动词不定式用法与专项练习

1、1动词不定式动词不定式: to+do (高二高二 2016.2)动词不定式由 “to + 动词原形”组成，是动词的一种非谓语形式。动词不定式在句中可充当主语、表语、宾语、定语、状语、宾补、主补主语、表语、宾语、定语、状语、宾补、主补。1. 动词不定式在句中的语法功能：动词不定式在句中的语法功能：(1)动词不定式（短语）作主语动词不定式（短语）作主语 To love is to be loved. 爱别人就是被人爱。 To teach is to give. 教书就是奉献。*to do 和和 v-ing 作主语时的区别作主语时的区别:Smoking is a bad habit. (v-ing

2、作主语表示习惯性动作)To stay home on such a cold night is comfortable. (动词不定式作主语表示偶然性或一次性的动作) *不定式作主语和目的状语时不定式作主语和目的状语时的区别区别。例如：To get up early does good to ones health.早起对身体有好处。 （作主语）To get up early, one must go to bed early.为了早起，必须早睡。 （作目的状语）(2) 动词不定式（短语）作宾语动词不定式（短语）作宾语I will leave it to you to make the fin

3、al decision. 我将由你来做最后的决定。(it 作形式宾语)She decided to quit her job at last. 最后，她决定辞职。*疑问词疑问词 + 动词不定式短语动词不定式短语作宾语作宾语：I dont know what to do. 我不知道该怎么办。The children are learning how to play the game. 孩子们在学做游戏。例如（NMET2000）：Ive worked with children before, so I know what _ in my new job.A. expected B. to exp

4、ect C. to be expecting D. expects (答案:B)(what to expect 在句中作 know 的宾语，而 what 作不定式 to expect 的逻辑宾语。)（四川 09） He told us whether _ a picnic was still under discussion. A. to have B. having C. have D. had (答案: A)又如：It is said that in Australia there is more land than the government knows _. A. it what t

5、o do with B. what to do it with C. what to do with it D. to do what with it答案是 C。what to do with it 作 knows 的宾语。 *注意注意:有些动词后面必须跟动名词作宾语有些动词后面必须跟动名词作宾语，平时要注意区别，进行区分。，平时要注意区别，进行区分。*forget, remember, try, regret, mean, stop 等动词后既可跟不定式又可跟动名词等动词后既可跟不定式又可跟动名词，须根据其习惯用法和语境进行取舍。例如（MET91）： The light in the off

6、ice is still on. Oh, I forgot_.A. turning it off B. turn it off C. to turn it off D. having turned it off答案是 C。forget to do 意为“忘了做（某事） ” ，forget doing“忘了做过（某事） ” ； remember 有类似的区别。类似的还有：try to do“尽力做” ，try doing“试着做” ；regret to say /tell“很遗憾地说” ，regret doing“后悔做了” ；mean to do“意欲/ 想要做” ，mean doing“意味

7、着做” ；stop to do“停下来做另外的事情” ，stop doing“停止正在做的事情” 。2(3)动词不定式（短语）作表语动词不定式（短语）作表语The most important thing for the United States to do now is to rescue the wounded. 现在，对美国来说，最重要的是抢救伤员。*注意：注意：在“形容词形容词 + 不定式不定式”结构作表语作表语、宾补宾补和定语定语时，其中形容词形容词多为表示性质的词，如：easy, hard, good, difficult, interesting 等,常常是主动式表被动。主动式

8、表被动。例如： These apples are good to eat. 这些苹果很好吃。 （作表语）作表语）I find it difficult to understand. 我发现这很难懂。 （作宾补）作宾补）He is a man easy to get on with. 他是一个容易相处的人。(作定语作定语)The box is light enough to carry. 这盒子轻得可带走。 （作表语）作表语）The future is hard to tell. 未来很难预测。 （作表语）作表语）*注意注意：All you have to do is (to) finish t

9、he job quickly. 如果主语部分有个表示不定式内如果主语部分有个表示不定式内容的容的 do, 用作表语的不定式可省略用作表语的不定式可省略 to。又如：。又如： We had nothing to do but _ (watch) TV yesterday. (答案: watch) We did nothing but _ (watch) TV yesterday. (答案: watch)(4) 动词不定式（短语）作宾语补足语。动词不定式（短语）作宾语补足语。She asked me to stay here. She encouraged me to work hard.Wed

10、love you to give us a hand. 我们想让你帮个忙。注意：注意：1)在一些动词后，用作宾语补语的动词不定式符号在一些动词后，用作宾语补语的动词不定式符号 to 要省略掉。要省略掉。这类动词包括感官动词以及使役动词，如 feel, spot, look at, listen to, observe, see, hear, watch, notice, have, make, let, get 等。但如果句子为被动语态，动词不定式（短语）为主补时，要带但如果句子为被动语态，动词不定式（短语）为主补时，要带 to。I had John fix my bike. 我让约翰修理我的

11、自行车。 They saw the boy fall suddenly from the tree. -The boy was seen to fall suddenly from the tree.Paul doesnt have to be made_ . He always works hard. (答案:B) A. learn B. to learn C. learned D. learning辨析：I heard her sing a song in the next room yesterday. (强调听歌的整个过程)（=She was heard to sing a song

12、in the next room yesterday.）I heard her sinning a song when I passed by.(强调动作正在发生)(=She was heard singing a song when I passed by.)*see, hear, notice 等的宾语后还可跟现在分词作补语，变成被动语态时仍保留分词的形式，表示正在发生的动作。例如：The missing boys were last seen _ near the river. (答案：A)A. playing B. to be playing C. play D. to play (5

13、)动词不定式（短语）作定语：动词不定式（短语）作定语： 动词不定式（短语）作定语需后置动词不定式（短语）作定语需后置。*动词不定式作定语与分词作定语的区别动词不定式作定语与分词作定语的区别:过去分词表示动作已经完成，现在分词表示动作正在发生当中，而不定式则表示将要发生的动作或状态。辨析辨析: The meeting held is important. (表示动作已经完成表示动作已经完成)3The meeting being held is important. (表示动作正在进行当中表示动作正在进行当中)The meeting to be held is important. (表示动作将要

14、发生表示动作将要发生)注意：注意： 1)当被修饰的是不定代词如当被修饰的是不定代词如 everything, anything, much, little 等等,或被修饰的名词前被形或被修饰的名词前被形容词最高级容词最高级,序数词序数词,the only 等强调结构修饰时等强调结构修饰时,非谓语动词作定语则用动词不定式。非谓语动词作定语则用动词不定式。Do you have anything to say? 你有什么要说的吗? I am afraid I cannot attend your party, for I have too many things to do.He is the o

15、nly person to know the truth. 他是唯一了解真相的人。When the question was out, he was the first one to raise his hand.他第一个举起手。He was the last to realize the importance of this problem.2)如被修饰的名词或代词是动词不定式的逻辑宾语，且动词不定式的动词是不及物动且动词不定式的动词是不及物动词词,则后面需跟成为搭配的介词。则后面需跟成为搭配的介词。 Who is the man to talk to? 要谈话的人是谁？ He is a t

16、ough teacher to deal with. 他是个很难对付的老师。I need a pen to write with. 我需要一支笔写字例如:To fetch water before breakfast seemed to me a rule_.（上海高考题 98）：A. to never break B. never to be broken C. never to have broken D. never to be breaking答案是 B，在句中作定语；由于 a rule 是不定式的逻辑宾语，所以不定式用了被动结构。又如：There are five pairs_, b

17、ut Im at a loss which to buy. （上海高考题 99）A. to be chosen B. to choose from C. to choose D. for choosing答案是 B，这是“不定式 + 介词”作定语。题意是“从五双中选一双” ，故须在choose 后加上介词 from。类似的如 a chair to sit in, a pen to write with, a topic to talk about 等。(6) 动词不定式（短语）作状语动词不定式（短语）作状语 动词不定式（短语）作状语可以表示目的，结果，原因等。 目的状语目的状语The whol

18、e family came out to see my performance. 全家人出来看我表演。 He called to say goodbye. 他打电话来道别。 结果状语结果状语We rushed to the railway station only to find (表示出乎意料表示出乎意料) the train had just left. 我们匆匆赶到火车站，结果发现火车刚刚离开了。 He studied hard only to fail. 他学习很努力，但却没及格。 She went to South China five years ago, never to ret

19、urn.她五年前去了华南，结果从未返回。 *注意：注意：doing 也可以作结果状语，但表示自然而然的结果。也可以作结果状语，但表示自然而然的结果。His parents were killed in the accident, making him an orphan.They all left, leaving me alone.4 原因状语原因状语动词不定式（短语）常跟在一些形容词后面，说明产生这些情绪的原因。这类形容词有：happy, ashamed, surprised, grieved, frightened, sorry, glad, delighted, eager, disa

20、ppointed, right, excited, ready, clever, bored 等。I am sorry to interrupt you. The father was surprised to learn that his son spent money like water. 得知儿子花钱如流水,父亲感到很吃惊。We will be very happy to work on this project with you. 和您一起合作这个项目,我们感到很高兴。 (7) 动词不定式（短语）作独立成分动词不定式（短语）作独立成分动词不定式（短语）可以用来作句子的独立成分。这些短

21、语有：to begin with（首先）, to tell the truth (truth to tell) （说实在的）, to make a long story short（长话短说）, so to speak（可以这么说）, to be brief（简言之）, to be exact（确切地说）, to be frank （坦率地说）, to do sb. justice（说句公道话）, to conclude（总而言之）等。To begin with, Id like to introduce myself to you all. 首先，我想给你们作一下自我介绍。 To be fr

22、ank with you, I dont love you any more. 老实对你说吧，我已经不再爱你了。To conclude, energy is exhaustible, so we have to preserve it for our future generations. 总而言之，能量并不是用之不竭的，因此我们必须为后代保留一些。 2 动词不定式中原形动词的省略动词不定式中原形动词的省略 为避免重复，有时可用不定式的符号 to 来代表动词不定式。-Would you like to have some coffee? 您要来点咖啡吗？ -Yes, Id like to. I

23、f you dont want to buy it, you dont need to. 假如你不想买的话，你就不要买。 注意：可以这样省略主要动词的动词不定式结构有:hope to, agree to, be willing to, want to, refuse to, fail to, manage to, would like to, offer to 等。 -Whats the matter with Della? - Well, her parents wouldnt allow her to go to the party, but she still _. （江苏09）A. h

24、opes to B. hopes so C. hopes not D. hopes for （答案：A） 一般而言，在否定结构中 to 必须保留。例如（NMET95）：The boy wanted to ride his bicycle in the street, but his mother told him _.A. not to B. not to do C. not do it D. do not to （答案：A）3. 动词不定式的否定式动词不定式的否定式: not 必须置于整个不定式结构之前必须置于整个不定式结构之前。We decided not to go there. 我们决

25、定不去那儿了。 I wished never to see him again. 我希望永不再见到她。4动词不定式的时态和语态动词不定式的时态和语态时态时态动词不定式的一般式: to do: 表示的动作与谓语动词的动作是同时发生或将在其后发生的。They are learning to sing and dance.他们在学习歌舞。 5We have to get some money to buy a TV set. 我们得赚些钱来买台电视机。 动词不定式的进行式: to be doing: 表示的动作是与谓语动词的动作同时发生的，而且正在进行中。该结构也常与 always, constan

26、tly, rapidly, fast, slowly 等副词连用。The weather seems to be improving. 天气似乎在好转。 Come on, its time to be making for (前往,走向) school. 好了，是上学的时候了。He pretended to be reading when the teacher came in.动词不定式的完成式: to have done: 表示的动作发生在谓语的动作之前。不定式的完成式常用在 be said, be reported, be considered, appear, hope, preten

27、d, seem 等以及某些情态动词后，表示对过去事情的推断或虚拟假设，例如（NMET97）：I would love_ to the party last night but I had to work extra hours to finish a report.A. to go B. to have gone C. going D. having gone答案是 B，表示与过去事实相反的虚拟愿望。He was said to have studied abroad for years. 据说他已经在外国留学多年了。I am sorry to have kept you waiting. 很

28、抱歉让你久等了。He pretended not to have seen me when passing by yesterday. 他昨天从我身边经过时假装没看到我。 语态语态 不定式的被动式被动式: to be done 如：He asked to be sent to the front. (他请求被派往前线。)I wish to be excused. 我请求原谅。This infectious disease is said to have been wiped out many years ago. 这传染病据说好多年前就已经灭绝了。Having a trip abroad is

29、 certainly good for the old couple, but it remains _ whether they will enjoy it.A. to see B. to be seen C. seeing D. seen答案是 B。因为不定式的逻辑主语 it（指出国旅游这件事）与不定式是被动关系。Little Tom would love_ to the theatre this evening. (NMET92）A. to be taken B. to take C. being taken D. taking (答案 A)Its important for the f

30、igures _ regularly. （北京 2011）A. to be updated B. to have been updated C. to update D. to have updated (答案: A)He claimed（声称）_ in the supermarket when he was doing shopping yesterday. A. being badly treated B. treating badly C. to be treated badly D. to have been badly treated根据题意，该用不定式的完成被动式，表动作发生在 c

31、laimed 之前，故答案是 D。*值得注意的是，在下列场合通常值得注意的是，在下列场合通常用不定式的主动式表被动意义用不定式的主动式表被动意义：主语+be +形容词+动词不定式 当作表语的某些形容词被动词不定式修饰时，动词不定式与句子主语之间存在着逻辑上的动宾关系，动词不定式可以用主动式代替被动式。(阅 P1)This problem is difficult to solve. 这个问题很难解决。 there + be 句型中,动词不定式用主动式来表示被动的含义。There are a lot of people (for me) to visit. There is no time to

32、 lose. 没有时间可以耽误。6“have + 宾语 + 动词不定式（作定语）”结构中当 have 表示有，而动词不定式与宾语之间存在着逻辑上的动宾关系，并且句子的主语是动词不定式动作的执行者时，动词不定式一般用主动式。I have a lot of meetings to attend this week. 本周我有许多会议要参加。 在“too to”, “ enough to” 结构中，动词不定式总是用主动语态。This problem is too easy to deal with. 这个问题处理起来很简单。 This problem is easy enough to deal w

33、ith. 这个问题处理起来很简单。 巩固练习巩固练习1.He is said to _ to his country because a new president comes into power.A. be allowed to return B. allow to return C. allow returning D. be allowed returning2.He spoke in such a high voice _ at the further end of the room.A. as to be heard B. to be heard C. as to hear D.

34、to hear3.- Why was the official meeting called? - _ new officers.A. Select B. Selecting C. To select D. To have select4. The purpose of new technologies is to make life easier, _ it more difficult. A. not make B. not to make C. not making D. dont make5. To play fair is as important as _ . A. to play

35、 well B. play well C. we play well D. playing well6. - Where should I send my form? - The Personnel Office is the place_. A. for sending it B. to send it to C. to sent D. to sent it7. A computer does only what thinking people _ . A. have it do B. have it done C. have done it D. having it done8. The

36、boy want to ride his bicycle in the street, but his mother told him _ .A. not to B. not to do C. not do it D. do not to9.- Do you work in the lab every afternoon? - No, but sometimes, I wish I _ .A. had time to B. had time to do C. have time to D. have time10. Ill do whatever I can _ my English. A.

37、improve B. to improve C. improving D. to improving11. Could you tell me the way youve thought of _ ? A. to do it B. doing it C. do it D. has to do it12. He was often listened _ in the next room. A. sing B. sung C. to sing D. to singing 13. Would you be _ shut the window? Its so cold.A. enough kind t

38、o B. kind enough not to C. kind enough to D. so kind enough as to 14. Dont take the medicine, it cant help _ rid of your cold. A. getting B. to get C. to getting D. gets15. My grandmother seems to have a lot _ . A. worry about B. to worry C. to be worried D. to worry about16. Every minutes is made f

39、ull _ of _ our lessons.A. to use, study B. use, studying C. useful, to study D. use, to study17. I would love _ to the party last night but I had to work extra hours to finish a report.7A. to go B. to have gone C. going D. having gone18. You shouldnt allow _ games near the classroom, for its too noi

40、sy.A. student playing B. play C. students to play D. to play19. The waiter was made _ to the guest. A. apologize B. apologizing C. to apologize D. to be apologizing20. Whom would you rather _ the work? A. to have to do B. to have do C. have to do D. have do21. I had meant _ on you, but I was so busy

41、. A. call B. to call C. calling D. be calling22. - Do you often have someone_ your clothes? - Yes, I often have them _ .A. wash, to wash B. to wash, washed C. washed, wash D. wash, washed23. She actually heard about it, but he pretended_ . A. to hear not B. not hearing C. to not hear D. not to 24. A

42、ll I want is _ treated as a child by the teachers and parents. A. not be B. being c. not to be D. to be not25. The last man _ the disappointing news was the patients sick father. A. knew B. knows C. to know D. knowing26. -Why did he let you repeat his instruction time and time over? - _ that I remem

43、ber what was _ after he went out. A. To make sure, to do B. Making sure, to be done C. To see to (注意,留意,关照) it, to be done D. Seeing to, done27. Pieces of bamboo or wood _ books between 2nd and 5th century AD.A. used to formed B. used to form C. were used to form D. used to be forming28. . A middle-

44、aged woman came _ to the bus stop only _ the bus had gone. A. to run, finding B. running, to find C. and ran, found D. running, find29. Smith appears _ a long time. He is impatient for my arrival. A. to wait B. to be waiting C. to have waited D. to have been waiting30. Our professor has just come ba

45、ck from aboard. He seems _ his trip very much. A. to enjoy B. to have enjoyed C. to be enjoying D. to have been enjoying31. - Why has Jack not come yet now? Anything wrong with him? - He didnt pass the test but he still _. A. hopes so B. hopes that C. hopes to D. hopes it32. The houses _ are for the

46、 teachers and the construction work will start soon. A. built B. to be built C. to build D. being built33. The last person _ the sinking ship was the captain. A. left B. leave C. to leave D. to be leaving34. - Why was he fined? - He happened to _ several flowers in the park. A. be seen pick B. be seen picking C. be caught to pick D. catch picking35. It is impossible for anyone _ these photographs before, because Mr. Newman had them developed today. A. having seen B. to have seen C. to see D. seeing1-5 A A C B A 6-10