支持弹性思维

1、Foundations in the Material Environments of Aging 老龄人物质环境基础Chapter 4: Supporting the Elastic Mind 第四章:支持弹性思维Dr Megan StrickfadenDepartment of Human EcologyUniversity of AlbertaforYunshi International Education Technology (Beijing) Co. Ltd.theory boxNeuroplasticity (1900 to present)The theory of neur

2、oplasticity was first presented through the field of psychology where scholars suggested that the human brain was capable of reorganization. Many decades later, neuroscientists began research into people who had strokes and those who had brain injuries and discovered that a full recovery of language

3、 and physical impairments are possible within a relatively short period of time. The name neuroplasticity is a compound of two words: neurons and plastic. A neuron is a nerve cell in the brain made up of axon, dendrites and linked together by synapses. If something is plastic it can be modified, mol

4、ded, sculpted or changed. Neuroplasticity tells us that the brain is able to create new pathways and to adapt towards new needs, desires, wants, and expectations. Furthermore, recent research shows that the brain is able to actually generate new cells and new neural pathways. This cutting edge resea

5、rch also indicates that people can continue to generate new brain cells and neural pathways throughout their lives, even after a brain incident or injury. According to this theory, neural pathways can be trained or retrained to learn new things or learn other things better. Essentially, specific int

6、erventions (e.g., behavior, environmental stimuli, activities) can be used to sharpen desired skills by aiding in creating new neural connections. Neuropathic changes can occur on small scales, such as physical changes to individual neurons, or at the whole-brain level, such as cortical remapping in

7、 response to brain injury. Specific interventions include:· Fitness, exercise and kinesiology· Activity-dependent plasticity· Environmental enrichment and stimulation· Meditation· Functional electrical stimulation· Virtual reality therapyOn a fundamental level, fitness,

8、 exercise and kinesiology are about functioning, movements and performances. There are various ways to use fitness, exercise and kinesiology towards altered brain health including constant induced movement therapy, where affected limbs are put through actions people can no longer perform from memory

9、. Further, aerobic exercise such as repetitive motor actions (i.e., many different ways to reach the same end point through different movements and gestures) helps with executive function, cognitive motor control, motor malfunction, and aids towards retraining the brain. Activity-dependent plasticit

10、y uses specific activitiesoften those that are very ordinary such as crawling, washing, and cookingto aid in restructuring the brain after a disruptive incident such as a stroke. Activity-dependent plasticity acknowledges that cognitive functions and personal experience are conjoined and that one se

11、nse can be used to improve another. Activity-based plasticity plays a large role in learning and abilities are developed to understand new things, form new memories, adapt towards forgotten aspects of living and develop new functions. It is believed that environmental enrichment and stimulation come

12、s directly from physical and environmental surroundings and that a richer environment leads to more complex dendrite arbors and increased brain activity. It is well-known that with children, lack of stimulation delays and impairs cognitive development. Researchers have also found that brain-related

13、dysfunctions such as Alzheimers disease are affected by environmental enrichment and stimulation. Environmental enrichment and stimulation leads to greater cognitive reserve, resilience of the brain, and enriched motor skills. Meditation is a key intervention that can be used to augment attention an

14、d dispel anxiety, depression, fear and anger. Meditation is also known to support the body to heal itself. Functional electrical stimulation is when small electrical pulses are applied to paralyzed muscles to restore or improve functioning. Functional electrical stimulation is known to assist people

15、 with breathing, grasping, transferring, standing, and walking. Virtual reality therapy involves the use of computer-generated environments to give people simulated experiences. Often these include visual immersion devices that can be adjusted in various ways such as determining triggers and reactio

16、ns of people, controlling the intensity of smells, adding vibrations, and more.理论盒子神经可塑性(1900年至今)神经可塑性理论通过心理学领域被首次提出，在这其中，学者提出人类大脑有重新组织的能力。许多年后，神经学家开始对患有中风和那些遭受脑损伤的人群进行研究，并发现在相对短的时间中，语言和身体损伤的完全恢复是有可能的。神经可塑性这个名称是由两个词组成：神经元和可塑的。一个神经元是在大脑中的神经细胞，由轴突、树突所组成，并通过突触连接在一起。如果某些东西是可塑的，它便能够被修改、成型、雕刻或改变。神经可塑性告诉我们

17、大脑是能够创造新的通路，并能适应新需求、欲望、愿望和期待。此外，近期研究表面大脑能实际产生新细胞和新神经通路。这项先进的研究也表明人在其一生中，能不断产生新的脑细胞和神经通路，即便是在经历大脑事故或损伤后。根据这个理论，神经通路可以被训练或重新训练，以此来学习新的事情或更好地学习新的其他事情。本质上，通过帮助创造新的神经连接，特定的干预（如行为、环境模拟、活动）可以被用来强化所需技能。神经性的改变可以发生在小的范围，比如从身体变化到单个神经元，或在整个大脑的层面，比如大脑损伤相应的皮质映射。特定的干预措施包括：· 健身、锻炼和运动机能学· 活动依赖可塑性· 环境富

18、集和刺激· 冥想· 功能性电刺激· 虚拟现实疗法 在一个基本的层面，健身、锻炼和运动机能学是关于机能、移动和表演。对于已改变的大脑健康，有各种方式可以使用健身、锻炼和运动机能学，包括不断的诱导运动疗法。在该疗法中，患肢经受人们无法从记忆中完成的动作。此外，有氧运动，比如反复的运动动作（如通过不同动作和姿势在到达相同终点的许多不同方式）有助于执行功能、认知的运动控制、运动障碍，和帮助重新训练大脑。活动依赖可塑性使用特定活动通常是那些非常普通的活动，比如爬行、洗涤，和烹饪来帮助在破坏性事件（如中风）后的大脑重建。活动依赖可塑性认识到认知功能和个人经历是结合的，并且一种感觉能被用来提高另一种。活动依赖可塑性在学习中起到重要作用，并且发展了能力，如理解新事物、形成新记忆、适应已遗忘的生活方面和发展新功能。.据认为，环境富集和刺激是直接来自于物理的和环境的周围事物，并且一个更富集的环境能引起一个更复杂的树突轴和大脑活动的增加。众所周知的是，对