考研15堂语法课第8堂主谓一致

1、LECTURE 8 主谓一致本堂目标熟悉谓语用单数或用复数的常见情况，掌握一些特殊的主谓一致情况以及定语从句中的主谓一致，确保写作时不出现此类错误。基础预习所谓主谓一致就是指主语的形式变了，谓语的某些部分也要随之发生变化；主语和谓语动词之间要保持“数”的一致。一、主谓一致遵循的三条原则1）语法一致原则，即谓语的单复数形式要与主语一致；2）意义一致原则，即谓语的单复数形式要与主语意义上的单复数一致；3）就近原则，即谓语的单复数形式取决于最靠近它的词语。二、谓语用单数形式主语例示时间、距离、重量、价 值、数目等名词Fifty years is only a short time in human

2、history.Two hun dred miles is a long dista nee.One dollars seems a fair price to that book.短语、不定式、句、动 名词Swimming is a good way to keep healthy.To see is to believe.百闻不如一见。Where we will in terview has n t bee n made public.-s ”结尾的学科名词Politics is the art or scienee of government.注意、:Her politics are/i

3、s weak.有物主代词修饰时单复数均可。书、报、地名、组织的 复数形式The United Nations is a world organization. The Times speaks for the British gover nment.n ews/works/corssroads/woods等复数形式表单 数概念means视情况Bad news has win gs.好事不出门，坏事传千里。 Every means has been tried to settle the problem. All means have been tried to settle the probl

4、em.并列主语指同一概念时A thief and murderer was sentenced to death.Care and patienee is needed in our work.some/a ny/no/every+thing/ one/ body/whereSomebody is looking for you. Anyone is forbidden to smoke here.each/every/no/many a + 单数名词+and+ each/every/no/many a + 单数名词Each man and each woma n was in vited t

5、o the party.No engin eer and no worker was in the workshop.Many a boy and many a girl has see n it.many a/the whole/each/ every/neither/either+ 单数 名词Many a boy has tried, but few have succeeded.The whole nation was in deep sorrow.Neither story is true.each/neither/either+of+ 名 词复数或 them, us,youEach

6、of them has a beautiful house.Neither of them is fit for the task.pair of+复数名词This pair of shoes needs mending.more tha n one+单数名词More than one soldier was killed in the battle.there be +单数名词 and +复数名词There is a book, two pen cils and three pens.one, the other, another, no one, neither 等Here is only

7、 one shoe. Where is the other ? One has to do one s best.man（人类）/the world（世 人）/clothing（衣着）Our clothing protects us from the cold.Only man knows how to cook.a series of/a species ofA series of lectures on psychology is given by Mr Smith.the nu mber ofThe number of pages in this book is nine hundred

8、.one and a half+复数名词One and a half bananas is left on the table.【例】(07-Text 3)Both the absolute cost of healthcare and the share of it borne by families have risen and newly fashionable_health-savings_plans_are_spreading from legislative halls to Wal-Mart workers, with much higher deductibles and a

9、large new dose of investment risk for families future healthcare.【点睛】第一个分句的主语是由and连接的两个并列的名词短语 (the cost and the share ),在意义上为复数，所以该分句的谓语动词也用了复数形式have risen 。后一分句的主语是health-savi ngs pla ns，也是复数形式，故谓语动词用了are spreadi ng 。【译文】保健的实际费用和家庭所要承担的份额都增加了一一而新近流行的医疗储蓄计划正 从立法大厅蔓延到沃尔玛职工，但是同时扣除条款更多了，家庭未来保健的投资风险也更高

10、了。三、谓语用复数形式主语例示the +姓的复数The Greens are going to make a trip to London.群岛/山脉/瀑布等As is known to all, the Rocky mountains stand in North America.the+folk（s）/people/police/cattle /Chinese/French等集体名词The police are sunning after the thief. The Chinese are a hard-working people.the +形容词表一类人The rich are fo

11、r the decision but the poor against it.a great/good many+复数名词A good many people were killed in this traffic accide nt.a nu mber of +复数名词A nu mber of stude nts were abse nt yesterday.【例】Back up and consider the people who have been occupying your time.冷静下来考虑一下那个 一直占据着你的时间的人A great/good many students

12、are playing basketball on the playground. 许多学生在操场上打篮 球。A number of species have disappeared from the earth. 许多物种已经从地球上灭绝了。重点讲解一、与前面主语保持一致的情况当主语由下列短语并列，或当主语后有以下词或短语时，谓语的单复数形式需与前面的主语一致：主语例示as well as 结构He as well as I wants to go boati ng.rather than 结构The officer , rather than ministers answers for i

13、t.（alo ng/together）with结构The teacher together with stude nts is visit ing the factory.such as/like结构The girl like many boys is fond of sports.such as/besides 结构Books such as this are useful for the begi nn ers.no less than= as much as禾和一样Sunshine , no less than water and air is necessary for plants.

14、but/except 连接All students except Tom speak English.Beyond连接The newly-built TV tower, as eighty-five feet tall as beyond imagination, is called “ the First Tower in Asia ”.短语作定语Every one here, in cludi ng old people likes readi ng.同位语The idea that we can buy toys is quite good.定语从句Foreigners who work

15、 in China are from Japan.【例】Her research, along with that of other psychologists, provides valuable information on how to cha nge a bad mood.【点睛】along with引起的从属结构不影响主语的单复数，谓语动词取决于第一个名词的单复数。Her research作主语，谓语动词用单数形式provides。【译文】她的研究和其他心理学家的研究一起为如何摆脱坏情绪提供了有价值的信息。、最近原则以下词或短语连接并列主语时，谓语的单复数形式随靠近它的主语变化。主语

16、例示or/nor结构You, he, or I am right.either o击构Either he or you are right.neither n结构Neither rain nor snow keeps the postman from delivering our letters which we so much look forward to receiving.雨雪都阻挡不住邮递员投递我们 急切期望收到的信件。Not only butalso 结构Not only the students but also the teacher objects to the change

17、 of the plan. 不仅同学们，连老师也反对计划的改变。There, here 弓 1起的结构中Here is a pen, a few en velops and some paper for you. 这是给你的一枝钢 笔，几个信封和一些纸张。【例】(06-Text 2)And there are the tow nsfolk who largely live off the tourists who come, not to see the plays, but to look at Anne Hathaway Cottage, Shakespearsbirthplace and

18、 the other sights.【点睛】因为townsfolk为复数名词，因此根据最近原则，在there be结构中谓语动词用了are。【译文】另一个是埃文镇民，他们的生活却更多地依赖于那些游客一一他们是来这里旅游观 光，探访莎士比亚出生地安妮哈索尔村舍及其他景点的，而不是来看戏的。三、谓语形式视主语情况而定主语例示集体名词作主语时army, class, crew, family, team, group, party, gover nment, couple, en emy, audienee, committee 等集体名词，女口果Her family is small, but t

19、he family are adveneed workers.(前者指整体，后者指个体)代表一个整体，那么谓语用单数形式； 如果强调整体中的所有成员，那么谓 语则用复数形式。Class is over and the class are all out for play.（前者指个体, 后者指整体）主语中包含分数、百 分数等时分数、百分数、half, all, part, any, some, a lot, lots, plenty, rest, most, a supply, supplies, more than + of 结构时，如果 后接可数名词单数，那么谓语动词用 单数；如果后接可数

20、名词复数，那么 谓语动词用复数；如果后接不可数名 词，那么谓语动词用单数。Forty percent of the apple has bee n eate n.Forty percent of the workers have gone home.Lots of students have gone to college.Lots of food has been carried out.名词单数+a nd+名词 单数如果两个名词所指是同一个人或同一 事物，那么谓语形式用单数；如果两 个名词所指是不冋的人或不冋的事 物，那么谓语形式用复数。Iron and steel industry pl

21、ays an important role.（主语是钢 铁业，指同一事物）The food and textile industry depend mainly on agriculture for raw material.（主语是食品 工业和纺织工业，指不同事 物）what, who, which,such等词引导的主 语常与其后的名词作表语一致。What you said is of great importa nee.What you left are only several old books.population作主语的 情况如果表语是复数名词，那么谓语也用 复数形式，否则就用单

22、数形式。The populati on of China is 1.4 billi on.80% of the population of Chi na are farmers.quantity类名词作主 语large quantities of +不可数名词，其后 的谓语用复数形式；a large qua ntity of +不可数名词，其后 的谓语用单数形式；a large qua ntity of +复数名词，其后的 谓语用复数形式。Large qua ntities of money were spe nt on the bridge.A large quantities of mon

23、ey was spe nt on the bridgeAlargequa nityofmaterials were spent on the bridge.one or two 结构作主语one or two +复数名词，其后的谓语用 复数形式。a +可数名词+ or two，其后的谓语 用单数形式。One or two days are eno ugh for them.A serva nt or two or three was to accompa ny them.In side each bag is one or two sheets of in formati on.kind, s

24、ort, type + 名 词如果限定词是单数形式，则谓语用单 数；This kind of man is dangerous.This kind of men is dangerous.如果限定词是复数形式，则谓语用复 数。Many kind of man are dan gerous.Many kind of man men are dan gerous.【例 1】（06-Text 1）By the third generation, one third of Hispanic women are married to non-Hispanics, and 41 perce nt of A

25、sia n-America n wome n are married to non-Asia ns.【点睛】该句是以 and连接的并列句。表示分数的one third of Hispa nic wome n 和表示百分数的41 percent of Asian-American women分别作两个分句的主语，遵循概念一致的原则谓语动词用复数形式are。【译文】到了第三代，西班牙移民的后裔有1/3的女性嫁给了非西班牙人，而亚裔美国女性则有41%嫁给了非亚洲人。【例2】The weeds and tall grass in that yard make the house look as if

26、it had been vacant for quite some time. （The weeds and tall grass指不同的事物， 谓语用复数 make）院子中的杂草和未修剪的 草坪使房子看起来好像很久没人居住了。The secretary and account of the company was absent at the meeting. （ The secretary and account of the company指同一人，谓语用单数was）公司的秘书兼会计没有出席会议。四、定语从句中的主谓一致当引导词在从句中作主语时，从句谓语动词的单复数应由先行词决定；引导词不

27、在从句 中作主语时，从句谓语动词的单复数应由从句的主语决定。【例1】Saga n is more concerned with those who believe in ghosts, creati on ism and other phe nomena that contradict the scientific world view.【点睛】本句中包 who引导的定语从句与that引导的定语从句，who与that在从句中均担 当主语，谓语形式由先行词those与phenomena决定，用复数。【译文】萨根更关注那些相信鬼怪、神造论及其他与科学世界观相左的现象的人。【例2】Most jour

28、nalistslearnto see the world through a set of standard templates（patterns） into which they plug each day s events.【点睛】定语从句的先行词which在从句中作宾语，从句的谓语动词形式由从句主语they决定。很多新闻记者学会了用一套标准的模板（模式）去看待世界，并把每天发生的事件插入这种模板。课堂练习难句分析1. Social scienee is that branch of intellectual enquiry which seeks to study humans and

29、their endeavors in the same reasoned, orderly, systematic, and dispassioned manner that natural scientists use for the study of natural phenomena. （03-翻译）2. If you are part of the group which you are address ing, you will be in a positi on to know the experie nces and problems which are com mon to a

30、ll of you and it llbe appropriate for you to make a passing remark about the inedible canteen food or the chairman notorious bad taste in ties. (02-Text 1)3. One of the favorite arguments brought out by the opposition in technology wars is the notion that a technical short cut is simultaneously a ki

31、nd of mental impoverishment, and that the man with the pen will think and write more effectively than the man with the Compaq.4. I believe that the most important forces behind the massive M&A wave are the same that underlie the globalization process: falling transportation and communication costs,

32、lower trade and investment barriers and enlarged markets that require enlarged operations capable of meeting customersdemands. ( 01-Passage 4)5. According to this theory ，companies that advertise their products to mass audiences must strictly deliver on their promises, and the quality of their goods

33、 must live up to the hype put out by the sellers.6. Or ， put another way， expert performers whether in memory or surgery， ballet or computer programming are nearly always made， not born. ( 07-Text 1 )7. In a recent survey ， it was found that only 24.5 percent of Japanese students were fully satisfie

34、d with school life ， compared with 67.2 percent of students in the United States. ( 00-Passage 4)8. “ None of these programs do tth，a ” says another expert.“ There s no career counseling implicitin all of this. ( 04-T”ext 1)9. The conveniences that Americans desire reflect not so much a leisurely li

35、festyle as a busy lifestyle in which even minutes of time are too valuable to be wasted.10. Claire C. Gordon, senior anthropologist at the Army Research Center in Natick, Mass., ensures that 90 percent of the uniforms and workstations fit recruits without alteration. She says that, unlike those for

36、basketball, the length of military uniforms has not changed for some time. (08-Text 3)课堂讲评1. 【分析】本句包含两个定语从句：第一个是由 which 引导的，其谓语动词与其先行词 that branch of intellectual enquiry 致，用 seeks; in the same an作从句的状语，其后的 that 引导的定语从句，修饰 the same manner。【译文】社会科学是知识探索的一个分支， 它力图像自然科学家研究自然现象那样， 用理性、 有序、系统和冷静的方式去研究人类及

37、其行为。2. 【分析】该句是 if 引导的条件句，主句是由 and 连接的两个并列分句。第一个分句含有一个which引导的定语从句，修饰the experiences and problems,该先行词的复数形式决定了谓语动词用are。第二个分句中it是形式主语，真正的主语是不定式短语to make a passingremark。【译文】 如果你是你的听众中的一员， 你就会有条件了解你们共有的经历和问题， 就适合对 食堂不堪入口的饭菜或主席对领带的低级品味发表一些看法。3. 【分析】复合句。主句主语 One of the favorite arguments 为单数形式，故谓语动词也用单 数

38、is;过去分词短语 brought out作主句主语的定语；两个 that引导的从句均作主句表语 notion 的同位语。【译文】 反对科技革新派最喜欢的论据之一就是： 人们在寻找科技作为捷径的同时， 就表现 了一种精神的贫乏。用笔的人思考和书写都要比用电脑的人有效得多。4. 【分析】复合句。句子的主干是 I believe that 。其中that引导宾语从句，forces是该从句的主语，所以从句的谓语也用了复数形式are;介词短语behind作forces的定语；从句 表语 the same 后的 that 引导一个定语从句；冒号后的内容对 forces 进行补充说明。【译文】 我认为， 隐藏在大规模的合并与收购浪潮背后的极其重要的力量， 与引起全球化进 程的力量是一致的： 交通、通讯费用的下降， 贸易和投资壁垒减少，以及市场的扩大都要求 扩大运作以满足消费者的需求。5. 【分析】并列复合句。 and 连接两个并列分句：在前一分句中， that 引导的定语从句的先 行词为主语companies,故从句的谓语动词 advertise用