环境工程专业英语 复习题(广石化)

1、UNIT 1Environment 环境;system 系统;pollution 污染interaction of systems 系统之间 的相互作用environmental problem环境问题 environmental disturbance环境破 坏biotic habitat生物环境 acid rain酸雨sulfur dioxide二氧化硫nitrogen oxide氮氧化物carbon dioxide二氧化碳automobile exhaust汽车尾气infectious diseases传染性疾病water-borne diseases 水传染性疾病agrarian so

2、ciety农业社会industrial society工业社会 industrial revolution 工业革命 Urbanization 城市化;industrialization 工业化developed country发达国家; developing country发展中国家; undeveloped country欠发达国家; that which we can see, hear, touch, smell, andtaste.环境 :是指我们周围的物理和生物环境,我们可以看到,听到,触到,闻到和感到这些事物。according to Wehster s dictionary,

3、is defined as “ a set or arrangement of things so related or connected as to form a unit or organic whole; as, a solar system, irrigation system, supple system, the world or universe” . 系统:根据韦氏字典,系统为相关或相联的一组或一系列事情形成一个单元或有机体,例如:太阳系,灌溉系统,供应系统和世界或宇宙。water, or land that can harmfully affect the health,

4、survival, or activities of humans or other living organisms. 污染:可以定义为空气、水或土壤的物理化学或生物特性发生恶化以至于对人类或生物有机体的健康、生 存或活性造成了危害。Two examples of interaction between systems that cause major environmental disturbances are presented-the buildup of atmospheric carbon dioxide, a global problem, and the acid rain p

5、roblem, normally of regional nature. 对各个系统间的相互作用造成了较大的环境破坏这里给出两个例子,一个是全球性问题即大气中二氧化碳的逐渐增加,另一个是酸雨问题,通常是区域性问题。With these improvements, however, have come disturbing side effects, such as lost arable land, disappearing forests, environmental pollution, and new organisms resistant to controls.尽管有这些改进,但这些

6、改进有困扰我们的副作用,如可耕地的丧失,森林的消失,环境污染和难以控制 的新有机体。Both phenomena, urbanization and industrialization, were and are fundamental causes of water and air pollution which the cities of that time were unable to handle.所有城市化和工业化现象,无论在过去还是现在都是造成在该时代不能处理的水体和大气污染的原因。 Rapid advances in technology for the treatment of

7、 water and the partial treatment of wastewater took place in the developed countries over the next few decades.接下来的十几年里,在发达国家对给水的处理和废水的部分处理方面的技术得到快速发展。UNIT 5primary air pollutant 一次大气污 染物secondary air pollutant 二次大气 污染物Monoxide 一氧化物;dioxide 二氧化物;trioxide 三氧化物carbon monoxide一氧化碳; carbon dioxide二氧化碳 s

8、ulfur dioxide二氧化硫;sulfur trioxide三氧化硫nitrous oxide一氧化二氮;nitric oxide一氧化氮;nitrogen dioxide二氧化氮carbon oxides碳氧化物sulfur oxides 硫氧化物nitrogen oxides氮氧化物Hydrocarbons 烃photochemical oxidants光化学氧 化物Particulates 颗粒物inorganic compound无机化合物 organic compound有机化合物 radioactive substance放射性物质 Heat 热Noise 噪声primary

9、 air pollutant 一次大气污 染物secondary air pollutant 二次大气 污染物Air stagnation 静风空气Soot 烟煤dust 烟尘 smog 烟雾ozone 臭氧herbicide 除草剂pesticide 杀虫剂Normal concentrations 正常浓度seriously polluted 严重污染的determining factors 决定因素photochemical oxidants光化学氧 化物liquid droplets液体液滴radioactive substance放射性物质 incomplete oxidation

10、不完全氧 化 sulfur-containing 含硫的 win erosion 风化automobile exhaust汽车尾气W hat is air pollution? Air pollution is normally defined as air that contains one or more chemicals in high enough concentrations to harm humans, other animals, vegetation or materials. There are two major types of air pollutants. A p

11、rimary air pollutant is a chemical added directly to the air that occurs in a harmful concentration. It can be a natural air component, such as carbon dioxide, that rises above its normal concentration, or something not usually found in the air, such as a lead compound emitted by cars burning leaded

12、 gasoline. A secondary air pollutant is a harmful chemical formed in the atmosphere through a chemical reaction among air components. Serious air pollution usually results over a city or other area that is emitting high levels of pollutants during a period of air stagnation. The geographic location

13、of some heavily populated cities, such as Los Angeles and Mexico city, makes them particularly susceptible to frequent air stagnation and pollution buildup.什么是大气污染?大气污染通常是指空气中一种或多种化学物质的浓度达到了有害程度, 以至于对人类、 其它动物、植物或材料造成了危害。大气污染有两大类型。一次大气污染物是指直接排放到大气中的污染 物质,其浓度达到了造成危害的程度。一次大气污染物中有的是大气中自然组成成分(如二氧化碳浓度 超过了

14、正常浓度,或一些通常大气中没有的物质如汽车使用含铅汽油时燃烧所排放的含铅化物质。二次大 气污染物是大气中自然组分在大气中相互发生化学反应所产生的有害化学物质。在城市或其他区域上空发 生的严重大气污染通常是由于在空气停滞期所排放的高浓度的污染物造成的。 一些人口非常稠密的城市 (如 洛杉矶、墨西哥的地理位置,使得他们经常特别容易受空气流动停滞和污染物增加的影响。Unit 10Contaminant 污染物Strength 浓度foreign matter杂志municipal wastewater城市污水 domestic sewage生活污水 Microorganism 微生物 Microbe

15、 微生物Bacteria 细菌Solids 固体 total solids总固体dissolved solids可溶解固体undissolved solids不溶性固体suspended solids 悬浮固体volatile suspended solids易挥发性悬浮固体inorganic constituents无机组成物heavy metal重金属organic matter有机物total organic carbon,TOC 总有机碳 TOC chemical oxygen demand,COD 化学需氧量 COD biochemical oxygen demand, BOD 生化

16、需氧量 BOD Biodegradable 可生物降解Unit 13Contamination 污染物; recontamination 再污染 Groundwater 地下水; surface water地表水 Restriction 限制Colloid 胶体Screening 格栅 Coagulation 凝聚;flocculation 絮凝Sedimentation 沉淀Filtration 过滤Disinfection 消毒Chlorination 氯化Prechlorination 预加氯Ozonation 臭氧氧化 aeration 曝气Softening 软化activated

17、carbon活性炭 Adsorption 吸附 reverse osmosis反渗透 Desalination 脱盐Unit 14microbial degradation 微生物降 解biological degradation生物降解 biofilm process生物膜工艺 activated sludge process 活性污 泥工艺attached-growth 扶着生长 suspended-growth 悬浮生长 shock loading冲击负荷organic loading有机负荷 mixed liquor suspended solids 混合悬浮固体Metabolize

18、代谢;metabolism 代谢dissolved oxygen 可溶解固体pretreatment process 预处理工艺primary clarifier初沉池equalization basin调节池biological treatment process 生物处理工艺aeration basin曝气池secondary clarifier二沉池 Biomass 生物质heterotrophic bacteria异氧菌 autotrophic bacteria自氧菌 hydraulic retention time 水力停 留时间sludge residence time 污泥龄bi

19、ological degradation 生物降解 equalization basin调节池 aeration basin曝气池Sludge flocs 上层污泥settling tank 沉淀池 dissolved oxygen 溶解氧biofilm 生物膜High biomass systems: Many current approaches to high biomass system employ a combination of fixed film suspended biomass in the process. High biomass systems have gaine

20、d a certain popularity in Europe. During the past few years, a number of investigations undertaken in the Federal Republic of Germany have been reported. Among the advantages attributed to such systems have been improvements in nitrification performance, sludge settleability, and effluent quality.高生

21、物质系统:现在很多应用在高生物质系统的方法是生物质固定膜上的组合工艺法。高生物质系统在 欧洲得到了广泛的普及,在过去的几年里,由德国联邦政府着手的大量调查研究都被报道,在这样的优势 归因于系统已经改善了硝化性能,污泥的沉降性和出水水质Reasons for selecting high biomass systems over construction of additional aeration tanks and clarifiers(or other secondary treatment process include reduced space requirements, incre

22、ased process stability, and capital/operating cost savings.选择高生物质系统的原因是在传统的曝气池和澄清池或者其他二级处理工艺的构筑物中都有减少空间的 需要,增加工艺的稳定性能和节省操作费用High biomass systems call for installation of supplemental equipment over that contained in a conventional activated sludge plant, More installed equipment generally implies mo

23、re maintenance, and, to some extent, this is true for some of the systems. In addition, the presence of both suspended and fixed biomass forms and higher biomass concentrations may require a certain level of additional operator time to achieve optimum system performance.高生物质系统需要安装辅助设备在那些常规的活性污泥厂里面,很

24、多安装的设备一般需要较多的维修费 用,在某些程度上,对于一些系统来说这是真的,除此之外,现场的悬浮和固定的生物质的形式和高生物 质浓度都需要一个合适程度的额外操作时间来达到最佳的系统性能。The presence of inert support media and higher biomass concentrations in these systems can increase overall power consumption. To achieve desired mixing patterns in retrofitted aeration tanks, power input m

25、ay have to be increased. Also, the presence of additional biomass increases system oxygen requirements which, in turn, requires additional power input. In addition, high biomass systems generally yield higher levels of nitrification, which also can affect overall power consumption. Such factors shou

26、ld be addressed when analyzing operating costs.这些系统的惰性支持介质和较高的生物量集中的出现能增加全部的耗电量。为了达到在曝气池改进理想 混合模型,输入功率可能增加。同时另外生物量的出现增加系统氧需求,依次需要额外的电源输入。除此 之外,高生物质系统一般达到较高的硝化水平,也能影响全部的耗电量。当分析操作费用的时候,如此的 因素应该被提到。Unit 18solid waste固体废弃物 Municipal 市政的 Industrial 工业的 Agricultural 农业的 Hazardous 危险的Residential 居住的Commerc

27、ial 商业的Putrescible 易腐烂的Combustible 易燃的 ; flammable 易燃的 Explosive 易爆的 Radioactive 放射性的Sources of solid wastes are, in general, related to land use and zoning. Although any number of source classifications can be developed, the following categories have been found useful: residential , commercial , mu

28、nicipal , industrial , open areas, treatment plants, and agricultural. Typical waste generation facilities, activities, or locations associated with each of these sources are presented in Table 1. The types of wastes generated, which are discussed next, are also identified.固体废弃物的来源 , 总的来说 , 与土地利用分区。

29、 虽然任何数量的源头分类可以发展起来 , 以下分类已经被 发现有用 :住宅 , 商业 , 市政、工业、在开阔地带 , 处理厂 , 农业。典型的废料的产生设施、活 动、或地点与相关各这些来源表 1给出了。废物产生的类型 , 讨论的下一步 , 也确定。Hazardous wastes chemical, biological, flammable, explosive, or radioactive wastes are classified as hazardous. Typically, these wastes occur as liquids, but they are often found in the form of gases, solids, or sludges. In all cases, these wastes must be handled an