cet-语法结构new

1、Cet-4 常考结构Be about to: be on the point of doing sth; just going to do sth: Her father is about to retire. As I was about to say，when you interrupted me.All but:1. all but+a.(very nearly; almost) Crows all but destroyed a farmers field of corn. The hikers were exhausted and all but frozen when they w

2、ere found.2. all but +n.(all except): All but John were present.For all: in spite of. He did not do well in the race, for all his training. For all his money, he was very unhappy.Alternative, n. have no but to do. I have no but to walk out. Theres no but to fight.And: 省if的条件句中. Five minutes earlier,

3、 we could have caught the last train. Turn on the TV or open a magazine you will often see ads showing happy families.Anything but: not at all; far from. 作表语+n./a./p.p.: Hes anything but lazy/ a hero. The bridge is anything but safe/ finished. Alone in a deserted house, he was so busy with his resea

4、rch work that he felt lonely.As:1.although 1)a./ad.+as+主语+谓语: Young as I am, I know some of the family secrets.Much as I like her, I will not marry her. Some members of the staff couldnt handle the case, hard as they tried. 2)V +as+主语+ may/might/will/would: Try as he would, he could not lift the roc

5、k. There was not a soul to be found in the house, search as they would. 2.关系代词1)suchas(as 接近于who/that/which):Such women as Tom knew thought he was charming. I never heard such stories as he tells. He never hesitates to make such criticisms as are considered helpful to others. It wasnt such a good di

6、nner as hshe had promised us. 2) the sameas: He doesnt believe the same thing as you do.3. as+be+表语: He is absent, as is often the case. Freddie, as might be expected, was attending the conference. As was expected, he performed the task with success. As is known to the world, Mark Twain is a great A

7、merican writer. As is generally accepted, economical growth is determined by the smooth development of production. 4.as用于省略句，代替表语和宾语: David is tall, as are my brothers.（正常语序as my brothers are.）The Second World War, as did the earlier one of 1914,promoted public concern about a physical and intellect

8、ual well-being of the countrys human resources.5.as用于省略句，引起分词短语作状语: As expected, the afforestation movement rapidly spread. It usually happens as described above. He had failed to visit her as promised. 6. as muchas; not so much as; not so/as + a. + as: He said the situation there was not so bad as

9、had been painted. The great use of a school edu is not so much to teach you things as to teach the art of learning. He is not so much a writer as a reporter. 7. as if/ as though引导的省略句: He paused as if expecting Lenny to speak. The boy turned, as if awakened from some dream. He opened his mouth as if

10、 to speak sth. 8. just as , so: Just as the soil is a part of the earth, so is the atmosphere. Just as the builder is skilled in the handling of his bricks, so the experienced writer is skilled in the handling of his words.Before: and then. I must finish my work before I go home. He had to be called

11、 two or three times before he would come to his dinner. The farmer decided to drive the cows away before they made more damage to the crops. It was several years before we meet again. Scientists say it may be five or ten years before it is possible to test the medicine on human patients.Busy: busy w

12、ith/at/over/-ing: Jean did not have time to go to the concert last night because she was busy preparing for her exam.But for: 虚拟if not, but for + n./ but that: But for the flood, the ship would have reached its destination on time. He might have been killed but for the arrival of the police. But tha

13、t: 1.虚拟，从句用陈述语气（具体事实）He would have helped us but that he was short of money at the time.2.it is not thatbut that. Not that John doesnt want to help us, but that its beyond his power.Can/could: 1. cantto: You cant be too careful in making the decision as it is such a critical case. 2.cant/couldnt +比较

14、级 “不可能再, 最”: The earthquake could not have come at a worse time for the war-torn country. 3.cant/couldnt + have p.p.: Mary couldnt have received my letter, otherwise she would have replied before now. Mr.Li cant be in Beijing because I saw him in town only a few minutes ago.Cannot help v-ing: I coul

15、dnt help overhearing what he said.We couldnt help their seeing us. (避免不了)Cannot help but do: You cant help but respect them. Cannot choose but do: He cannot choose but obey.Choice: 1. have no but to do/ theres no for sb but to do: We had no choice but to do what we were asked. 2.have no other choice

16、 than to do: We had no other choice than to surrender.Do more than do: In the course of a day students do far more than just attend classes.Colleges have decided to do more than talk about the rise in student cheating.Do nothing but (do): Lots of empty bottles were found under the old mans bed. He m

17、ust have done nothing but drink. Nothing to do but to do: (并列)There was nothing for them to do but to take their places at the end of it.Do nothing else than do:He sat there, doing nothing else than laugh.Eitheror: 谓语动词的人称、数与or后的名词一致. Either Tom or his brothers have to shovel the snow. The local hun

18、ters either shoot or trap them. I was advised either to telephone or to write the hotel.Find: find+宾语+宾补 (v-ing/p.p./a./prep./to be)，不定式后移，用it作形式宾语. He was found dying/dead/injured. We found (him to be/ that he was) the right person for the job.I found it impossible to answer all the questions withi

19、n the time given.For: 1. for all: our kindness to help her, Sara refused to listen to us. There maybe mistakes occasionally, but for all that, it is the best book on the subject. 2.but for/ if it werent for: had it not been for your laziness, you would have finished the assignment by now. 3.连词Someon

20、e must have left the tap on, for the water is running over and flooding the bathroom. 4. for there to be/ for it to be: It would be surprising for there not to be any objection to the proposal. He is waiting for it to be time to take medicine.Given (that): Given good health, I hope to finish the wor

21、k this year. Given their inexperience/ that they are inexperienced, theyve done a good job.Good /point/sense/use: It is no good v-ing. Its no good my arguing with you. There is no good in v-ing; Whats the good of v-ing?Have+复合结构: have sb do sth; have sb/sth v-ing; have sth done. They have you arrest

22、ed if you dont pay your taxes. I didnt understand what the teacher said, and I had him explain it again to me.In that: because. Liquids are like solids in that they have a definite volume. Hydrogen is the fundamental element of the universe in that it provides the building blocks from which the othe

23、r elements are produced.The instant/ the moment+ 从句: as soon as. / every timeShe must have dashed out the instant I grabbed the phone.You must behave like a guest the instant you set foot on a foreign soil.just asas: Just as you hate Mr Green, so I dislike his wife.Just as the soil is a part of the

24、earth, so is the atmosphere.Know better than (to do): be wise or experiences enough not to do sth. You ought to know better than to stay away from school.He knew better than to mention the subject to her.Less: even/much/still less. The baby cant even walk, much less run. I cant run 100 yards, even l

25、ess a mile.Lest: They spoke in whisper lest they should be heard.Let alone: I had never seen him, let alone spoken to him.(let alone+n/inf/v-ing/p.p.)Most: most students (泛指)，most of the students in the class（特指），the most apples（最多的） Who picked the most apples?Most of them / most of her argumentsMuc

26、h:1.not much of a: not a very good It wasnt much of a dinner. 2.too much of a(to do sth): He is too much of a coward to speak the truth. 3. much as+ : although: Much as I hate to do it, I must stay home and study tonight. 4.as much as: The atmosphere is as much a part of the earth as are its soils a

27、nd the water. 5. not so much as/ without so much as: He didnt so much as thank me for returning his money I found. He left without so much as saying goodbye. 6. not so much A as B: Oceans dont so much divide the world as unite it. 7. much less: I didnt even speak to him, much less discuss your probl

28、em with him.Must have done sth: My pain must have been apparent the moment I walked into the room, for the first man I met asked sympathetically: “Are you feeling all right?”No more than: 1.no more than+钱数/名词: He gave me no more than $10. 2.no morethan; not any more than: A像B一样不，A和B一样都不: He is no mo

29、re than a god than we are. The heart is no more intelligent than the stomach, for they are both controlled by the brain.No other than/ none other than:The stranger was none other than my old friend John.Not thatbut that: Not that John doesnt want to help you, but that its beyond his power.Not just,

30、but rather: Everyone works several hours each day. The aim is not just to keep busy but rather to find meaning and enjoyment in work.Now that: Now that we have finished the course, we shall start doing more revision work.On/upon: 1. on+ v-ing: On my return, I learned that prof. Smith had been at the

31、 museum and would not be back for several hours. 2. on+n: The production is on the decline. (declining) on the increase/ increase/run/rise/boil/move/watchOnly：1.only too+a.(p.p.): very: （Pleased/ ready/ willing/ glad/ happy.）I shall be only too pleased to come. The news was only too good.2. if only:

32、 If only I had followed your advice. If only he would stop talking.3. only that: but that: I would do it with pleasure, only (that) I am too busy. 4. only to+ v : We rushed to the airport only to find the plane flying away. 5. not only but also.Rather: 1. would/had ratherthan; rather thanwould: She

33、would rather have the small one than the large one. He would rather be liked than (be) feared. Rather than refuse to help you, Id borrow money from my bank. Id rather you didnt take those important documents with you. 2. rather than; ratherthan: He resigned rather than take part in such a dishonest

34、transaction. We are taught that a business letter should be written in a formal style rather than in a personal style. Nuclear science should be developed to benefit the people rather than harm them. 3.or rather: He arrived very late last night, or rather in the early hours this morning.Same:the sam

35、ethat/as :He used the same books that/ as you do/ as you. Put the book back in the same place where you found it. The price is the same as before the war.Say: 1. sb/sth is said to have done sth: it is said that sb/sth has done sth or did sth.(be said to + have p.p.) The building is said to have been

36、 destroyed in a fire two years ago.2. to say nothing of: The effort required is immense, to say nothing of the cost.So: 1.not so + a./ad.+ as: It was not so easy as all that. He was not so much angry as disappointed. 2. so +a.+n(可数单): such a + a. + n. Ive never been so beautiful a child. 3. so+a.+as

37、+to v: Would you be so kind as to help me? Well be much obliged if you will be so kind as to make suggestions for improvement of our work. He is not so stupid as to do that. 4.not so much as: he didnt so much as ask me to sit down. 5.so as to: I will have everything ready so as not to keep you waiti

38、ng.6. John had been working hard and so had his brother.Sth of a: Hes sth of a liar, dont you think?Soon: 1. no soonerthan: No sooner had we reached the top of the hill than we all sat down to rest. 2. would (just) as soon(as): I would just as soon stay home (as go for a walk). Id just as soon you d

39、idnt speak. 3. would soonerthan: He would sooner resign than take part in such dishonest business deals.Such: 1.such people as these; people such as these. It wasnt such a good dinner as she had promised us. 2. such as it is/ as they are: you can use my bicycle, such as it is. Jane told her grandmot

40、her her grades, such as they were. 3. as such:He is a child, and must be treated as such. He is the master and as such must be obeyed.Than: 后可以跟一个省略主语只保留系词和表语的省略句We often advised him not to drink more wine than is good for his health. There were more casualties than was reported. There ought to be l

41、ess anxiety over the perceived risk of getting cancer than exists in the public mind today.That: 1.代词By 1990, production in the area is expected to double that of 1980. 2. 关系代词引导定语从句：在由a.最高级/ the only/ the same/ any /every/ no等修饰的名词后的定语从句和在anything/ nothing/ everything/ much/ all 等后面的定语从句用that不用whic

42、h who: Newton was one of the greatest men that ever lived. He is the only man that can do it. she wore the same dress that she did at Marys wedding. Any boy that wants to play can do so. I never have been taken anything that didnt belong to me. He had read without discrimination everything that he h

43、appened to come across. Once they had fame, fortune, secure futures; now all that is left is utter poverty. All that is needed is a continuous supply of the basic necessities of life. 3.引导主语从句That the sun and not the earth is the center of our planetary system was a difficult concept to grasp in the

44、 Middle Ages. 4. 引导目的、结果、程度状语从句。They have died (so) that liberty might live. He was so embarrassed that he could not speak to her. 5. in that; now that.Times:倍数1.×times as + a./ad. + asThis room is three times as large as that one.2. ×times + n./that + ofThis room is twice the size of that

45、 one.Under+ n.: under repair(being repaired); under discussion; under criticism The survival of civilization as we know it is under threat. under examination/ control/ suspicion/ detention/ consideration/ study/ review/ investigation.Used to (do) vs be used to (sth): There used to be some trees in t

46、his field. I dont swim as much as I used to./ life isnt so easy here as it used to be.be/get used to (doing) sth: Hes quite used to hard work/ working hard.What: In some countries, what is called “equality” does not really mean equal rights for all people. Physics is the present-day equivalent of wh

47、at used to be called natural philosophy, from which most of present-day science arose.Whether: I dont know whether/ if you like flowers. Whether it is a defect or not I dont quite know. It all depends on whether we can get their cooperation. I dont know whether to accept or refuse.With+复合结构: I wont

48、be able to go on holiday with my mother being ill. All the afternoon he worked with the door locked.I cant go out with these dishes to wash. He was asleep with his head on his arms. With John away, weve got more room.Worth: a. Its not worth more than $2. The book is well worth reading. Worthwhile: a

49、 experiment. / The visit to Paris was . Worthy of: He is a teacher worthy of great respect. Cet-4 语法:时态时态的呼应在复合句中，从句（主要是宾语从句等名词性从句）的时态常受主句时态的影响。1）主句是现在时态或将来时时，从句可以用任何所需要的时态。 He says his father is/was/will be a doctor. 是（过去是，将来要做）一个医生。2）主句是过去时态时，从句的时态：a. 从句与主句动作同时发生，从句须用一般过去时或过去进行时。He told me his son

50、 was watching TV. b. 从句动作发生在主句动作之后，从句须用过去将来时。He said he would post the letter. c. 从句动作发生在主句动作之前，从句须用过去完成时。He said he had posted the letter。从句说的是一般真理或客观事实，即使主句用过去时态，从句仍用一般现在时。The teacher told the pupils that the earth is round. Somebody told me you are a writer. :情态动词“情态动词have+ done”小结1) “must have过去

51、分词”表示对过去的推测，“一定已经，想必已经，准是已经.”，只用于肯定句中。The streets are wet. It must have rained.准是下雨了。否定，用“cant/couldnt+ have+过去分词”，“不可能”：The money cant have been lost there. 钱不可能是在那儿丢的。2) “may/might have+过去分词”表示对过去的推测，“也许已经，可能已经”。用于肯定或否定句中。“might(不是may)have+过去分词”也表示“本来可以”的意思，含有责备的口气，用来批评人。He may have gone to bed.可能

52、You might have told me earlier.本可以早点（埋怨责备）Dont do that again. You might have been fired. 会把你解雇的。（责备，警告）3) “neednt+have+过去分词”表示“作了不必做或不需要做的事”。“大可不必”，“本来不需要”。I neednt have borrowed the money yesterday. 我根本不需要借钱的。（已经借了）You needn't have come so early.不必4) can/could have done：谈过去的情况在疑问句、否定句中，表示怀疑和不可能

53、，没有时间上的差别，could的语气更弱He cant have taken it home. 不可能Nobody could have foreseen such a calamity.谁也不会预想到could have done(但不是can)在肯定句中，那时本来可以, 有时用来进行婉转地批评（与might同意，但语气更强一些）：The result could have been better.本可以更好一些。5) should/ought to have done表示“过去应该做某事却没有做”；“should not/ought not to have过去分词”，“做了不应该做的事”。含有责备或遗憾的意思。You should have come here ten minutes earlier. 本应该The boy shouldnt have been playing the piano.不应该6) might, may, must表示推测时的区别, 根据表示可能性的大小，排列为：might<may<must（或许可能肯定）。:被动语态1) 有些动词形式上是主动，意义上是被动。Smell, taste, sound, feel.The machine runs well. 容易操作。