英语语法难点_第1页
英语语法难点_第2页
英语语法难点_第3页
英语语法难点_第4页
英语语法难点_第5页
免费预览已结束,剩余4页可下载查看

下载本文档

版权说明:本文档由用户提供并上传,收益归属内容提供方,若内容存在侵权,请进行举报或认领

文档简介

1、【英语】此时不倒装”,更待何时倒装句I .完全倒装完全倒装是指当某一特定内容出现在句首时,将谓语动词直接提至主语之前构成的倒装。II ) here,there, in, out, up, down, away等介词、副词放在句首时应使用完全倒装。但是使用完全倒装时应注意主语必须为名词,主语为代词时不能使用倒装句型。2) in front,in the distance, to the east of等地点状语放句首时应使用完全倒装。2.部分倒装部分倒装是指当某一特定内容出现在句首时,不能将谓语动词直接提至主语前面,而须在主语前加上助动词。(1) hardly,scarcely, barely,

2、 little, never, seldom等否定副词出现在句首时应使用部分倒装。(2) not until出现在句首时应使用部分倒装。(3) hardly/scarcelywhen,no soonerthan( 就)中 hardly, scarcely, no sooner位于句首时主句应使用部分倒装结构。(4) so (用于肯定句),neither /nor (用于否定句)表示也,出现在句首时应使用部分倒装结构。(5) only出现在句首修饰介词短语、副词和从句时应使用部分倒装结构;only修饰主语时不能使用倒装结构。(6) not onlybut also.连接两个分句且not only

3、位于句首时,第一个分句倒装,第二个分句不倒装。其 连接两个主语时不倒装。(7)在so/suchthat 结构中,当so/such出现在句首时应使用部分倒装结构。例 1 John opened the door. There stood a girl he had never seen before.以there开头的句子要用完全倒装,所以要用 there stood a girl的形式,其正常语序为a girl stood there。例 2 At the meeting place of theYangtze River and the Jialing River lies Chongqin

4、g, one of the ten largest cities in China.地点状语位于句首时要用完全倒装,该句的正常语序为Chongqing,one of the ten largest cities in China, lies at the meeting place of the Yangtze River and the Jialing River。例 3 Not until he left his home did he begin to know how important the family was for him.该句的正常语序为He didn t begin to

5、 know how important the family was for him until he left his home. , 把时间状语 not until.放在句首主句要用部分倒装。例 4 My room gets very cold at night.So does mine.so位于句首时应使用部分倒装结构,说明后面的情况与前面的一样,does替代前面的gets cold。例 5 The computer was used in teaching. As a result, not only was teachers energy saved, but also studen

6、ts became more interested in the lessons.句意:计算机应用于教学。结果,不仅教师节省精力,而且学生对课程更感兴趣。not onlybut also.连接两个分句且not only位于句首时,句子则进行部分倒装 前一部分倒装,后一部分不倒装。例 6 So sudden was the attack that the enemy had no time to escape.在 sothat 和 suchthat 引导的句子中,若so, such和与其所修饰的词置于句首,句子需要进行部分倒装;又因sudden是形容词,作表语。特殊倒装结构as (尽管)引导让步

7、状语从句时常将从句中的名词、形容词、动词或副词提至句首,从而构成特殊倒装结 构;另外 在if虚拟条件从句中,如果从句的谓语动词含有were,had, should,可以将这些词提至句首,并将 if省去,从而构成特殊倒装结构。省略与替代1 .状语从句中的省略现象:省略从句中的主语和be动词,只保留分词或不定式,此种情况适用于从句和主句的主语一致时;省略从句中的主语和be动词,保留从属连词及表语,此种情况适用于从句的主语是it时。If carefully done, the experiment is sure to succeed.句子的主语是the experiment ,从句的主语与其一致,

8、且从句中含有be动词,因此可省略从句的主语和be动词。if后接过去分词表示被动。注意:在这样的省略句中副词要放在动词的前面。2 .替代性省略:so可以替代句子,经常和 believe, think, suppose, hope等词连用;not可以用来替代一个否定结构的从句或谓语,常用于 hope, believe, think, suppose等动词之后。如:Is he coming?I hope so.【英语】高考必须要掌握的三种特殊句式第一,强调句1 .强调句的基本形式为:It is/was +被强调部分+that/who+其他部分。被强调成分一般是主语、宾语、状语,当被强调部分指人时,用

9、 that, who均可;指事物或情况时用that (被强调的是时间或地点状语时,一般不 用when, where)。强调句考查的重点是:强调句的句式变化,包括一般疑问句Is/Was it +被强调部分+that/who 和特殊疑问句 What/Who/When/Where/How/Why +is/was it+ that /who.2 .如果需要强调谓语,用助动词do, does或did。第二,反意疑问句高考对反意疑问句的考查以考查反意疑问部分的变化为主,主要集中在以下四个方面:1 .考查对含有情态动词的句子的反意疑问。这些情态动词主要有would, must, would rather,

10、used to, oughtto, had better 等。2 .考查对含有易混动词的句子的反意疑问。比如 have既可以是助动词,也可以是实义动词;need, dare既可以是情态动词,也可以是实义动词。3 .考查对祈使句的反意疑问。当主句为祈使句时,反意疑问部分用 will you。而由let 构成的祈使句,反 意疑问部分则用shall we o祈使句的形式多样,大家要注意辨别。4 .考查对there be句型的反意疑问。在 there be句型中,如果前面是肯定句,后面反意疑问部分用isn t/wasn/dren t/weren there;如果前面是否定句,后面反意疑问部分用is/w

11、as/are/were. there 。第三,祈使句、感叹句1 .要特别注意祈使句十and/or+陈述句这一句型。2 .感叹句:在由what构成的感叹句中,what修饰的中心词是名词,其结构是:What +a/an+形容词+单数可数名词十主语十谓语;What+ (形容词)十复数名词/不可数名词十主语十谓语。在由how构成的感叹句中,how修饰的中心词是形容词或副词,其结构是:How+形容词/副词十主语十谓语;How十形容词十a/an十单数可数名词十主语十谓语。【英语】倾情奉送状语从句通关锦囊,助你速通状语从句两大难点难点1目的、结果状语从句1 .引导目的状语从句的连词有:so that, in

12、 order that, for fear(that) , in case, lest等。2 .引导结果状语从句的连词有:so that, sothat, suchthat。在非正式语体中,sothat和suchthat引导句子时that可以省略,但要注意其结构形式: so+形容词/副词十that从句;so+形容词+a/an+可数名词 单数形式+that从句;so +many/much/few/little+ 名词+that从句;such +a/an+形容词+可数名词单数形式 +that从句;such+形容词+名词复数形式 坏可数名词+that从句;such +a lot of /lots o

13、f + 名词+that从句。难点2比较、方式状语从句引导比较状语从句的连词有 :than; asas; not soas; the+比较级,the+比较级。引导方式状语从句的连词有: as, as if, as though等,多放在主句之后。其中 as if或as though引导的从句 一般用虚拟语气,但如果从句中所陈述的情况很可能实现,也可用陈述语气。通关锦囊用途丰富的when和where1.whenwhen用作疑问副词,引导特殊疑问句,意为什么时间,如:When will you come back?when用作从属连词,引导时间状语从句,表示主从句的动作同时发生,在不同的语境中可有不

14、同的理解:(1)意为当的时候,可以表示时间段,也可表示时间点。(2)表示动作的突然性,意为这时突然11 o常构成以下句式: was/weredoingwhen正在 突然11 ,如:I was working in the garden when it began to rain. be about to dowhen 正要 突然11 ,如:Tom was about to close the window when his attention was caught by a bird.(3)意为既然,考虑到,相当于since,considering that ,如:How can they e

15、xpect to learn anything when they spend all their spare time watching TVwhen用作关系副词,引导定语从句,本身在从句中作时间状语,可换成介词+which,如:Sunday is the day when(=on which ) few people go to work.when用作连接副词,引导名词性从句,本身在从句中作时间状语,意为 时候,如:When he will come back is not known yet.2.wherewhere除了引导特殊疑问句以外,还可以引导下列从句:(1)引导名词性从句。whe

16、re引导主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句时,既可以表示地点概念, 还可以表示场合、形势、情况等概念。如:Where the meeting will be held is not known yet.(主语从句)I don t know where I was mistaken.(宾语从句)The question is where we can get so much money.(表语从句)The question where he has gone puzzles us.(同位语从句 )(2)引导定语从句。where引导定语从句时,既可以引导限制性定语从句,也可以引导非限制性定语

17、从句; 本身在从句中作地点状语,相当于介词+which,从句的前面不仅可以用表示地点的名词,还可以用表示场合、形势、情况等的名词来作定语从句的先行词。(3)引导地点状语从句where引导地点状语从句时,说明动作发生的地点。 where本身在从句中作地点状语。如:There were dirty marks on her trousers where she had wiped her hands.【英语】掌握名词性从句,助你华丽大转身根据在句中的功能名词性从句可分为主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句。因为它是从句,因此具有句子的特点,有主、谓成分,同时又具有名词性特点,这些从句和名词一样

18、,在句中可以充当主语、宾语(包括介词宾语和动词宾语以及某些形容词后的宾语)、表语和同位语。名词性从句是中学英语学习的重点,也是高考的主要考点之一。一、主语从句1 .分清引导主语从句的三类引导词:(1)that不充当句子成分,本身无意义,仅起连接作用,但不能省略,通常用 it作形式主语。(2)who, whom, what, which, whoever, whatever, whichever本身有意义,在句中作主语或宾语,不能省略。(3)where, when, how, why 本身有意义,在句中作状语。2 .注意 whoever, whatever, whichever 等引导主语从句的

19、含义。3 .由it作形式主语的句型(1) It + be + 形容词(obvious, natural, good, funny, etc.) +that 从句。 It + be + 名词性词组 (no wonder, an honour, a pity, no surprise, etc.)+that 从句。(3) It + be + 过去分词(said, reported, thought, expected, etc.)+ that 从句。(4) It + seem, happen等不及物动词及短语的相应形式+that从句。(5) It doesn t matter/makes no d

20、ifference, etc.+ 连接代词或连接副词引导的主语从句。注意:由what, whatever, whoever 等引导的主语从句,必须置于主句的谓语动词之前,不能用 it作形式主 语。What some people regard as a drawback is seen as a plus by many others.It is a fact that English is being accepted as aninternational language.二、宾语从句宾语从句在复合句中可以作动词的宾语,也可以作介词、某些形容词的宾与We should respect fo

21、od and think about the people who don t have what we have here and treat foodnicely.三、表语从句1. that和whether引导的表语从句that引导表语从句时,that本身没有词义,一般不可以省略(但在口语中有时也可以省略)。whether引导表语从句,表示是否,不能省略。2. if一般不用来引导表语从句,但as if却可引导表语从句,如:All this was over twenty years ago, but it was as if it was only yesterday.?3. 主语是rea

22、son时,表语从句常用 that,不用because,如:The reason why he didn t come was that he was ill.Part of the reason Charles Dickens loved his own novel, David Copperfield, was that it was rather closely modeled on his own life.四、同位语从句同位语从句一般由that (不能用which ,且that不能省略)或 whether引导,有时也可以用 when, where, how, why等引导。同位语从句常

23、放在名词的后面,解释说明该名词的具体内容。同位语从句修饰的名词必 须是一个表示事实等的抽象名词,如: fact, news, idea, truth, hope, information, belief, reply, doubt 等。The question occurred to me where we were to get the machines repaired.五、引导词whether和if的用法区别通常引导主语从句、表语从句和同位语从句时,要用连词 whether不用if;习惯上也只能说 whetherornot, 而不说 if .or not 。Whether the vis

24、iting president will come to our school is not known yet.六、先行词与同位词从句分隔的现象有时为了避免句子失衡而把同位语从句置后、谓语置前,这样就产生了先行词与同位语从句分隔的现象,此时考生要认真分析句子成分,分辨出同位语从句。News came from the school office that Wang Lin had been admitted to $2.七、that引导的同位语从句与that引导的定语从句的区别that引导同位语从句时是从属连词,只起连接作用,无意义,不充当句子成分,不可省略。而that在定语从句中为关系代词

25、,不仅起连接作用,还充当句子成分,如果在定语从句中作宾语时可省略。如:The news that Mr. Li will be our new English teacher is true.李先生将是我们的新英语老师,这个消息是真的。(同位语从句,that不可省)The news (that) he told me yesterday is true.他昨天告诉我的消息是真的。(定语从句,that在从句中作told的宾语,可省略)Information has been put forward that more middle school graduates will be admitte

26、d into universities.【英语】定语从句大看点定语从句是高中英语学习的重要语法项目之一,在高考各个题型中都有可能会涉及。它的结构和用法比较 复杂,是高中阶段英语学习的一个重点。一、关系代词 用that, which引导的定语从句1 .通常只用that的情况当先行词为all, few, little, much, anything, nothing, everything, none 等时;或者当先行词被序数词、形容 词的最高级和 all, any, few, little, no, the only, the very, the last等词修饰时,定语从句的关系代词要用 th

27、at;如果定语从句修饰两个先行词,其中一个指人,一个指物,那么定语从句的关系代词也应用thato2 .通常只用which的情况当引导非限制性定语从句,指物或指代前面整个句子的内容,或放在介词后面指物时,只能用 whichI refuse to accept the blame for something that was someone else s fault.After graduating from college, I took some time off to go travelling, which turned out to be a wise decision.二、who ,

28、whom , whose 引导的定语从句1 .如果先行词是指人的不定代词, 如:anyone, anybody, everyone, everybody, someone, somebody,nobody, one, ones, those, all 等,关系代词 在定语从句 中作主语时用 who ,作宾语时用 whom/who.2 .在非限制性岸语从句中.关系代词指人日.作丰语时用 who ,作宾语时用 whom/who.3 .在定语从句中可以作定语的关系代词只有whose ,表示物时相当于the +名词+ of + which或of +which + the + 名词”;表示人时相当于th

29、e + 名词 + of + whom或of +whom + the + 名词”。I vbecome good friends with several of the students in my school who I met in the English speech contest last year.The newly-built cafe, the walls of which are painted light green, is really a peaceful place for us, especially after hard work.三、where , when ,

30、why引导的定语从句 where , when , why的意义相当于介词+ which。具体而言, where 相当于in / at + which , when 相当于at / in / during + which , why 相当于for + which。1 .关系副词 where引导定语从句时,只能在定语从句中作地点状语,定语从句修饰的先行词必须是表示地 点的名词。2 .关系副词 when引导定语从句时,只能在定语从句中作时间状语,定语从句修饰的先行词必须是表示时 间的名词。3 .关系副词why引导定语从句时,只能在定语从句中作原因状语,定语从句修饰的先行词必须是表示原因 的名词。

31、The girl arranged to have piano lessons at the training centre with her sister where she would stay for an hour.Is this the reason he explained at the meeting for his carelessness in his work ?四、介词+关系代词”结构的用法当关系代词作介词宾语时,就出现了介词+关系代词的结构引导定语从句的现象。当先行词指物时用介词+ which,指人时用介词+ whom,且关系代词不能省略。I saw a woman r

32、unning towards me in the dark. Before I could recognize who she was, she had run back in the direction from which she had come.五、the way后面的定语从句的引导词 ?the way作先行词且其后定语从句的引导词在从句中作状语时引导 词用in which,that或者省略。He made another wonderful discovery, which I think is of importance to science.本句中的 I think 是插入语,w

33、hich引导非限制性定语从句。辨别含有插入语的定语从句正确的方法是:去掉插入语后,原句的结构仍然完整。常见的插入语有:I think(suppose, believe, imagine ) , in my opinion, to tell the truth 等。速判关系代词与关系副词做题的关键是把先行词放到从句中,看它在从句中所作的成分。1 .把先行词放到从句中后,如果不需要再添词从句就是完整的,那先行词就在从句中作主语、宾语、表语或 定语(表所属关系),此时应选择关系代词(who, whom, that , which, whose)。2 .把先行词放到从句中后,如果需要添介词才能使从句完

34、整,那么先行词在从句中作状语,应选择关系副词 (where作地点X犬语,when作时间状语,why作原因状语)【英语】突破高考考点:连词与介词第一,介词的用法1.常用介词的用法(1) though, across, over, past 的区别 through + 地点,表示从某地穿过across + 地点,表示横穿某地,或从某地内部的一边到另一边,强调在表面运动over +地点,表示跨越某地,强调经过一段距离,或不接触表面从上空越过past +地点,表示从 旁边经过(2) besides, except, but的区另Ubesides意为除之外,还有 ,后面接名词、代词、动名词作宾语,也可单

35、独使用,意为 此外。 except意为除之外,后面接名词、代词、动名词、介词短语、从句等作宾语。except for强调整体中的细节,意思是只是,前后的事物不属于同类。but意为除之外时,后面接名词、代词、动名词、动词不定式作宾语,常可与 except互换使用。2.介词短语:介词短语是指由介词+名词、代词、动名词及副词所构成的短语。考生要对常见的介词短语做至U熟能生巧, 运用自如。如 at home, on a visit, in surprise, by the way, in question 等。神奇小贴士: by用法小结1 .by the year/hour/day 按年/小时/天。如

36、:He rent a house by the year (day, hour). 但 to the pound 按磅算, to the ton 按吨计例外。2 .表泛指方式、 手段。 如: by post/mail , by telephone(radio), by electricity , by machinery, learn sth. by heart。3 .交通工具类。如:by bus/train/car/taxi(road)/bike/plane/air/ship/boat/sea/water另夕卜:by means of , byway of。4 .表方式、手段的其他介词。如:

37、 He beat the dog with a whip.(with+ 工具)One smells with his nose.(with+ 人体器官,但 by hand例外)He stood up with pride.(with+ 情绪、情感、态度的名词 )注意:使用语言、材料、文字等用in。如:in English(ink, pencil)。另外还有一些固定搭配也要用介词in,如:in high (good, low) spirits, in anger, in joy, in comfort, in sorrow, in safety, in danger, in need, in d

38、ebt, inlove, in fun, in pain, in tears, in surprise 。第二,连词的用法连词是一种虚词,它不能独立担当句子成分而只起连接词与词、短语与短语以及句与句 的作用。连词主要可分为两类:并列连词和从属连词。1 .并列连词:把平行的词、词组、分句连接起来的词或词组。常用的有: and, but, or, or else, while, not onlybut also, neither.nor, as well as, both.and 等。2 .从属连词:用以连接复合句中的主句和从句,主要为引导名词性从句和状语从句的从属连词。从属连词可以分为:(1)简

39、单从属连词: after, although, as, because, if, how, once, since, that, till, unless,until, when, whenever, where, wherever 等。(2)复合从属连词:必须加 that的从属连词:in that, so that, in order that, such that 等;that可有可无的从 属连词: now (that), providing (that), provided (that), supposing (that), granted (that), assuming (that)

40、等;必须力口 as 的从属连词: as far as, as long as, as soon as, so far as, as much,as, as if, as though 等。第三,表示时间时不用介词的情况1 .表示时间的词前有 one/any/each/every/some/all/this/that等词修饰时。如:One Saturday my mother andI were sitting together.2 .表示时间的词前有 tomorrow/yesterday/the day before/the day after 等词修饰时。如: She is going to

41、 leave for Beijing tomorrow morning.3 .当以现在为起点时,last和next前不用介词。如: They re going to meet next Wednesday.第四,使用连词时应注意的问题1 .though/although 不能与but同时连用,但可以与 yet连用。2 .because 不能与 so 连用。the reason why.is 后通常用 that 而不用 because 。注意:连词误区警示1 .for是并列连词,它所引出的理由是一种补充说明,语气很弱。其引导的分句不能放在句首。如:He mighthave gone to bed

42、, for the light went out.2 . though 和 although 引导从句时主句前不能用but。如: Although/Though he was ill, but he went toschool.(改正的方法是将 but去掉,或将 Although/Though 去掉)。3 . because , as 弓 I导原因状语从句时,主句前不能用 so。如:As / Because there are no classes tomorrow ,so they will go on a picnic.(改正的方法是去掉 As/Because 或去掉 so。)4 .当be

43、cause用来解释或说明某事时,不能用 for来代替。why开头的问句要用because来回答,而不 能用for。【英语】高考重点归纳数词与主谓一致第一,数词的基本考点1 . hundred, thousand 和 million 的用法若 hundred, thousand, million, billion 等词的前面有基数词或 several 修饰时,hundred, thousand, million, billion 等只能用单数形式;注意 hundred, thousand, million, billion 等 词前不能用many ,若表示不确定数目的数百、数千、数百万等时,要用

44、它们的复数形式,还要加上of。2 . dozen与score的用法(1)dozen (一打,十二),score (二十)与具体数词或与 many, several等连用时,后不加s,所修饰的 名词前常省去 of。 如:two dozen eggs 两打鸡蛋, many dozen pencils 好多打铅笔; dozen, score 的复数 形式后接of时,表示许多,是概数。如:dozens of eggs 几十个鸡蛋,scores of pencils 几十支铅笔。止匕 外,有数词 +score +of+ 名词”这种用法。如:two score of eggs 40 个鸡蛋,three s

45、core of people 60 个人。 (2)当所修饰的名词之前有限定词 these, those,my, your等或是修饰人称代词宾格 them, us, you 时,这时需要加 of。如:two dozen of these pens,three score of them 。3 .分数的表达法:分子用基数词,分母用序数词,若分子大于1,则分母用复数。如:one-fourth (a quarter) 1/4 two-fifths 2/54 .年龄表达法表示某人的确切年龄, 用基数词十years old或基数词十of age或者at the age of十基数词,也可直接用 基数词;表

46、示某人几十多岁时,用 in one s链十的基数词的复数(如tens, twenties, thirties 等)来表达。5 .年代表达法表示几十年代时,在阿拉伯数字后加s或s第二,主谓一致 1.名词作主语的数的问题(1)下列情况下的名词作主语时谓语动词用单数:可数名词单数;不可数名词;表示量的词当整体概念讲时; 表示时间、距离、金钱、度量、容量、书名等整体概念的名词作主语时;由and连接的两个或两个以上的单数名词作主语时,前面由不定代词every/each/no 修饰名词;and连接两个名词指同一个事物时;the number of +复数名词作主语时;*名词表整体时;动名词(短语)、不定式、从句作 主语时等。(2)下列情况下的名词作主语时,谓语动词用复数:复数名词作主语;*名词作主语强调个体时。2 .代词作主语的数的问题名词性物主代词后的谓语动词,既可以用单数,也可以用复数,这取决于它所代替的是单数还是复数。such , the same用作指示代词时,应根据其所指的内容来决定谓语动词的

温馨提示

  • 1. 本站所有资源如无特殊说明,都需要本地电脑安装OFFICE2007和PDF阅读器。图纸软件为CAD,CAXA,PROE,UG,SolidWorks等.压缩文件请下载最新的WinRAR软件解压。
  • 2. 本站的文档不包含任何第三方提供的附件图纸等,如果需要附件,请联系上传者。文件的所有权益归上传用户所有。
  • 3. 本站RAR压缩包中若带图纸,网页内容里面会有图纸预览,若没有图纸预览就没有图纸。
  • 4. 未经权益所有人同意不得将文件中的内容挪作商业或盈利用途。
  • 5. 人人文库网仅提供信息存储空间,仅对用户上传内容的表现方式做保护处理,对用户上传分享的文档内容本身不做任何修改或编辑,并不能对任何下载内容负责。
  • 6. 下载文件中如有侵权或不适当内容,请与我们联系,我们立即纠正。
  • 7. 本站不保证下载资源的准确性、安全性和完整性, 同时也不承担用户因使用这些下载资源对自己和他人造成任何形式的伤害或损失。

评论

0/150

提交评论