银行保密法对征信发展的影响

1、David MedineWilmer Cutler Pickering Hale and Dorr LLP2Credit reporting refers to the exchange of borrower payment history information between lenders征信是指贷款人之间关于借款人还款历史信息的交换 data in credit reports enables lenders to better evaluate risk 信用报告中的数据使贷款人能够更好地评价风险 provides for automation of credit decision

2、 process 为信用决策过程自动化作准备 reduces time and cost of extending credit 减少提供贷款的时间和成本 often results in: 常常导致： expansion of credit markets 信贷市场的膨胀 more competition 更多的竞争3 Bank secrecy laws protect customers from unwanted distribution of their personal financial data 银行保密法保护客户，使其个人财务数据免于不必要的散布 Can encourage d

3、eposits 能够鼓励存款 Sometimes subject to criminal penalties 有时使触犯者受到刑事处罚4Reasons for the existence of bank secrecy laws include:银行保密法存在的原因包括： Legitimate reasons, often involving concealing wealth: 合法的原因，通常涉及隐蔽财产 avoid theft, extortion and kidnapping in developing countries 避免发展中国家的偷窃，勒索和绑架 protect agains

4、t fraud 以防欺诈行为 general privacy concerns 一般的隐私考虑 Less savory: 不好的方面 tax evasion 逃避税赋 avoid legal obligations, e.g., child support or alimony 逃避法律责任，例如：孩子的抚养或赡养费 money laundering 洗钱 hide poor performing loans 隐瞒不良贷款5Credit reporting is established in virtually every developed country事实上，征信系统建立在每一个发达国家

5、But, still absent from many developing nations但是，许多发展中国家还没有Bank secrecy laws often cited as:银行保密法通常被引用作为： primary reason for the absence of credit reporting or 没有信用报告的主要原因或 for significant limitations on credit reporting 信用报告有重大局限的原因 such as information sharing being restricted to negative informati

6、on 例如：信息分享只限于负面的信息6Dataset developed on 84 countries在84个国家基础之上发展起来的数据集 Information on their legal systems, bank secrecy and data protection laws and existence of public and private credit reporting 基于这些国家的法律体系，银行保密法和数据保护法以及现存的公共和私人信用报告的信息 Includes 包括 most OECD countries 大多数经济合作与发展组织中的国家 developing c

7、ountries 发展中国家 62 have legal systems based on civil code 62个国家的法律体系建立在民法典基础上 21 are common-law jurisdictions 21个国家是根据习惯法裁判的法律体系7Civil Code countries民法典国家% Civil Code Countries民法典国家Common Law countries习惯法国家% Common Law Countries习惯法国家%Total总数No Bank Secrecy Provision没有银行保密条款1016%1257%22Bank Secrecy Pr

8、ovision有银行保密条款5384%943%62Total总数63100%21100%848Countries with Private Credit bureau有私人信用局的国家Percent with Private Credit Bureau有私人信用局的国家Countries with Public Credit Bureau有公共信用局的国家Percent with Public Credit Bureau有公共信用局的国家Total总数No Bank Secrecy Provision没有银行保密条款1777%1045%22Bank Secrecy Provision有银行保密

9、条款3048%3150%62Total总数474184975%57%100%80%75%55%0%14%59%20%0%86%0%10%20%30%40%50%60%70%80%90%100%Africa非洲Asia亚洲Eastern Europe Central Asia东欧和中亚Latin America andCaribbean拉丁美洲和加勒比海Middle East and NorthAfrica中东和北非OECD经济合作与发展组织国家% of countries in the region with bank secrecy law在地区内有银行保密法国家的% of countrie

10、s in the region with data protection law在地区内有数据保护法国家的10 No Consent 不经客户同意 With Consent 经客户同意 With Data Protection 有数据保护11Some countries have no bank secrecy law, and thus no restrictions on providing information to credit bureaus一些国家没有银行保密法，因此银行在给信用局提供信息时不受限制Other countries, such as Russia, have exc

11、eptions to the bank secrecy laws that would permit sharing without consent.像俄国等其它一些国家，它们的银行保密法例外条款允许不经客户同意就分享信息Finally, there are countries, like the United States, that permit sharing without consent, due to the existence of credit reporting laws (US had no applicable bank secrecy law pre-1999)最后，有

12、一些像美国一样的国家，由于存在信用报告法，所以允许不经客户同意就可以分享信息（1999年以前，美国没有可适用的银行保密法）12 Bank secrecy laws in many countries permit banks to obtain their customers consent to share account-related information with third parties. 实行银行保密法的许多国家都允许银行得到他们客户的同意之后来与第三方分享与客户帐户有关的信息 E.g., Egypts bank secrecy law permits disclosing a

13、ccount information with the “written permission of the customer” 例如：埃及的银行保护法允许得到“客户的笔头同意”后可以透漏客户的帐户信息13 Some countries have a strong bank secrecy law and a data protection law, which permit credit reporting without consent. 一些国家有强有力的银行保密法和数据保护法，从而允许不经客户同意的信用报告 E.g., the Czech Banking Act specificall

14、y permits the establishment of a credit reporting database that does not require consent without violating the bank secrecy provisions 例如：捷克银行法明确允许信用报告数据库的建立，只要没有违反银行保密条款就不需要经客户同意14While bank secrecy laws have been cited as the reason credit reporting bureaus cannot be established, an analysis of bank secrecy laws demonstrates:当银行保密法被引用作为信用报告局不应该被建立的原因时，一项关于银行保密法的分析证明： Some do not require consent 一些不需经客户同意 Some do not require consent because data protection laws are in place 一些由于存在数据保护法而不需经客户同意 Some permit sharing with consent 一些允许在经客户同意的情况下