商务英语01968

1、Text 8Export shipping and insuranceThe physical distribution of productPoints of consumption or use Modes of transportationOcean, air, rail, truck, inland water, pipeline 三大考虑因素 cost, time, security(1) : Ocean transportation is by far the most dominant mode of international transportation.(2) :Ocean

2、 transportation is widely used because it is a relatively low-cost way to transport goods, and it can easily handle large shipments.(3) Air is used for emergency suppliers,goods of high value,and perishable products.(4) Time in transit is but one of the so-called hidden costs that may be relevant.(5

3、) Small shipments may be sent by international parcel post,air parcel post,or air courier service rather than pay the higher minimum bill of lading charges for ocean freight or air shipments.(6) The final selecting of the exact route, however,should general be left to the discrimination of the expor

4、ter,since the exporter is more fully acquainted with conditions surrounding the shipment in the country from which it is sent.Transportation insurance(7) In its most basic form, such insurance provides the means to reimburse toe owner of the goos being transported to overseas markers for any losses

5、od damages incurred for which the carriers cannot legally be called upon to make payment.(8) General speaking, insurable interest depends upon whether a company will benefit from the safe arrival of the carrier and its cargo or whether the firm wull be injured by its loss,damage,or detention.(扣押)Gen

6、eral average claim 共同海损赔偿(9) Most frequently coverage is secured by the shipper or the exporter;(10) However,importers customarily also maintain coverage to provide protection if for any reason it is not provided by the exporter. So universally is marine insurance necessary that most firms engaged r

7、egularly in export business maintain an open policy with a reliable marine insurance company.(11) When a CIF price is quoted to a buyer the exporter must furnish marine insurance . If no special coverage are req by the buyers, the exporters provides that which is customary and which he has found nec

8、essary or desirable for that particular type of shipment.(12) The regular form of open or floating policy used for marine insurance is also used for insurance for air cargo,but air insurance requires a special rider, which is attended to the open policy. If the exporter makers regular shipments by a

9、ir, it is to his or her advantage to obtain an open policy covering all shipments. Such a policy can be arrange to cover cover door-to -door shipments from exporter to importer.词汇Liner transport charter transport carrier credit standing Natural calamities fortuitous accidents cable confirmation Hidd

10、en costs insurable interest insurance broker open policy Floating policy invoice value Text 7International Commercial TermsICC international chamber of commerce(1) : the purpose of “incoterms” is to provided a set of international rules for the interpretation of the most commonly used trade terms in

11、 international trade.(2) EXW (EX WORKS) this term means that the seller delivers when the places the good at the disposal of the buyer at the sellers premises or another named place.Cleared for export(3) Free alongside ship (FAS this term means the seller delivers the goods when the goods are placed

12、 alongside the vessel at the named port of shipment. This means that the buyer has to bear all costs and risks of loss of or damage to the goods from that moment. This term requires the sellers clear the goods for export.(4) Free carrier (FCA) this term means that the seller delivers the goods,clear

13、 for export , to the carrier nominated by the buyer at the named place.(5) Free on boart (FOB) this term means the seller delivers when the goods pass the ships rail at the named port of shipment.(6) Cost and freight (CRF) this term means the seller delivers when the goods pass the ships rail at the

14、 named port of shipment. The seller must pay the costs and freight necessary to bring the goods to the named port of destination.(7) Cost, insurance and freight (CIF) this term means the seller delivers when the goods pass the ships rail at the named port of shipment. The seller must pay the costs a

15、nd freight necessary to bring the goods to the named port of destination.The buyer should note that under this term the seller is required to obtain insurance and pays the insurance only on minimum cover. Should the buyer wish to have the protection of greater cover, he would either need to agree as

16、 such expressly with the seller or to make his own extra insurance arrangements. This term requires the seller to clear the goods for export.(8) delivered at frontier (DAF)(9) Delivered EX ship (DES)Selection of trade terms (1) whether shipment will be made on domestic or foreign carriers.(2) Availa

17、ble of insurance coverages(3) Available of information on costs(4) Exporters need for cash (reason against CFR)(5) Needs for importers to have quotes from several suppliers which can be readily compared.(reason for CIF)(6) Currency convertibility problems(10) often this requires a CIF quotes since i

18、t is the only quate (among those commonly used) which permits the buyer to compare prices easily from alternatively located suppliers.Text 5 The export process(1) The functions can be seen as flows, as they involve a series of activities that represent a particular process in the export transaction.

19、 These functions, or flows, are financial flow, or payment terms and financing; the physical flow or transportation, shipping,; and the documentary flow, or document requirements, procurement, and submission.Receipt of an export orderThe credit checkThe pro-forma invoice or export quotationNegotiate

20、 the sales contract(2) As a prerequisite for the consideration of any order, the buyer and the seller for must negotiate the sales terms and conditions, the obligations of both parties , and other terms of the export order or contract.selling pointFirm offer favorable nonfirm offer marketing strateg

21、yThe point of delivery transfer of title In stock out of stockConformation of export order(3) The agreement becomes a binding contract.(4) The confirmation of an offer means the export order is now a firm commitment that is acceptable to both seller and buyer.Import license and foreign exchange perm

22、its(外汇许可)(5) A foreign exchange permit in order that the goods conform to the importing countrys import regulations.Cash in advance(6) Under these circumstances, the exporter can proceed without further delay, as in the case with cash in advance, as the nonpayment and nondelivery risks have been eli

23、minated by the conditions of sales.Financial flow(7) In the case where other financing terms have been agreed upon, the exporter should wait until advised by the institutions involved of funds available according to the sales contract of the agreement.Physical flow(8) Goods have to been packed adequ

24、ately and according to instructions and requirements of the transportation company and mode.(9) Freight forwarders specialize in moving the googs from the exporters warehouse to the point of shipment, seeing to it that the goods are loaded on the carrying vessel and helping the exporter obtain all necessary documentation required i