跨文化交际自主学习资料.doc.gzip资料

1、跨文化交际课程自学材料Part One Defining Culture一 讨论题1. How do you think culture and communication are related?2. What are the barriers you experienced in intercultural communication? And how did you handle them?3. Work in groups to decide which of the following belong to overt culture and which to covert:A. Wh

2、at and how people eatB. How to keep healthyC. How to raise childrenD. How to do businessE. How to use timeF. How to introduce peopleG. How to participate in ceremoniesH. Rules for facial expressions and eye contactI. RitualsJ. EtiquetteK. Work speedL. What is right or wrong, beautiful or ugly, clean

3、 or dirty, good or bad, etc. M. Theories of disease, sin, death, god or gods, sanity, self, etc.4. Can you add more to the above list? Which of them do you think are more likely to cause problems in intercultural communication? And why do you think they are?二、分析、解答题Please read the following example

4、(taken from Scollon & Scollon, 2000) and study how communication is affected by culture.Two men meet on a plane from Tokyo to Hong Kong. Chu Hon-fei is a Hong Kong exporter who is returning from a business trip to Japan. Andrew Richardson is an American buyer on his first business trip to Hong K

5、ong. It Is a convenient meeting for them because Mr. Chus company sells some of the products Mr. Richardson has some to Hong Kong to buy. After a bit of conversation they introduce themselves to each other.Mr. Richardson: By the way, Im Andrew Richardson. My friends call me Andy. This is my business

6、 card.Mr. Chu: Im David Chu. Pleased to meet you, Mr. Richardson. This is my card. Mr. Richardson: No, no. Call me Andy. I think well be doing a lot of business together.Mr. Chu: Yes, I hope so.Mr. Richardson (reading Mr. Chus card ) : Chu, Hon-fei. Hon-fei, Ill give you a call tomorrow as soon as I

7、 get settled at my hotel.Mr Chu (smiling): Yes, Ill expect your call.When these two men separate, they leave each other with very different impressions of the situation. Mr. Richardson is very pleased to have made the acquaintance of Mr. Chu and feels they have gotten off to a very good start. They

8、have established their relationship on a first-name basis and Mr. Chus smile seems to 1indicate that he will be friendly and easy to do business with. Mr. Richardson is very particularly pleased that he has treated Mr. Chu with respect for his Chinese background by calling him Hon-fei rather than us

9、ing the western name, David, which seems to him an unnecessary imposition of western culture.In contrast, Mr. Chu feels quite uncomfortable with Mr. Richardson. He feels it will be difficult to work with him, and that Mr. Richardson might be rather insensitive to cultural differences. He is particul

10、arly bothered that Mr. Richardson used his given name, Hon-fei, instead of either David or Mr. Chu.How do you account for their different impressions? Does culture play a role in the communication between these two men?(You may turn to 跨文化交际自学参考答案)三、思考题：1. We have learned some characteristics of cul

11、ture. For example, culture is learned. Culture can be learned through diverse ways, proverbs being one of them. Now study the following proverbs and decide what value(s) they represent, which of them are still strong in the American culture and the Chinese culture respectively, and which dont apply

12、any longer.Proverbs1. Blood is thicker than water.2. Sauce for the goose is sauce for the gander.3. Too many cooks spoil the broth.4. The early bird catches the worm.5. God helps those who help themselves.6. Haste makes waste.7. Time is money.8. A mans home is his castle.9. Think three times before

13、you take action.10. Modesty makes you progress; conceitedness makes you lag behind.(You may turn to 跨文化交际自学参考答案)2. Read the following and think about the questions:Some years ago, several international businessmen were on a conference cruise when the ship began to sink. Go tell those fellows to put

14、on life jackets and jump overboard, the captain directed his first mate.A few minutes later the first mate returned. Those guys wont jump, he reported.Take over, the captain ordered, And Ill see what I can do.Returning moments later, he announced, Theyre gone.Howd you do it? asked the first mate.I t

15、old different things to different people. I told the Englishman it was the sporting thing to do, and he jumped. I told the Frenchman it was _; the German that it was a command; the Italian that it was _; the Russian that it was _; so they jumped overboard.And how did you get the American to jump?No

16、problem, said the captain, I told him he was _!Questions:1) Can you decide to whom each of the following words was actually used by the captain?Revolutionary forbidden chic insured2) If there had been a Chinese businessman on board, what should the captain say in order to make him jump overboard?3)

17、What do you think of the story? Does it tell you something that is true of people of those different nations?(You may turn to 跨文化交际自学参考答案)Part Two Communication and Culture一、讨论题1. Study the following two versions of the same spoken discourse presented in a business meeting between a Hong Kong Chines

18、e and an AngloNorth American businessman. Decide in small groups, which one might be given by a Chinese and which by an American. Why？A. Because most of our production is done in China now, and its not really certain how Hong Kong will be like after 1997, and since I think a certain amount of cautio

19、n in committing to TV advertisement is necessary because of the expense. So, I suggest that we delay making our decision until after Legco makes its decision.(Scollon & Scollon, 2000)B. I suggest that we delay making our decision until after Legco makes its decision. Thats because I think a cert

20、ain amount of caution in committing to TV advertisement is necessary because of the expense. In addition to that, most of our production is done in China now, and its not really certain how Hong Kong will be like after 1997.( Scollon & Scollon, 2000)(You may turn to 跨文化交际自学参考答案)2. Can you find s

21、ome cases in which 是 in Chinese does not mean “yes” in English?3. How would you put the following into Chinese?a) Do you like the new school?Yes, I will.b) Please dont say that. - Yes, I will.c) I know what he wants. - Yes? -Money!d) Waiter! - Yes, sir.e) Yes? - Id like two tickets, please.f) Everyt

22、hing will be all right soon, yes?Saying no seems to be more complicated.Sometimes no may mean maybe given the right time and circumstances. This is quite important in interpersonal relations and in politics. Look at the following sex-biased joke:Whats the difference between a lady and a diplomat?Whe

23、n a diplomat says yes, he means maybe.When a diplomat says maybe, he means no.When a diplomat says no, hes no diplomat.When a lady says no, she means maybe.When a lady says maybe, she means yes.When a lady says yes, shes no lady all!4. What are you going to do if you are in the following situations?

24、 Why or why not?A. When you are offered a drink the taste of which you find very unpleasant. 3B. When your friends ask if you will go to a picnic with them and you do not feel likegoing.C. When you are asked about the meaning of an English word that you do not know.D. When you are asked whether you

25、agree with a professors idea about learning English that you do not quite appreciateE. When you find yourself in class unable to answer the question the teacher asks you. F. When someone asks for your finished homework to copy and you do not like to comply.G. When you are asked by your parents about

26、 your problems in your studies and you do not really like to.5. Why do people in countries like Japan and China often refuse to say “no” directly?6. What problems may arise in intercultural communication because of such indirect ways of saying “no”?二、思考题1. The following are two letters, one in Chine

27、se and the other in English. Compare them to see if there is similarity in their discourse patterns.尊敬的节目主持人：我作为贵台英语教学节目和你喜欢的歌节目的忠实听众已有好几年的历史了。我认为贵台的这两个节目办得非常好。请让我做个自我介绍：我是一名中学生，今年十八岁，我的家乡是一个边疆小城，文化活动办得也不错。由于我是喜欢学习英语，所这方面的电台节目比较注意，但是因为中央人民广播电台的英语节目比较深奥，不适合我学习，所以我一直从贵台的英语节目里得到听力、会话能力训练。这种训练使我受益匪浅。随着课

28、程难度一步步的提高，我深感没有一本教材，学习回遇到很多困难。因为这个原因，我抽出时间给贵台写这封信，希望能得到一本贵台英语节目的教材。教材的费用请来信告知。另外，我希望得到贵台印制的年历，并祝您们的节目办得更加有趣。Dear Professor X,How are you? Please pardon me for bothering you while you are so busy. But there is one thing on which I need your help.I am a lover of English, but for a long time I have not

29、 been able to study English systemically. Now I am staying at home on sick leave and it occurred to me that I should take it up seriously. I went to the Foreign Language Book Store in our provincial capital and had a look. I found the English textbook, which you edited, suits my level. But the store

30、 had no tapes. Could you please tell me where I can get the tapes through mail order and how much I need to pay? Besides, the textbook has only two volumes. Is there supplementary material to accompany them? Can I get both the books and the tapes through mail order?I am almost thirty years old, but

31、learned only at secondary school. I like it very much and it will be useful for future work. So I want to begin from the beginning and I wonder if the book is right for me.I look forward to hearing from you.Questions1) What do you think of the two letters above? What do they have in common though th

32、ey are written in different languages?2) When you are making a request in English, will you do it in the Chinese way or not?2. Guess the meanings of the following statements originally intending to convey.A. Is forbidden to steal hotel towels please. If you are not a person to do such a thing is ple

33、ase not to read notice. (from a Tokyo hotel)B. The lift is being fixed for the next day. During that time we regret that you will be unbearable. (In a Bucharest hotel lobby)C. The flattening of underwear with pleasure is the job of the chambermaid. (In a Yugoslavian hotel)D. Our wines leave you noth

34、ing to hope for. (On the menu of a Swiss restaurant)E. Order your summer suit. Because is big rush we will execute customers in strict rotation. (In a Rhodes tailor shop)F. It is forbidden to enter a woman even a foreigner if dressed as a man. (In a Bangkok temple)G. Ladies are requested not to have

35、 children at the bar. (In a Norwegian cocktail lounge)H. We take your bags and send them in all directions. (In a Copenhagen airline office) I It is strictly forbidden on our black forest camping site that people of different sex, for instance, men and women, live together in one tent unless they ar

36、e married with each other for that purpose. (A sign posted in a German park)J. Specialist in Women and Other Diseases. (A sign outside a doctors office in Rome)K. Take care of the steps. (A sign in a scenic spot in China)3. What improvement will you make on the above mistranslations?4. Have you ever

37、 found some similar cases of mistranslation in our life? If you have, what are they?Part Three Comparing Cultural Patterns一、讨论题1. We know that there are quite a few questions that you are not supposed to ask in the United States and some other western countries. It is considered impolite to inquire

38、a persons age, marriage status, income, religious belief, choice in voting, property, and others. If one of your American friends shows you something that he has just bought, you will, of course, say What a nice skirt. It looks fabulous, or something like that but not inquire about the price. Of all

39、 the aspects, ones income is the top secret. People earns, except the boss. How would you account for this phenomenon? What concept is behind this? Discuss in small groups.2. Face is a very important concept in China. See how many phrases you can think that contain the term face. How important is fa

40、ce to you? Give some situations in which face is concerned. What do you think face means? Why is face important in China? Do other nations have such concept? Discuss in small groups these answers.(You may turn to 跨文化交际自学参考答案)二、分析、解答题1. Read the cases and answers the questions following each one.Duri

41、ng the American Civil War, a very hungry young man fell down in front of a farm gate. The farmer gave him food but in return he asked the young man to move a pile of wood in his yardin fact it was not at all necessary to move the wood back to 5its original place. Seeing all this, farmers son was con

42、fused.Questions:1). Why did the farmer do that?2). What values are reflected in this story?(You may turn to 跨文化交际自学参考答案)2. A letter to a columnist:Dear Mary,We work in the typing pool of a large London store and are very concerned for the welfare of one of our young colleagues.She is only 19, unmarr

43、ied, and has become very friendly with a young man who works in one of the departments of the store. He pops into the typing pool to see her and there. We know that he is engaged to a girl who lives near him.We feel for the protection of the girl, that we should complain to the general manager. But

44、we wouldnt like anybody to get the sack.Four Worried Typists The answer from the columnist:My advice is simple: Mind your own business. The girl is old enough to know what she is doing.Question:1) What value can we see behind the letter and answer?(You may turn to 跨文化交际自学参考答案)3. Read the following a

45、nd answer the questions.As a foreign student at the University of Wisconsin in Madison, Keiko Ihara was on a strict budget. She had all her tuition and books paid for by scholarships and grants and until recently was comfortably housed in the dormitory, she found a small apartment to share with a fr

46、iend. Her college friends, knowing of her situation, offered to round up some of the necessary items for apartment living. Keiko politely declined, saying she could manage. Wanting to help out her friends found some old but still usable household appliances and furniture. Mary had an old desk that w

47、as in her garage. Ed had some chairs from his uncle, and Joe and Marion had a few extra dishes. They cheerfully brought them over one day. Keiko seemed very embarrassed, but gracefully accepted them, sincerely and profusely thanked them.The following week they were each presented with a gift from Ke

48、iko. Mary got an ornate jewelry box, Ed a volume of woodcuts by a famous Japanese artist, and Joe and Marion a beautiful Japanese case, all of which were of considerable worth and value, much more than the old things they had donated to her. They all protested that she could not afford to give such

49、elaborate gifts; they really expected nothing as the household items were not really being used and they would rather have her use them. Keiko, however, insisted that they take the gifts. In the end, they accepted the gifts, although they all felt uncomfortable as they knew she was really sacrificin

50、g to give them.Questions1) What do you think of Keiko insisting on giving valuable gifts to her college friends?2) How would you feel if Keiko presented you with a gift for your help?三、思考题Identifying difference: Living situationsThe Shinkansen or blue train speeds across the rural areas of Japan giv

51、ing a quick view of cluster after cluster of farmhouses surrounded by rice paddies. This particular pattern did not develop purely by chance, but as a consequence of the technology peculiar to the growing of rice, the staple of the Japanese diet. The growing of rice requires construction and mainten

52、ance of an irrigation system, something that takes many hands to build. More importantly, the planting and harvesting of rice can only be done efficiently with the cooperation of twenty or more people. The bottom line is that a single family working alone cannot produce enough rice to survive, but a

53、 dozen families working together can produce a surplus. Thus the Japanese have had to develop the capacity to work together in harmony, no matter what the forces of disagreement or social disintegration, in order to survive.For centuries and generations these people have lived in the same village ne

54、xt door to the same neighbors. Living in close proximity and in dwellings, which gave very little privacy, the Japanese survived through their capacity to work together in harmony. In this situation, it was inevitable that the one most central social value, which emerged, the one value without which

55、 the society could not continue, was that an individual does not matter.Consider a flight over the United States. Looking out of the window high over the state of Kansas, we see a pattern of a single farmhouse surrounded by fields, followed by another single homestead surrounded by fields. In the ea

56、rly 1800s in the state of Kansas there were no automobiles. Your nearest neighbor was perhaps two miles distant; the winters were long, and the snow was deep. Inevitably, the central social values were self-reliance and independence. Those were the realities of that place and age that children had t

57、o learn to value.( From W. Ouchi: Japanese workers and American Workers: Two Casts of Mind) Questions1. The above description of the Japanese and American living situations may account for some value differenced between the two cultures. Can you find something in the traditional living situations in

58、 China that will help explain certain characteristics of the Chinese culture?2. Do you think people living in big and people living in small towns will surely be different in some value orientations? Why or why not?Part Four Comparing Cultural Values一、讨论题1. Read the following story (taken from Levire & Adelman, 1982) and think about what happened. Then rank the five characters according to whom you approve of most and whom you approve of .least, and write to explain your f