、历史地理、风俗民情等方面的知识。考生在做题时，若能积极地调动自己的文化背景知识和生活常识，巧妙地加以运用，特别是注意中西文化的差异，将会大大简化复杂的分析与判断过程，节省宝贵的时间，顺利地沿作者的思路阅读下去。【典例】(2

18、012湖北高考) He agreed， but 43 added， “An odometer without a speedometer (速度计) is like a 44 without a knife.”44. A. pencil B. fork C. box D. cake分析选B利用生活常识和文化背景解题。西方人使用刀、叉吃饭为基本常识，了解西方人的生活方式是解本题的关键。完形填空解题流程先速读再巧做预测主题判断文体研读首句把握大意通读全文了解线索确定选项先易后难逐句细读边读边填，扫除句内层次题(凭语感，能填的尽量填一填)句句相连，扫除句组层次题(凭语感不能填，本句前后去找信息源)贯

19、通全篇，扫除语篇层次题(本句前后无法找到信息源， 通览全文攻难点)一般完形填空的首、尾句是不挖空的，先跳读这两句，便可判断体裁，猜想它要讲什么。若首句交代了when, where, who, what，即四个W，那么就是记叙文；若首句是提出或解释说明某事物，一般来说是说明文；若首句提出一个论点，那么就是议论文。做题要注意文章开头提示句的点题作用和短文中完整句的启示作用.首先要快速浏览全文，弄清各段落之间、各层次之间的内在联系，把握文章的主旨大意。只有这样才能为下一步的解题打下基础。大致把握了全文的大意和作者的意图之后，就可以根据上下文，选取与文意最贴切的选项。此时，应遵循先易后难的原则，对有把

20、握的选项“一锤定音”。对没有把握的选项不妨先放一放，接着往下看，往往会出现“柳暗花明”的情况。通过速读文章，了解大意后，再根据自己已有的生活常识和文化背景知识，通常可以通过阅读空格所在句子便可选出符合语境的答案，此类题大约有三分之一左右。有些题目通过空格所在句子无法确定正确选项，可以通过阅读其本段中的前后句，再结合文章主题，往往可以找出解题线索从而选出答案，此类题大约有一半左右。有些题目通过空格所在句子和其前后句无法确定正确选项，这时必须通过阅读全篇，站在整个语篇的角度才能选出正确的答案，此类题一般有四分之一。技能训练1-利用词汇复现解题1-1(2014北京高考)I was surprised

21、 and thought that she could do something in the coming43show. So, I took her to see the art teacher, Miss Parker. . . .On the day of the talent show, Suzys 47(posters) were everywhereall over the hall and all over the school, each one different. 43. A. art B. talk C. quiz D. talent 【解题思路】(1)抓中心: 文章主

22、要谈到Suzy参与活动, 展示自己的天赋, 赢得同学们的尊重。(2)找复现: 文章后面提到On the day of the talent show。故答案选D。1-2 (2014北京高考) The Fitting-in of Suzy Khan . . . She was really small for her age of 12. . . . . . I looked down at this38girl and promised myself that somehow I would help her. But how could I help her39in with us? The

23、re had to be a 40(way). 38. A. richB. proudC. tiny D. popular 39. A. come B. fallC. fit D. tie【解析】38. 选C。对于小女孩的描述在文章前面就有“She was really small for her age of 12. ”因此选C。39. 选C。作为老师, 想对Suzy提供帮助, 帮助她更好地融入学校的生活, fit in出现在文章标题处“The Fitting-in of Suzy Khan” 。技能训练技能训练2-2-利用前后照应利用前后照应解题解题2-1(2014新课标全国卷) For

24、example, on Christmas morning, children are excited about 43(playing) with their new toys. But their44soon wears off and by January those 45(same) toys can be found put away in the basement. 44. A. confidence B. interest C. anxiety D. sorrow解题步骤: (1)理逻辑: 空后的句子提到玩具被收到地下室放了起来, 说明孩子们已经不喜欢这些玩具了。(2)定答案:

25、不喜欢也就是失去兴趣, 所以选B (interest)。2-2. (2014新课标全国卷新课标全国卷)Joe Simpson and Simon Yates were the first people to climb the West Face of the Siula Grande in the Andes mountains. They reached the top21, but on their way back conditions were very22. Joe fell and broke his leg. 21. A. hurriedly B. carefullyC. su

26、ccessfully D. early22. A. difficultB. similarC. special D. normal21选选C。根据后半句中的。根据后半句中的on their way back可知可知, 此处指他们最终成功地此处指他们最终成功地(successfully)爬到爬到了山顶。了山顶。22选选A。根据下一句。根据下一句Joe fell and broke his leg. 可知可知, 此处指下山时此处指下山时, 情况变得很糟情况变得很糟, 很艰难很艰难(difficult)。 2-3. (2013江苏高考江苏高考)One year, through a series o

27、f unhappy events, it all fell 37(apart). I found myself homeless and alone. I had my truck and $56. I 38(searched) the countryside for some place I could rent for the39possible amount. 39. A. fullest B. largestC. fairest D. cheapest选选D。本段第二、三句话提到作者无家可归而且只有卡车和。本段第二、三句话提到作者无家可归而且只有卡车和56美元。只有卡车和美元。只有卡车

28、和56美元美元所以必须找最便宜的住处所以必须找最便宜的住处, 故选故选D (cheapest)。技能训练技能训练3-利用固定搭配利用固定搭配解题解题(2014江苏高考江苏高考) During this period Dale was slowly 44(developing) an inferiority complex(自自卑感卑感), which his mother knew could45him from achieving his real potential. 45. A. prevent B. protect C. save D. free 解题步骤解题步骤: (1)知句意知句意

29、: 在这期间在这期间, Dale慢慢形成了自卑感慢慢形成了自卑感, 他妈妈知道这会阻止他发挥自己他妈妈知道这会阻止他发挥自己的真正潜力。的真正潜力。(2)记搭配记搭配: prevent sb. from. . . 阻止某人阻止某人, 此处表示他妈妈清楚这种自卑感此处表示他妈妈清楚这种自卑感会阻止会阻止Dale发挥自己的真正潜力。故选发挥自己的真正潜力。故选A。3-1. (2014重庆高考重庆高考)Steve was the “18(practical)” one. He had a real gift for handling chores(家务活家务活), 19 me from unplea

30、sant repair jobs. 19. A. attracting B. shelteringC. driving D. prohibiting【解析】选【解析】选B。Steve是实干家是实干家, 包揽了家里的所有动手的活包揽了家里的所有动手的活, 使得作者不用做这一类使得作者不用做这一类让人心烦的工作。让人心烦的工作。shelter sb. from使某人避开某事。使某人避开某事。3-2. (2014四川高考四川高考)Tom saw the 17(friendly) bird several times, and she got more comfortable around him.

31、We quickly grew18of the bird and decided to call her Mildred. 18. A. careful B. tired C. fond D. sick【解析】选【解析】选C。我们很快就喜欢上了这只鸟。固定表达。我们很快就喜欢上了这只鸟。固定表达grow/be fond of喜欢喜欢, 喜爱。喜爱。技能训练技能训练4-4-利用语境条件利用语境条件解题解题4-1(2014重庆高考重庆高考) Five months after my husband Steve died, I woke up one morning to the maddening

32、 sound of a leaking faucet(水龙头水龙头). I knew it needed repairs badly, but it16me so much just to think of it. 16. A. hurt B. puzzledC. cost D. disappointed解题步骤解题步骤: (1)抓主旨抓主旨: “实干家实干家”丈夫去世引起感慨。丈夫去世引起感慨。(2)知句意知句意: 一想到漏水的水龙头需要修理就痛苦。一想到漏水的水龙头需要修理就痛苦。(3)定答案定答案: 选选A。hurt使伤心使伤心, 使痛心。使痛心。4-2(2014重庆高考重庆高考) Bu

33、t how could such a good man have his life cut short so suddenly! I had been so sad and angry that I completely20the house. That leaky faucet somehow awakened me to the fact that I now had to21the challenge of getting things fixed. 20. A. ignored B. hated C. cleaned D. missed21. A. come up with B. fa

34、ce up to C. look forward to D. step away from 20【解析】选【解析】选A。作者对这么好的丈夫过早去世太过悲伤、生气。作者对这么好的丈夫过早去世太过悲伤、生气, 以致完全忽视了这个家以致完全忽视了这个家, 不愿意去修理水龙头。不愿意去修理水龙头。21【解析】选【解析】选B。根据语境可知。根据语境可知, 现在作者下定决心去面对现实现在作者下定决心去面对现实, 迎接修理水龙头的挑战。迎接修理水龙头的挑战。face up to大胆面对。大胆面对。come up with想出想出, 提出提出; look forward to 期望期望; step away

35、from远离。远离。技能训练5-利用句子间的逻辑关系解语法结构题【典例演绎】【典例演绎】5-1. (2014天津高考天津高考) It was then25I started to appreciate the tough choices she had to make on 26(balancing) family and work. 25. A. when B. where C. which D. that解题步骤解题步骤: (1)明句意明句意: 就是在那时我开始感激她在平衡家庭和工作上所做的艰难的选择。就是在那时我开始感激她在平衡家庭和工作上所做的艰难的选择。(2)看结构看结构: 从结构分

36、析可知从结构分析可知, 本句用的是强调句结构。本句用的是强调句结构。(3)定答案定答案: 强调句为强调句为Its/was+强调内容强调内容+that. . . 故选故选D。5-2. (2013天津高考天津高考) 26(Unfortunately) , the disastrous effects of the drought were felt all over our country. It was a challenging time for everyone, 27Dad remained optimistic. 27. A. or B. for C. so D. but解题步骤解题步骤

37、: (1)抓主旨抓主旨: 根据第一句话可知根据第一句话可知, 作者父亲所居住的地区遭受了旱灾。作者父亲所居住的地区遭受了旱灾。(2)理关系理关系: 根据句意根据句意: 这对任何人来说都是一段艰难的时期这对任何人来说都是一段艰难的时期, 但是父亲很乐观。前面的但是父亲很乐观。前面的challenging time与后面的与后面的optimistic构成对比构成对比, 所以它们之间是一种转折关系所以它们之间是一种转折关系, 选选but。5-3. (2014四川高考四川高考)My husband, Tom, has always been good with animals, but I was s

38、till amazed when he befriended a female grouse(松鸡松鸡). Its 11(unusual) for a grouse to have any contact(接触接触)with people. In fact, theyre hard to spot, 12they usually fly off when they hear humans approaching. 12. A. though B. becauseC. unless D. until【解析】选【解析】选B。它们很难发现。它们很难发现, 因为它们通常听到人接近就飞走了。说明难发现的原因因为它们通常听到人接近就飞走了。说明难发现的原因, 故用故用because。 5-4. (2013北京高考北京高考)She is presently at level 7 while the highest is level 10 in gymnastics. Her52(goal)is to reach level 9. She says she wants to be a gymnastics coach to pass down what shes learned to other kids53she grows up. 53. A. un