心理学专业外语

1、心理学专业英语心理学专业英语English for PsychologyEnglish for PsychologyChapter five The cognitive approach to psychologyThe cognitive approach to psychologyvOrigins and historyvAssumptions vMethods of investigation vAreas of explanationvPractical applicationsvStrengths vWeaknesses（起源与历史）（起源与历史）（理论假设）（理论假设）（调查方法）

2、（调查方法）（阐释内容）（阐释内容）（实际应用）（实际应用）（缺点）（缺点）（优点）（优点）心理学的认知研究方法心理学的认知研究方法 cognition refers to all those processes by which sensory input is transformed, reduced, elaborated, stored, recovered and usedcognition is involved in everything a human being might possibly do. Neisser(1966)杰罗姆西摩布鲁纳（Jerome Seymour B

3、runer，1915）cognition refers to all those processes by which sensory input is transformed, reduced, elaborated, stored, recovered and usedcognition is involved in everything a human being might possibly do. Neisser(1966)认知涉及到所有这些过程：感觉输入、转换、衰减、整合、储存、恢复和运用认知可能涉及到人们做的任何事情。奈赛尔（1966）elaborate: :详细阐述；精心制作；

4、从简单成分合成详细阐述；精心制作；从简单成分合成Origins and historyvThe cognitive approach began to revolutionise psychology in the late 1950s and early 1960s, to become the dominant paradigm in the subject by the 1970s. Interest in mental processes had been gradually resurrected through the work of people like Tolman and

5、Piaget , but it was the arrival of the computer that gave cognitive psychology the terminology and metaphor it needed to ivestigate human minds. The cognitive approach began to revolutionise psychology in the late 1950s and early 1960s, to become the dominant paradigm in the subject by the 1970s.认知研

6、究方法起源于20世纪50年代末至60年代初的心理学变革，并且到20世纪70年代成为这一学科（心理学）中占支配地位的范式。 revolutionise: :彻底改变；使革命化彻底改变；使革命化paradigm: :范例；词形变化表范例；词形变化表 Interest in mental processes had been gradually resurrected through the work of people like Tolman and Piaget , but it was the arrival of the computer that gave cognitive psycho

7、logy the terminology and metaphor it needed to investigate human minds.gradually: :逐步地；渐渐地逐步地；渐渐地resurrect: :使复活；复兴；挖出使复活；复兴；挖出terminology: :术语，术语学；用辞术语，术语学；用辞metaphor: :暗喻，隐喻；比喻说法暗喻，隐喻；比喻说法经过托尔曼和皮亚杰等人的努力，心理学研究逐渐恢复了对心理过程的兴趣，但是，直到计算机时代的到来，认知心理学才获得了研究人类心理所需要的术语和隐喻。Origins and historyvCognitive psychol

8、ogy compares the human mind to a computer, suggesting that we too are information processors and that it is possible and desirable to study the internal mental processes that lie between the stimuli we receive and the responses we make. Cognition meansknowing and cognitive processes refer to the way

9、s in which knowledge is gained, used and retained.Therefore, cognitive psychologists have studied perception, attention, memory, thinking, language, and problem solving. Cognitive psychology compares the human mind to a computer, suggesting that we too are information processors and that it is possi

10、ble and desirable to study the internal mental processes that lie between the stimuli we receive and the responses we make.认知心理学把人类的大脑比作计算机，认为两者都是信息加工器，并且认为研究位于我们接收到刺激和做出反应之间的内部心理过程是可能的和值得做的。 desirable: :令人满意的；值得要的令人满意的；值得要的stimuli: :刺激；刺激物；促进因素刺激；刺激物；促进因素 Cognition means knowing and cognitive proce

11、sses refer to the ways in which knowledge is gained, used and retained. Therefore, cognitive psychologists have studied perception, attention, memory, thinking, language, and problem solving.retain: :保持；雇；记住保持；雇；记住认知的意思是“知晓”，认知过程涉及到知识的获得、使用和保持的方式。因此，认知心理学家已经研究了知觉、注意、记忆、思维、语言和问题解决。Origins and history

12、vCognitive psychology has influenced and integrated with many other approaches and areas of study to produce, for example, social learning theory, cognitive neuropsychology, and artificial intelligence. Cognitive psychology has influenced and integrated with many other approaches and areas of study

13、to produce, for example, social learning theory, cognitive neuropsychology, and artificial egrate: :使使完整；使完整；使成整体成整体认知心理学已经影响并整合了许多其他研究方法和研究领域，产生了，诸如，社会学习理论、认知神经心理学和人工智能。neuropsychology: :神经心理学神经心理学intelligence: :智力；情报工作；理解力智力；情报工作；理解力人工智能认知神经心理学AssumptionsCognitive psychologists ass

14、ume thatvmental processes can and should be investigated scientificallyvmodels of psychological functions can be proposedvresearch on these models can be carried out to confirm,refute or modify them by testing observable behaviour and conscious reportvcognitive processes actively organise and manipu

15、late information that we receive-humans are not merely passive responders to their environmentCognitive psychologists assume thatvmental processes can and should be investigated scientificallyvmodels of psychological functions can be proposed认知心理学家假设：心理过程能够并应该得到科学地研究。能够提出（拟建）心理功能模型。vresearch on thes

16、e models can be carried out to confirm, refute or modify them by testing observable behaviour and conscious report通过检验可观察的行为和有意识的的口头报告，能够对这些模型的研究进行证实、反驳或修改。vcognitive processes actively organise and manipulate information that we receive-humans are not merely passive responders to their environment认

17、知过程主动地组织和操纵我们接收到的信息人们不仅仅是他们环境的被动回应者。organise: :组织组织manipulate: :操纵；操作；巧妙地处理；篡改操纵；操作；巧妙地处理；篡改passive: :被动的，消极的；被动语态的被动的，消极的；被动语态的Methods of investigation Cognitive psychologists mostly employ a nomothetic approach to discover human cognitive processes,but have also adopted idiographic techniques at t

18、imes：vLaboratory experimentation-for example,many subjects have been exposed to memory tests under strictly controlled conditions.vCase study-Piaget studied the cognitive development of his children using the clinical interview method. Cognitive psychologists mostly employ a nomothetic approach to d

19、iscover human cognitive processes, but have also adopted idiographic techniques at times：认知心理学家通常使用常规的研究方法去揭示人们的认知过程，但有时也采用独特的技术。 Laboratory experimentation-for example, many subjects have been exposed to memory tests under strictly controlled conditions.实验室实验-例如，许多被试已经进行了在严格控制条件下的记忆测试。 Case study-P

20、iaget studied the cognitive development of his children using the clinical interview method.个案研究-皮亚杰使用临床访谈方法研究他自己孩子的认知发展。Areas of explanationCognitive psychologists have sought to explain:vmemory, e.g. Atkinson and Shiffrins multi-store model of the input,storage and loss of information,etc.vpercept

21、ion,e.g.Gregorys theory on the role of mental processes in influencing/organising visual stimulivattention,e.g.Broadbents filter modelvartificial intelligence,e.g.Rumelhart and McClellands parallel distributed network modelsvsocial cognition,e.g.the effects of stereotypes on interpersonal perception

22、vcognitive development,e.g.Piagets stage theory of cognitive developmentCognitive psychologists have sought to explain:vmemory, e.g. Atkinson and Shiffrins multi-store model of the input, storage and loss of information, etc.认知心理学家试图解释：记忆，例如阿特金森和谢弗林的信息输入、存储和丧失的多元存储模型等。vperception, e.g. Gregorys theo

23、ry on the role of mental processes in influencing / organising visual stimuli知觉，例如格雷戈里关于在影响或组织视觉刺激方面的心理加工作用的理论。vattention, e.g. Broadbents filter model注意， 例如布罗德本特的过滤器模型。filter: :过滤器；筛选；滤光器过滤器；筛选；滤光器vartificial intelligence, e.g. Rumelhart and McClellands parallel distributed network modelsparallel:

24、:平行的；类似的，相同的平行的；类似的，相同的人工智能，例如鲁梅尔哈特和麦克兰德的平行分布网络模型。distributed: :分布式的，分散式的分布式的，分散式的vsocial cognition, e.g. the effects of stereotypes on interpersonal perception社会认知，例如关于人际知觉刻板印象的影响。社会认知stereotype: :陈词滥调，老套；铅板陈词滥调，老套；铅板interpersonal: :人际的；人与人之间的人际的；人与人之间的刻板印象vcognitive development, e.g. Piagets stage

25、 theory of cognitive development认知发展认知发展，例如皮亚杰的认知发展阶段理论。Practical applications Cognitve psychology has had a broad range of applications, for example to vmemory-to help improve memory through mnemonic devices or to aid the police in eyewitness testimonyveducation-Piaget theory has been applied to im

26、prove educational techniquesvtherapy-such as the use of Elliss rational emotive therapy to restructure faulty thinking and perceptions in depression, for example. When combined to form cognitive-behavioural techniques , effectiveness is improvedvpersonality assessment-e.g. Kelleys personal construct

27、 measurement Cognitve psychology has had a broad range of applications, for example to vmemory-to help improve memory through mnemonic devices or to aid the police in eyewitness testimony认知心理学已经得到了广泛的应用，例如：记忆-通过记忆策略可以增进记忆或在目击者证词方面帮助警察。mnemonic: :记忆的；助记的；记忆术的记忆的；助记的；记忆术的eyewitness：目击者，见证人：目击者，见证人test

28、imony: :证词，证言；证据证词，证言；证据veducation-Piaget theory has been applied to improve educational techniques教育-皮亚杰的理论已被应用于改进教育技术。vtherapy-such as the use of Elliss rational emotive therapy to restructure faulty thinking and perceptions in depression, for example. When combined to form cognitive-behavioural t

29、echniques, effectiveness is improvedfaulty: :有错误的；有缺点的有错误的；有缺点的合理（理性）情绪疗法治疗-例如使用埃利斯合理（理性）情绪疗法对抑郁症患者的歪曲思维和知觉进行重建。当此疗法被结合形成为认知-行为技术时，它的效用就提高了。rational: :合理的；理性的合理的；理性的restructure: :调整；重建；更改结构调整；重建；更改结构vpersonality assessment-e.g. Kelleys personal construct measurement人格测评-例如凯利的人格建构理论。assessment: :评定；估

30、评评定；估评Strengths Cognitive psychology is probably the most dominant approach today:v It investigates many areas of interest in psychology that had been neglected by behaviourism; yet, unlike psychoanalysis and humanism, it investigates them using more rigorous scientific methods.v In contrast to the

31、biological approach , it bases its explanations firmly at a functional, psychological level, rather than resorting to reductionism to explain human behaviour.v The approach has provided explanations of many aspects of human behaviour and has had usefull practical applications.v The cognitive approac

32、h has combined with other approaches to strengthen its explanations and usefulness ,e.g. cognitive neuropsychology. Cognitive psychology is probably the most dominant approach today:vIt investigates many areas of interest in psychology that had been neglected by behaviourism; yet, unlike psychoanaly

33、sis and humanism, it investigates them using more rigorous scientific methods.认知心理学可能是现今最有优势的研究方法：它研究了许多被行为主义忽视的且在心理学中受关注的领域。还有，不像精神分析和人本主义，它研究这些领域用了更严格的科学方法。rigorous: :严格的，严厉的；严密的；严酷的严格的，严厉的；严密的；严酷的vIn contrast to the biological approach, it bases its explanations firmly at a functional, psychologi

34、cal level, rather than resorting to reductionism to explain human behaviour.与生物学的研究方法相比，它是在实用的心理学水平上以他们严谨的阐述为基础的，而不是凭借还原论去解释人类行为。resort: :凭借；求助；诉诸；采取某手段或方法凭借；求助；诉诸；采取某手段或方法reductionism: :还原论还原论vThe approach has provided explanations of many aspects of human behaviour and has had usefull practical applications.该研究方法给人类行为的很多方面提供了解释，并且得到了有效的实际运用。vTh