大学高级英语第六册课文Paraphrase_百度文库

1、Lesson 1 Sexism in School1.Education is not a spectator sport. (p3Education is something that all students should participate in.2.When students participate in classroom discussion they hold more positive attitudestoward school, and that positive attitudes enhance learning. (p3When students particip

2、ate in classroom discussion they are more inclined to think that going to school is useful, and the positive attitudes facilitate learning.3.It is no coincidence that girls are more passive in the classroom and score lower than boyson SATs. (p3It is not surprising that the two things, namely, girls

3、being more passive in the classroom and scoring lower than boys should be causally related.4.Most teachers claim that girls participate and are called on in class as often as boys. (p4Most teachers state that girls participate and are asked to speak in class as often as boy.5.But a three-year study

4、we recently completed found that this is not true; vocally, boys clearlydominate the classroom. (p4Based on a three-year study, we found that this is not true; in terms of oral participation, boys clearly speak much more in classroom.6.When we showed teachers and administrators film of a classroom d

5、iscussion and asked whowas talking more, the teachers overwhelmingly said the girls were. (p4When we showed teachers and people responsible for the running of a school a video of a classroom discussion and asked who was talking more, the teachers almost all said the girls were.7.But in reality, the

6、boys in the film were out-talking the girls at a ratio of three to one. (p4But in reality, the boys in the video were talking more than the girls at a speed of three to one.8.Half of the classroom covered language arts and English-subjects in which girls traditionallyhave excelled; the other half co

7、vered math and science - traditionally made domains. (p5 Half of the classroom covered the skills in using the language for effective communication and literary appreciation. And girls usually do better in these subjects. The other half covered math and science which traditionally belong to male fie

8、ld.9.Our research contradicted the traditional assumption that girls dominate classroomdiscussion in reading, while boys are dominant in math. (p7Our research denied the truth of the traditional supposition that girls control classroom discussion in reading, while boys control the discussion in math

9、.10.We found that whether the subject was language arts and English or math and science, boysgot more than their fair share of teacher attention. (p7We found that whether the subject was skills in using the language for effective communication and English or math and science, boys got more teacher a

10、ttention than is supposed to be fair.11.Some critics claim that if teachers talk more to male students, it is simply because boys aremore assertive in grabbing their attention - a classic case of the squeaky wheel getting the educational oil. (p8Some critics state firmly that if teachers talk more t

11、o male students, it is simply because boys are more aggressive in catching their attention - a typical example of the notice -arresting students getting more attention from the teacher.12.However, male assertiveness is not the whole answer. (p8However, males mere assertive cannot completely answer t

12、he question.13.Girls are often shortchanged in quality as well as in quantity of teacher attention. (p10Girls are often not given enough teacher attention what they deserve in quality as well as in quantity.14.Years of experience have shown that the best way to learn something is to do it yourself;c

13、lassroom chivalry is not only misplaced, it is detrimental. (p13Years of experience have shown that the best way to learn something is to do it yourself; “let me do for you” behavior is not only improper, it is harmful.15.During classroom discussion, teachers in our study reacted to boys answers wit

14、h dynamic,precise and effective responses, while they often gave girls bland and diffuse reactions. (p13 During classroom discussion, teachers in our study reacted to boys answers with energetic, accurate and effective responses, while they often gave girls indifferent and general reactions.16.Despi

15、te caricatures of school as a harsh and punitive place, fewer than 5 percent of theteachers reactions were criticism, even of the mildest sort. (p15Although school is often mockingly described as a place where students are badly treated and often punished.17.Too often, girls remain in the dark about

16、 the quality of their answers. (p18Too often, girls are kept completely uninformed about the quality of their answers.18.Unfortunately, acceptance, the imprecise response packing the least educational punch,gets the most equitable sex distribution in classroom. (p18It is unfortunate that the least u

17、seful kind of feedback is distributed between boys and girls most impartially, while the more useful kinds of feedback are heavily biased towards boys.Thus the overall result is that the feedback boys receive much more beneficial than that for girls.19.Active students receiving precise feedback are

18、more likely to achieve academically. Andthey are more likely to be boys. (p18Any active student who receives precise feedback can achieve more in his or her studies.And boys are more likely to be active and to receive such feedback, and so are more likely to succeed.20.By high school, some girls bec

19、ome less committed to careers, although their grades andachievement-test scores may be as good as boys. (p20By high school, some girls are not so devoted to the subject they have been studying, despite their academic study as good as boys.21.Many girls interests turn to marriage or stereotypically f

20、emale jobs. (p20Many girls interests turn to marriage or jobs which are conventionally believed to be taken up by women only.22.The sexist communication game is played at work, as well as at school. (p23The conversation among people which exhibits elements of sexism not exists in the field of work b

21、ut also at school.23.Classes taught by these trained teachers had a higher level of intellectual discussi on andcontained more effective and precise teacher responses for all students. (p28Classes taught by these trained teachers had a higher level of the discussion which is full of intelligence and

22、 contained more effective and accurate teacher responses for all students.Lesson 2 Philosophers among the Carrots1.I asked myself if it was still permissible to take pleasure in the profession of housewife andnot be a traitor to the cause. (p1I was wondering whether it is possible for me to get plea

23、sure by working as a housewifewhile at the same time still devoted to the Womens Lib.2.I recalled Socrates saying that, “The unexamined life is not worth living,” and decided thatmaybe it was time to examine mine. (p1I remembered Socratessaying that, “The life of few profound consideration and caref

24、ulchoice is not a meaningful one”, and decided that maybe it was time to look at my life very carefully to see if any lessons could be drawn from it or any changes needed to be made in it.3.If I hadnt been to college, I wouldnt have been that significant analogy, I thought smugly,depositing an orang

25、e pit in the sink as I finished the salad (or did I learn that in high school?.(p2I feel proud of knowledge I have acquired from college which descend in scale. I splitted anorange pit into the kitchen sink after I had finished eating the salad. (If I didnt learn that in high school, which part of t

26、he compulsory education was, I should not feel so indebted to Womens Lib.4.Then, as I eyed a bowl of cooked carrots speculatively, sizing them up for carrot cake ofmarinated vegetable salad and opting for the cake which I knew would be seconded by my husband and sons, (p3Then, as I watched a bowl of

27、 cooked carrots thoughtfully, estimating whether they would be better for making salad, and deciding on the cake which I knew would be supported by my husband and three sons,5.I followed the train of my thoughts which was chugging off into philosophical realms led byArchimedes who said, “Any object

28、placed in a fluid displaces its weight; an immersed object displaces its volume,” (p3My thoughts, led by Archimedes, wandered away into the kingdom of philosophy. He said, “W hen an object floats on the liquid we can know its weight, which is equal to the weight of the liquid it has displaced; when

29、an object immersed in the liquid we can know its volume which is equal to the volume of the liquid it has displaced.”6.Muttering, along with Emerson, that “A foolish consistency is the hobgoblin of little minds”I dumped in a couple of spoonfuls of applesauce to make it come out right. (p3Saying in a

30、 low voice, quoting from Emerson that “To observe a rule rigidly is an abominable quality of unintelligent people” I poured a couple of spoonfuls of applesauce to taste better.7.Buddha has his Bo tree, I have my refrigerator. (p4Just as Buddha received heavenly inspiration to found Buddhism under th

31、e Bo tree, so I get new understanding about housewives and philosophy by gazing into the depth of the refrigerator.8.You cant step twice in the same river. (p4Please rest assured that what you are washing today is different from what you washedyesterday.9.I saw about me the variety in unity and unit

32、y in variety spoken of by my aestheticsprofessor. (p4I saw the principle spoken by my aesthetics professor which means to see uniformity indifferences and see differences in uniformity. Applied to my case, “unity”means that all the clothes I had to wash were dirty clothes and “variety”means that eve

33、ry piece to be washed was different from every other piece.10.I indulged in aggressive fantasies against my dear family as I picked up a necktie draped ona lamp, a pair of tennis shoes under the couch, a cache of peanut shells beneath anewspaper and remembering William James comment that “Even a pig

34、 has a philosophy,”I wondered angrily what theirs was. (p5I allowed myself to develop a lot of hostile and angry thoughts against my dear husbandand three sons when I picked up a tie draped on a lamp, a pair of tennis shoes under the couch, a secret store of peanut shells beneath a newspaper and rem

35、embering William James comment that “Even a pig has an attitude to life.” So I wondered since they were like pigs, they must have had one too. (Anyone may find an excuse for their behavior. 11.with a wave of willfulness (p6with a sudden burst of determination to go my own way12.In my present state o

36、f mind I found this the quintessence of good sense and I walked out ofhouse and into the car, leaving the breakfast dishes on the table. (p6In my present mood, I found this the best representation of human wisdom.13.I smiled enigmatically as I continued to stir the chicken soup and quoted Alexander

37、Pope,“All chaos is but order misunderstood,” then added with composure that I had purchase a new dress. (p7I smiled in a way which showed there was something secret about her when I continued tostir the chicken soup and quoted Alexander Pope, “All chaos is in fact not chaos, but is order which has b

38、een mistaken for chaos.”14.But, without becoming the least bit ruffled, I replied, in the words of Pascal, “Ah, but theheart has its reasons the mind knows not of.” (p8sometimes you do something out of emotion which is not based on any reason.15.Whatever is, is good. (p9Reality is good. It is good,

39、because everything is created by God.Lesson 3 The Power of Habit1.Habit is a second nature! Habit is ten times nature. (p1Habit is a second born quality. It is so deeply fixed that you simply follow your habit without thinking.2. the degree to which this is true no one probably can appreciate as wel

40、l as one who is aveteran soldier himself. (p1Only the experienced soldier can best recognize the truth of the dukes statement.3.The daily drill and the years of discipline end by fashioning a man completely over again, asto most of the possibilities of his conduct. (p1It takes many years of daily tr

41、aining of mind and qualities to create a completely new person, as far as his possible patterns of behavior are connected.4. a practical joke (p2sb. who plays a trick on sb. else so as to make the victim foolish5.The drill had been thorough, and its effects had become embodied in the mans nervousstr

42、ucture. (p2The training had completed in any way, and it s effects had become a part of mans nervous system.6.Rider less cavalry-horses, at many a battle, have been seen to come together and go throughtheir customary evolutions at the sound of the bugle-call. (p3Without a rider, soldier who fight on

43、 horseback at many battles, have been to gather together and take part in their habitual drills as soon as they heard sound of trumpet.7.Most domestic beasts seem machines almost pure and simple, undoubting, unhesitatinglydoing from minute to minute the duties they have been taught, and giving no si

44、gn that possibility of an alternative ever suggests itself to their mind. (p3Most beasts raised at home are completely like machines, and no doubt, never hesitate to do the duties they have been taught all the time and give no indication that they have never come up with other options.8. by his new

45、responsibilities, (p4 things he had to face or manage in the new environment,9.Habit is thus the enormous fly-wheel of society, its most precious conservative agent. (p4Habit is a regulating force that maintains established order of society and prev ents any sudden change in it.10.It alone is what k

46、eeps up all with the bounds of ordinance. (p4It keeps us all in the different professional, geographical, or social positions designated to us by law or fate.11.It alone prevents the hardest and most repulsive walks of life from being deserted by thosebrought up to tread therein. (p4Because of habit

47、, those who have been trained to work in that place since their childhood will not give up those most difficult and unpleasant occupation.12.It protects us from invasion by the natives of the desert and the frozen zone. (p4It makes the natives of the desert and the frozen zone stay in their own plac

48、e because of habit.13.It dooms us all to fight out the battle of life upon the lines of our nature or our early choice,and to make the best of a pursuit that disagrees, because there is no other for which we are fitted, and it is too late to begin again. (p4Habit determines that one will stay and wo

49、rk hard till the end of life in a disagreeable occupation which he was brought to follow or chose early in our life, and try to accept and manage it as well as he can. Because there is no other choice for which we are suitable, and it is too late to begin again.14.Although at the age of twenty-five

50、you see the professional mannerism settling down onthe young commercial traveler. (p4By age 25, your future career has been settled down and you have formed peculiar habits in work.15.You see the little lines of cleavage running through the character, the tricks of thought, theprejudices, the ways o

51、f the “shop”, in a word, from which the man can by-and-by no more16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. escape than his coat sleeve can suddenly fall into a new set of folds. (p4 You get the general idea of the traits of ones personality, the particular way of thinking, the personal preference, the ways in whi

52、ch one does ones business, they are all fixed habits. Therefore, the man cannot escape his old habits he has acquired just as his coat sleeve cannot suddenly fall into a new set of folds which has been ironed into it. It is best he should not escape. (p4 It is most desirable he should not eacape. Ha

53、rdly ever is a language learned after twenty spoken without a foreign accent; If one learns a language after the age of twenty, he will almost never sound like a native speaker, but only like a foreigner; Hardly, ever can a youth transformed to the society of his betters unclean and nasality and oth

54、er vices of speech bred in him by the associations of his growing years. (p5 Any young man who has been promoted to a higher social position may learn to give up his nasal accents and other bad habits that have been brought up in him by his early education. An invisible law, as strong as gravitation

55、, keeps him within his orbit, arranged this year as he was the last; and how his better-clad acquaintances continue to get the things they wear will be for him a mystery till his dying day. (p5 A persons old habits, as powerful as gravity, make him to take control over his behaviors It is to fund an

56、d capitalize our acquisitions, and live at ease upon the interest of the found. (p6 The calculation of good habits formed is just like the investment of money in a project, if you can form a good habit in your early years, you can benefit a lot from them and enjoy the comfortable life in the future.

57、 The more of the details of our daily life we can hand over to the effortless custody of automatism, the more our higher powers of mind will be set free for their own proper work. (p6 Most of the trivial items in our life can become a habit and can be taken of our conscious mind which therefore can

58、be used for more important task. Full half the time of such a man goes to deciding, or regretting, of matters which ought to be so ingrained in him as practically not to exist for his consciousness at all. (p6 Such man spends not less than half of his time deciding or regretting which should be deeply fixed and really should not all matters for his conscious thinking at all. Lesson 4 The Invisible Japanese Gentlemen 1. They spoke to each other rarely in their incomprehensible tongue. (p1 They hardly ever spoke during the meal, and when they did speak, they spoke in a w