英语基础复习资料胡彩芸

1、英语基础复习资料 寄语：上帝给了我们天分，而勤奋将天分变为天才！学会珍惜，因为现在得到的都是最美好的；学会付出，因为只有只有付出才能得到回报，虽然付出与回报不总成比例；学会知难而进，因为这样可以磨练自己的意志；学会从哪跌倒从哪爬起，坚强地爬出来，因为人是坎坷中才茁壮成长；学会渴望，因为只有这样才能造就动力的源泉！语音1 音素语音的最小单位国际音标48个元音12个单元音长元音i: u:a:短元音i u e8个双元音aieii ieuuau辅音10对清辅音ptkfs tr ts 浊辅音bdgvz d dr dz3个鼻音mn 3个似拼音hrl2个半元音wj2 什么是单音节、双音节和多音节词，什么是开

2、音节,闭音节？以元音结尾的音节称为开音节,以辅音结尾的音节称为闭音节音节：一个元音一个元音加上一个辅音或几个辅音构成的基本单位。1单音节由一个元音或再加上前后的辅音构成Iaimym aiMikem ai2双音节由二个元音或再加上前后的辅音构成answer:ns houra 3多音节由三个或三个以上音节构成exerciseekssaiz响亮的辅音l,m, n非重读情况下与前面的辅音结合可构成音节（成音节）listenlisn4音节按读音可以分为开音节和闭音节开音节又可以分为绝对开音节和相对开音节(1) 绝对开音节：是指一个元音字母后面没有辅音字母而构成的音节，例如：we, hi, yo-(2)

3、相对开音节：是指一个元音字母后面有一个辅音字母(除r)之外，最后是一个不发音的e构成的音节，如:take, make在开音节中，这个元音字母发“字母”本身音，例如hi|hai|, use|ju:z|(3) 闭音节：指元音字母后面有辅音字母(辅音字母r除外)构成的音节，如：leg, cross5）音节按重读可以分为重读音节和非重读音节重读音节： 指在双音节或多音节词中有一个发音特别响亮的音节，叫重读音节，用重音符号“”标于相应位置，其他音节为非重读音节，如begin |begin|，单音节词作重读处理，但不标重音符号。音节的划分 一归后，二分开，辅音连缀不分开 bl-kl-fl-gl-pl-sl

4、-br-kr-sk-sm-sp-st-tw-sw-kw-3 元音字母在重读音节中的读音1单个元音字母在开音节和闭音节中的读音 元音字母读 音例 词a在开音节中einame plane Jane baby cake在闭音节中bag dad hat map black backe在开音节中i:he these me Chinese在闭音节中ebed let pen desk yes egg i在开音节中aibike fly drive time nice kite在闭音节中ifish big drink sit milk swimo在开音节中uthose close go home no在闭音节中

5、clock not box shop socku在开音节中ju:student excuse duty Tuesday在闭音节中bus cup jump much lunch在开音节中，元音字母u在辅音字母j l r s后面时读u:音，例如：June blue ruler super2单个元音字母在非重读音节中的读音 元音字母读 音例 词aChina another woman breakfastiorange comrade village cabbageehundred student open momentichicken pocket begin childreni /iholiday

6、 beautiful family animalaiexercise satelliteosecond tonight somebody welcomeualso zero photouautumn difficultju(:)popular congratulation January动词中的a如果处在开音节位置，a读ei音，例如：operateu处在开音节位置，又在辅音字母j l r s后面时，读u(:)音，例如：July influence February issue3、元音字母在重读音节中的特殊读音元音字母读音例词闭音节中a在w音后面want what watch wash qual

7、itya在f n sk ph sp ss st th前:after plant graph ask grasp glass fast fatheri在gh -gn -ld -nd前aihigh light sign child find在-st -ld前umost postcard old coldo在m n v th前come monkey love mother元音字组读 音例 词ai/ayeiafraid rain wait day playaireair hair chair pair repair alal在f m前:small ball talk wall all:l always

8、 also salt almost：half calmau/aw:autumn daughter draweai：teach easy cheap pleaseeheavy bread sweater weathereibreak great earihear dear near clear yearebear pear wear swearearth learn earlyeei：jeep week green threeeeripioneer deer beerei/eyeieight neighbour theyi：either keyeu/ew在j l r s后ju：new few n

9、ewspaperu：flew brew jewelry ie/eis音之后i：piece field receiveoaoucoat Joan boat goaloar/oor:roar board door flooroi/oyinoise point boy toiletoou：broom food tooth schoolubook look cook foot goodou/owauflower house count downouknow row throw thoughyoung country enoughu:group you soupour:course your foura

10、u our hour ours:journeyui在j l r s后ju：ifluid suicide tuitionu：juice fruit suit4四、-r音节元音字组在重读音节中的读音元音字组读 音例 词arar在w音后面:car farm dark sharpener:warm quarter towardsoror在w音后面: forty morning short:word worker worseer ir ur:certainly bird Thursday辅音字母r双写时，前面的元音字母不能与r构成-r音节,而是按重读闭音节的拼读规则发音。例如： carry sorry

11、hurry-r音节在非重读音节中通常读 音，例如：dollar teacher martyr forget Saturday五、-re音节元音字组在重读音节中的读音元音字组读 音例 词areecare dare hareereihere mereireai fire hire wire ore:more score beforeurejupure cureare ere ire ore很少出现在非重读音节中，ure在非重读音节中读音，例如：picture pleasure重读元音字母加r，再加非重读元字组时，重读元音字母应按-re音节拼读规则拼读，字母r读r音。例如：parent zero s

12、tory during inspiring 某些常用词及多音节词经常出现长音短化现象。例如：orange very American paragraph 六、元音字组在重读音节中的读音七、辅字组的读音辅字组读 音例 词bbbike bus bag/bomb tomb cc在e前或在i/y前kcake picture coat musicsface decide cinemachmuch chick rich teacherkschool headache chemistrymachine Chicago-ckkcock pocket black knockdddoctor bread hand

13、 day -dgedbridge fridgedr-drchildren driver drinkfffive four breakfastgg在e i/y前g bag gardon go dorange large German ghfcough enough/light daughter highgu- -guegu在非重读音节中g guess league dialogue wlanguage anguish hhhot head house hand/hour honestjdjeep jar joke join Julykkkind bike skate make weekkn-nk

14、nife know knocklllife milk school tallmmmonkey come autumn-mnmautumn column solemnnn在k g音前nnot shine ten note uncle thank hungry-ngmorning young wrongpppaper plane pig ship penphfelephant photo telephoneqkIraqqu-kwquality quite rrred rubber rulers在词首或清辅音前元音字母间或浊辅音前ssit sleep deskzmusic husbandsc-sks

15、carletsmuscle sciencesh she fish shirt washt在通常情况下在弱读字母ia ie io前tten letter meet patient nationtchwatch th在通常情况下在冠词 代词 介词 连词中在词尾-the -ther中thin thirty method the these with than clothe father weathertr-trtree train country truckvvvery voice love leavewwweek win wake sweet waitanswer two wh-wh-在字母o前w

16、what when white whyhwho whose wholex在重读元音前 ksbox text exercisegzexamle exist exactwr-rwritey-jyes yard yellow youngzzpuzzle zero zoo语法一 英语中的五种基本句型基本句型1： S V （主谓）此句型的句子有一个共同特点，即句子的谓语动词都能表达完整的意思。 这类动词叫做不及物动词work ,sing,swim,jump,arrive,come,die,disappear,cry,happen等，后面可以跟副词、介词短语、状语从句等S V （不及物动词） . We a

17、ll breathe, eat, and drink. 基本句型2： S V P （主谓表）此句型的句子有一个共同的特点：句子谓语动词都不能表达一个完整的意思，必须加上一个表明主语身份或状态的表语构成复合谓语，才能表达完整的意思。这类动词叫做连系动词。系动词分两类：be, look, keep, seem等属一类，表示情况；get, grow, become, turn等属另一类，表示变化。be 本身没有什么意义,只起连系主语和表语的作用。其它系动词仍保持其部分词义。S V（是系动词） P He fell in love. 基本句型3： S V O （主谓宾）此句型句子的共同特点是：谓语动词都

18、具有实义，都是主语产生的动作，但不能表达完整的意思，必须跟有一个宾语，即动作的承受者，才能使意思完整。这类动词叫做及物动词S V（及物动词） O He enjoys reading.基本句型4 ： S Vo1 O2 （主谓间宾直宾）此句型的句子有一个共同特点：谓语动词必须跟有两个宾语才能表达完整的意思。这两个宾语一个是动作的直接承受者，另一个是动作的间接承受者。 通常这一间接承受者用一个介词来连接，当动作的间接承受者在动作的直接承受者之前时，这一介词往往被省略。 S V（及物） o（多指人） O（多指物） 1. She ordered herself a new dress. 2. She c

19、ooked her husband a delicious meal. 基本句型5： S V O C （主谓宾宾补此句型的句子的共同特点是：动词虽然是及物动词，但是只跟一个宾语还 不能表达完整的意思，必须加上一个补充成分来补足宾语，才能使意思完整S V（及物） O（宾语） C（宾补） 1. They appointed him manager. 二 直接引语变间接引语Direct speech and Indirect speech1直接引语变间接引语,变成了一个宾语从句直接引语引导词间接引语语序陈述句that宾语从句陈述语序一般问句If whether宾语从句陈述语序特殊疑问句原疑问词宾语从

20、句陈述语序祈使句将祈使句的动词原形变为带to的不定式2宾语从句有主句从句之分“客随主变”主句为一般现在时从句时态变人称和语序要变化主句为一般过去时从句时态不变人称和语序要变化“一随主” “二随宾”“三不变随主随宾指从句中的人称随主句人称变化” He said: “I love English very much” He said that he loved English very much.He asked me“Are you a student？”He asked me whether I were a student.4如果主句是一般过去时，宾语从句的时态会有以下变化。a.一般现在时一

21、般过去时 b.一般将来时过去将来时 c.现在进行时过去进行时d.一般过去时过去完成时 e.现在完成时过去完成时。也就是说要落后一个时态。5.直接引语变间接引语时，指示代词、时间状语、地点状语及动词都会发生相应的变化，变化见下表。 在直接引语中在间接引语中指示代词this, thesethat, those时间状语now this week/monthyesterdaylast week/monththree days/years agotomorrownext week/monthtodaythen/at that timethat week/monththe day beforethe we

22、ek/month beforethree days/years beforethe next/following daythe next/following week/monththat day地点状语herethere动词come, bringgo, take情态动词can, may, mustcould, might, had to但如果在当地转述here不必变there come不必变go当天转述yesterday,tomorrow不必变五不变1直接引语的内容如果说的是客观真理，变间接引语时时态不变He said “A life without a friend is a life wi

23、thout the sun” He said that A life without a friend is a life without the sun2 直接引语中有明确表过去时间的状语，变间接引语时一般过去时通常不变He said “I was born in 1975” He said that he was born in 19753主句的谓语是一般现在时 ，变间接引语时时态通常不变He says “Tom is good at Chinese” He says that Tom is good at Chinese4直接引语中有以isince,when引导的表过去时间的状语从句，状

24、从的一般过去时不变，但主句的主语变为过去完成时She said “I have worked here since I finished school” She saidthat she had worked there since she finished school5在含有时间状语从句的直接引语中，主句的谓语动词为过去进行时，过去完成时，过去将来时，变简时时态通常不变He said “I was watching TV when she came” He said that he was watching TV when she came特殊情况以lets开头的祈使句通常用suggest

25、 doingthat从句当直接引语是“Whatwrong with? Whats the matter? Whats the trouble? What has happened?” 变间接引语时语序不变He said to her “Whats the matter with you? ”三 表将来含义的用法1现在进行时表将来按计划，安排将要发生的动作，仅限于少数几个表起止动作go come leave start arrive return work sleep stay play do have wear move等 Im going out this evening.2 willsha

26、ll do 表单纯将来对未来发生的“预见性”可用于说话时才想到或决定的事Tomorrow will be Sunday.3 be going to do 用来表近期或事先考虑要发生的事以及有迹象表明将要发生大的事When are you going to set off?4 be to do 表预定，按计划或安排将要发生的动作No one is to leave without permission.5 be about to do “刚要，正要，表非常近的将来，常和when 连用“正要。这时。”不能和表将来时间的副词连用He is about to leave for Beijing.。I

27、was about to go when my headteacher came.6 一般现在时表将来时，通常用于状语从句中或按规定时刻表，计划表，日程表等将要发生的动作The new term starts on August 29th四 定语从句： 定义在复合句中修饰某一名词或代词的句子 先行词定语从句中所修饰的词 关系词用来引导定语从句，也就是现行此后的词关系代词，关系副词 关系代词that,which who ,whom,whose,as在句子中充当主，表，宾，定语人主语whothat宾语whothatwhom所有格whose物主语whichthat宾语whichthat所有格whos

28、eof whichWhosen=the nof which= of which the n整个句子aswhich关系副词where=in which,when=on which,why=for which在句子中充当状语关系词的三个功能：连接功能，替代功能，充当句子成分的功能The catwhich is whiteis sleeping which引导连接作用，替代cat，在定语从句中充当主语先行词 关系词 定语从句 需要把握要领A选用关系词时，要看先行词在从句中充当什么成分 Ill never forget the daythatwe spent together spent 缺宾语，选t

29、hatIll never forget the daywhenwe worked togetherwork 不及物动词缺状语选whenB关系代词在从句中充当主语时，谓语动词要和先行词的性，数保持一致He is one of the students who work hardwho指先行词the students谓语动词用复数He is the one of the students who goes aboadwho指先行词the the only one谓语动词用单数 限定性定语从句对先行词起限制的作用和非限定性定语从句对先行词起补充说明的作用限定性定语从句 That 在定语从句做主，宾可

30、指人物The girl that we saw yesterday is SunFangfang which在定语从句做主，宾可指物This is the place which we visited who whom在定语从句分别做主，宾可指人The girl to whom you just talked is ZhangHongyu The boy who played cellphone is called XuChangchun引导词前有介词时，先行词表人用whom 物which Whose在从句中作定语How many students are there in our class

31、 whose homes are in countryside?Please pass me the book whose coverthe cover of whichof which the coveris green When指时间做状We live in an age when many things are done by computer Where指地点做状This is the place where he works Why 指原因做状There are some reasons why we cant do that非限定性定语从句I have three brothers

32、,who are farmers As we all know ,he studies very hard句首，句中 He studies very hard,which we all know 句中 特殊情况 A指人时常用who 当先行词是one ones anyone those时Anyone who goes there will be punished在there be 开头的句子中There is a beautiful girl who came to see you 先行词后有一较长的句子定语I met a foreigner in Jingyuan who could spea

33、k Chinese在非限定性定语从句He has a girl friend,who is very pretty指人时只用that 的情况 主句为主系表结构关系代词在从句中作表语先行词为who He is a man that is never at a lossWho that has such a home doesnt love itB 指物时用that的情况先行词为不定代词时all, much ,little,everything, anything,nothing,none,few,the one Id like to tell you something that our hea

34、dmaster said先行词被the very,the only,the last,only,every及序数词，形容词最高级修饰时It is the fifth time that I have scolded you当先行词既指人又指物时He spoke of the men and things that he had seen in No 2middle school当先行词前有what which等疑问代词时Which is the T-shirt that fits me most? 关系代词在从句中作表语JinYuan is no longer the place that i

35、t used to be.当在there be句型中，通常情况下用that，不用whichC 指物时用which的情况 引导非限定性定语从句或整个句子Water,Which is a clearliquid,has many uses先行词本身为that The clock is that which tells the time先行词前有介词This is the room in which LuXun lived as 和which在引导非限制性定语从句时，这两个关系代词都指主句所表达的整个意思，且在定语从句中都可以作主语和宾语。但不同之处主要有两点： (1） as 引导的定语从句可置于句

36、首，而which不可。 (2） as 代表前面的整个主句并在从句中作主语时，从句中的谓语必须是系动词；若为行为动词，则从句中的关系代词只能用which.。 He married her, as/which was natural. He was honest, as/which we can see. . 注意：当主句和从句存在逻辑上的因果关系时，常用which。 Tom was always late for school, which made his teacher angry. as 常用在一些固定结构中，as we all know,as is known众所周知, as we al

37、l can see正如我们大家能看到的那样, as is often the case情况常常是这样 ,as might be imagined可以想象得到,as might be expected正如料想的那样,as has been pointed out 正如所指出的那样,as has been said before above正如前文所述,as itoften happens像往常一样 a当先行词受such, the same修饰时，常用as He is not such a fool as he looks. This is the same book as I lost last

38、 week. 注意：当先行词由the same修饰时，偶尔也用that引导定语从句，但是和由as所引导的定语从句意思不同This is the same book that I lent you yesterday同一本书 This is the same book as I lent you yesterday同样一本书 定语从句suchas 与结果状语从句such that的区别：as在所引导的定语从句中作主语，宾语；that在结果状语从句中不做成分 He has such a good laptop as I want to buy. He has such a good laptop

39、that I want to buy one. b以the way为先行词的定语从句通常由in which, that引导，而且通常可以省略。 The way in which/ that/./ he answered the question was surprising. c but有时也可以做关系词引导定语从句 There are very few but understand his idea。 ( but= who dont ) 关系副词引导的定语从句when指时间 在定语从句中做时间状语也可做连接词用 I still remember the day when I first ca

40、me to the school. where指地点 在定语从句中做地点状语 Jingan is the countryside where I was born. why指原因 在定语从句中做原因状语 I dont know the reason why he looks unhappy today. 注意：关系副词引导的从句可以由“介词+关系代词”引导的从句替换 The reason why/ for which he refused the invitation is not clear, 解答定语从句的关键 _关系词的选择. 1看先行词的意义，即分清先行词是指人、指物、时间、地点还是原

41、因，如指物时不能用who或whom，指人时通常不用which等。2看关系词的句法功能，即分清关系词是担任什么句子成分，是作主语还是宾语、是作定语还是状语等，如作定语通常用whose，有时也用which；作状语要用when, where, why。注意，不要一看到先行词为表时间、地点、原因的名词，就认为一定要用 when, where, why 来引导定语从句，要注意分清它们在定语从句充当什么成分。如：I forget the time when he will come. 我忘记了他来的时间。(when 引导定语从句，在定语从句中用作状语)I forget the time that he t

42、old me. 我忘记了他告诉我的时间。(that 引导定语从句，在定语从句中用作宾语)The reason why he cant come is that he is ill. 他不能来的原因是他病了。(why 引导定语从句，在定语从句中用作状语)The reason that he told me is not true. 他告诉我的原因不真实。(that 引导定语从句，在定语从句中用作宾语)四 被动语态被动语态表示主语是动作的承受着及物动词有被动语态而不及物动词没有被动语态构成 助动词beved被动语态的用法1. 一般现在时的被动语态构成：is / am / are + 及物动词的过去

43、分词 Our classroom is cleaned everyday. 2. 一般过去时的被动语态构成：was / were + 及物动词的过去分词 A new shop was built last year. 3. 现在完成时的被动语态构成：has / have + been + 及物动词的过去分词 This book has been translated into many languages. 4. 一般将来时的被动语态构成：will+ be + 及物动词的过去分词 A new hospital will be built in our city.5. 含有情态动词的被动语态构成

44、：情态动词+ be + 及物动词的过去分词 Your mistakes should be corrected right now. 6. 现在进行时的被动语态构成am / is / are + being + 及物动词的过去分词 Uncle Wang is mending my bike now. My bike is being repaired by Tom now. 7. 不定式的被动语态：to + be + 及物动词的过去分词 There are two books to be read. There are twenty more trees to be planted. 8.过去

45、将来时的被动语态：would + be + 及物动词的过去分词 He said he would finish the work soon. He said the work would be finished soon by him. 主动语态改为被动语态可分成三种情况主谓宾改为宾beved（ by 主）2 主谓宾间宾直改为宾直bevedforto宾间 宾间beved宾直He told her a long storyShe was told a long storyA long story was told to her3主谓复合宾含有一个宾语加宾语补足语改为宾beved宾补We chos

46、e ZhangTao monitorZhangTao was chosen monitor主动语态改为被动语态非常简单，可以遵循以下几个步骤： 1. 先找出谓语动词； 2. 再找出谓语动词后的宾语； 3. 把宾语用作被动语态中的主语； 4. 注意人称、时态和数的变化。 He has written two novels so far.Two novels have been written by him so far. They will plant ten trees tomorrow.Ten trees will be planted by them tomorrow. 使用被动语态的注意

47、问题1. 不及物动词无被动语态。 What will happen in 100 years. 2. 有些动词用主动形式表示被动意义。 This pen writes well. a 某些联系动词smell, taster,sound,prove,feelThe f lowers smell sweetb 某些与cant,wont等连用的不及物动词move,lock,shut,openThe door wont shutc 某些可与well,easily,等副词连用的不及物动词read,write,wash,clean,draw,burn,look,photograph,sellThe boo

48、k sells well3. 感官动词或使役动词使用省略to的动词不定式，主动语态中不带to ，但变为被动语态时，须加上to 。 例：make somebody do somethingsomebody+ be +made to do something see somebody do somethingsomebody +be +seen to do something A girl saw my wallet drop when she passed by.My wallet was seen to drop by a girl when she passed by. 4. 如果是接双宾语

49、的动词改为被动语态时，直接宾语(物)作主语，那么动词后要用介词，这个介词是由与其搭配的动词决定。 He gave me a book.A book was given to me by him. 5. 一些动词短语用于被动语态时，动词短语应当看作一个整体，而不能丢掉其中的介词或副词。 We cant laugh at him. He cant be laughed at by us. The nurse is taking care of the sick man. The sick man is being taken care of by the nurse. 6.宾语补足语的被动语态 T

50、hey call him Bob./He is called Bob. 五情态动词情态动词是一种本身有一定的词义,表示说话人的情绪,态度或语气的动词,但不能单独作谓语, 只能和其他动词原形构成谓语。情态动词在句中放在谓语动词之前, 谓语动词前若有助动词,则在助动词之前,疑问句中, 情态动词则在主语之前。 情态动词的基本用法 1. can (could) 1）表示能力，可能（理论上或是逻辑判断上）允许表惊异、怀疑、不相信等态度。主要用于否定句、疑问句或感叹句中比较委婉客气地提出问题或陈述看法。Two eyes can see more than one. 能力 The weather here

51、can be very可能Can I have a look at your new pen? 允许。How can you be so careless? 惊异Im afraid we couldnt give you an answer today. 委婉客气 2. may (might) may might as wellv 不妨1）表允许，might可以指过去时间，也可指现在时间，语气更委婉。May (Might) I ask for a photo of your baby? 在回答以may引起的问句时，多避免用这个词，而用其它方式，如Yes, please. / Certainly. / Please dont ./ Youd better not. / No, you mustnt.等，以免显得太严峻或