汉语把字句自足的内在机制（The internal mechanism of the Ba sentence in Chinese）

1、汉语把字句自足的内在机制（The internal mechanism of the Ba sentence in Chinese）The internal mechanism of the "Ba" sentence in ChineseWhether grammar studies, second language teaching, or Machine Translation and human-computer dialogue, we should understand the conditions of a sentence self-sufficiency,

2、 generation and identification of qualified sentences. For the identification of sentences, we usually rely on the sense of language of ourselves or co - workers. Language sense is the language intuition of the speaker, the common speech psychology of the people who speak a language, and the interna

3、l mechanism of language. It is not only the identification, but also the basis for the formation of qualified sentences. In the identification of sentence, people use of this mechanism, and not as the electronic computer, for a differential object detection, every time the language system of all the

4、 machine produced a comprehensive scan, but often is only part of the difference of language use and extraction. This distinctive sense of language, or the distinctive internal mechanism, is a psychological response to the individual character of a sentence that is distinguished from other forms of

5、sentence. From the point of view of sentence self-sufficiency, this kind of response is the necessary condition for the establishment of such sentence. As the internal language needs to become the external language, the language identification standards inherent need to be shaped on the outside, wit

6、h the goal of management theory and writing to everyone, especially to the second language learners. In this paper, we draw a conclusion that the internal mechanism of "BVP" in the modern Chinese language, namely "A", is the inner mechanism of the self sufficiency of "Ba&quo

7、t; sentence".The "Ba" inside have different kinds of sentences, self-contained different sentence patterns also have special requirements, the result, from the "Ba" word, the sum of the internal mechanism of the plane is not sufficient at all levels of grammar content, but a

8、 set of uneven projection in different layers on the surface of the sentence level rules, they not only have different content in different level, but also reflect the different in different levels of the same level.The "Ba" sentence is divided into two kinds according to the present form

9、and the minimum necessary form: one is extended, denoted as PK; the other is the basic formula, denoted as PG. PG is the extraction and generalization of sentence patterns in PK. Such as:(1) the water drained. (PG)(2) the water drained him tomorrow. (PK)(3) the sleeves rolled up. (PG)(4) you slammed

10、 the sleeves rolled up. (PK)PG can be expressed as "BVP", and the object discussed in this article is limited to PG. To illustrate the problem, some examples of PK are sometimes used, but this does not affect the conclusions of this paper.One, semantic self-sufficiency - the degeneration o

11、f PG1.1, a "Ba" sentence should first be semantically self-contained, that is, PG is able to reflect some change in B - - to have variability. As an example (1) reflects the change of "water" from "no" to "dry", the example (3) reflects the change of "sle

12、eves" from "down" to "up". Again(5) nod your head.It reflects the change of "head" from "no" to "point".Otherwise, the sentence can not stand. Such as:(6) * thinking dad. (compare (6) to think of dad bitter.)(7) * see wang. (compare (7 ') to

13、 Wang's eyes.)1.2, the sentence does not reflect changes and reflects what changes can be obtained by displaying the word "B" - the word "significant". However, some sentences have pronounced words (pronounced words are usually X or included in X); some do not, and no can com

14、plement them.1.2.1 in a sentence with pronounced words, its variability is generally obvious, and the types of change can be determined by the original condition of the B by means of significant words. As in example (1) the fruit word is "dry", "dry" can be determined by B's

15、original status is "don't do" or "nothing", from "not (no) dry" to "dry" that can reflect the change of the cases (1) B is a state of change state variable. Similarly, an example (3) can determine whether the original condition of B is "no" or &q

16、uot;under" by means of the significant word "on"",From the "bottom" to the "top", we can see that the change in the example (3) is the change of position - bit change.However, the apparent effect of the word "fruit" is not neat, and the results of so

17、me of the significant words should be clarified by transformation. Such as:(8) take the letter on the table.The word "zhe" is a significant word, but the striking effect of "moving" is very poor:(9) take the letter on the table.(10) take the letter on the table with you.Thus, by

18、"Shang", "on the body", we can determine the result of "expression", and thus know (8) the change of reflection is also a kind of change.1.2.2 there is no significant word. The sentence can be added with the significant word or the significant sentence to find the chang

19、e, but this kind of addition must not change the original meaning of the sentence. Such as:(11) drink the water.You can add significant words to "dry" into ".":(12) the water drained.Thus it is known that the case (11) is also a state change. As well as:(13) the fruit weigh.Can b

20、e changed by adding a significant sentence:(14) the fruit weigh, see there are multiple.Obviously, "see how heavy" is to establish the "fruit" (heavy) quantity of knowledge, the sentence reflects from "don't know" to "know" change - change of knowledge. Th

21、e same example, such as:(15) you should look at that dress.Can be changed by adding a significant sentence:(16) would you like to have a look at that dress?.Thus we can know (15) the reflection is also a kind of "know change"".1.3, "Ba" sentence reflects a variety of changes

22、, but these changes can be summed up as the above three kinds: state change, bit change and knowledge change. However, some sentences do not add significant words, which seem to be a kind of relationship change. As soon as a significant word is added, the relation change is also a bit change. Such a

23、s:(17) bought that coat.If you don't add significant words, you only see a relationship change. As soon as you add a significant word, you can see that the relationship change is also a bit change. If an example (17) adds the word "fruit", it becomes ".":(18) bought that coat

24、.Case (18) can be seen through the word "come back", and the relation of "buying" reflects the change is a bit change. Similarly, the cases (19) were added into fruit word (20) also reflects the "sell" said is a bit variable. Such as:(19) sold that coat. To(20) sell tha

25、t coat.In sentence recognition and analysis, significant words (sentences) have the functions of reflection, division and induction of change types.Two expressing self-sufficiency - the duality of VP2.1, the sentence "BVP" must satisfy the requirement of "sentence" - expressing s

26、elf-sufficiency, that is, PG should be able to isolate the two structures. Such as:(1) the water drained water, drink water dry (was) ten(3) the sleeves rolled up sleeves, (was) volume ten sleeves up(5) nod your head ten pointsOtherwise, the sentence does not hold water. Such as:(21) * wipe the tabl

27、e.(22) * analyse the problem.(23) * peel the appleCan 2.2PG two is the segregation structure, the key lies in the VP package does not include the two predicate structure (Section 2.1 segregation in "delta" part) in other words, if and only if VP can be decomposed into two different V, X, a

28、nd X for the predicate, then PG expression is not self-contained; not self-sufficient, as in example (1), (3), (5) VP can be isolated with predication of X and V, so the sentence is self-contained; cases (21), (22), (23) or. Cases (21) of the VP is only one syllable, no segregation: (22) VP cases ha

29、ve two syllables, but not separated into two different meanings of the V and X cases; (23) although can isolate the different meaning of V (cut) and X (Apple), but X is a noun the object is not a predicate, so that their expression is not self-sufficient in.With the predication of X, can be a notion

30、al (such as cases (1) of the "dry") and phrases (such as cases (3) of the "up" cases (5) "a"), can also be a function (such as cases (8) "with" (11 cases). "The") and (real) morpheme (such as cases (24) of the "Ming", "Qing" (25),

31、 (26 cases) "abandoned").(24) explain the situation.(25) settle accounts.(26) give up the heights.However, on pronunciation (24), (25) and (26) X, the original tone should be read, and the tone sandhi can not be read.Functionally, the X of predicates can be: (1) adverbials such as "up

32、", (27) "detergent" for example (3) ".(27) of the pot with a detergent wipe.(two) complement, such as "dry", (3), "(5)" and "(24)" "Ming" and so on. (three) dynamic components, such as "8", "", "(11)", "&q

33、uot;, "(28)" after "" wipe ", (29) the latter" analysis "".(28) wipe your face.(29) analysis and analysis of problems.(four) quantitative attributes, such as:(30) peel the apple off. (compare: peel apples.)(31) turn the TV set in one direction. (compare: * cha

34、nge the TV set)(32) add two boards to the bed. (comparison: * add bed and board)The comparison is not difficult to see, plus the number of attributive noun object is an important way to make the sentence predication and self-contained (the number is "one", "one" is often omitted)

35、 therefore, this attribute has the function of gestalt. For a specific attribute, some existing Articulatory Function - a new form of phrases (such as cases (30) of the "skin", (32) the "two board"), and the configuration functions, such as some pure attribute is a configuration

36、attribute, (e.g. cases (28) "a"), when the object noun V mentioned before, let this attribute as the object, the sentence will not stand. Cases were compared (33), (34), and (35):(31) turn the TV set in one direction* (33) * change the direction of the TV set(30) peel the apple off.(34) pe

37、el the apple(32) add two boards to the bed.(35) add two pieces to the board of the bedIf no configuration attribute PG "to" B, V, X after only three components, then with configuration attribute PG "put" after B, V, X, Y four components, B how many words are no matter inside, as

38、a representation structure is the composition.In 2.3 isolated from the PG of the structure, there is a V and the structure of the predicate and the other one is the structure. Schema for:If you turn (38) into "B", "XVY" (such as example (34), (35) is (36).Another case is that the

39、 B doubles as the two structure. Such as:As you can see, both V and X act as both representations, and PG is a double representation structure. The key is to express double VP can see the predicate components double expression, VP expression of duality.In addition to the X complement, adverbial, com

40、plement and form a second quasi predicate representation structure, and interrogative and exclamatory. The two tones, like the X in the front, are part of the VP part. However, for the verb object structure of the VP, you can use only tone, not modal particles. This can be seen by whether or not the

41、 sentence is self-sufficient or not with doubt and exclamatory mood:(41)? Treat him like a human being.(42) treat him as a human being! ( table 'exclamation' stress')(43) treat him as a person!(44) treat him as a person?(45) * change the direction of the TV set.(compare (45) turn the TV

42、set in another direction)(46) change the direction of the TV?And VP is the pronoun of the starting sentence, but also to add modal particles to self-sufficiency.Test comparison:(47) * how about him? (starting sentence)(48) what about him? (starting sentence)The case in which the mood constitutes a s

43、econdary statement can be expressed as:2.4 in fact, expressed the duality of not only the "Ba" sentence rules, but the rules of sentence into Chinese sentence, it can from the following two points of view, (a) "to" delete part is still left after a sentence, the original self sti

44、ll self-sufficient, originally not self-sufficient is still not sufficient. Such as:(28) wipe your face.Wipe (28) face.(21) * wipe the table.* (21) * table eraser.(29) analysis and analysis of problems.Analysis and analysis of "(29)".(22) * analyse the problem.* (22) * problem analysis.(30

45、) peel the apple off.Peel (30) apples and peel (1) of the skin.(23) * peel the apple.(23) * peeling apples.(two) the declarative sentence which is irrelevant to the "Ba" sentence should be self-contained, and should have two predicate components to form the duality of the expression, other

46、wise the sentence is not self-contained. Test comparison:(50) * bird flying.(51) birds can fly (not fly / Fly / just fly)(52) * weather is good.(53) the weather is good (good / bad).Therefore, the duality of expression is the systematic feature of the sentence in modern Chinese language embodied in

47、the "Ba" sentence, but the predicate component X of the general declarative sentence is different from the X of the "Ba" sentence.Three kinds of self sufficiency (I) - the definiteness of B3.1, a "Ba" sentence always belongs to a certain ideographic type, so a self-cont

48、ained "Ba" sentence must satisfy the self-contained condition of the sentence at the same time as it satisfies the semantic self-sufficiency and expresses its self-sufficiency.With the "Ba" sentence type about self-sufficiency in general there are five categories: (a) the intenti

49、on of accidental sentence and sentence, (two) causatives and associated words, (three) declarative sentence and imperative sentence. (four) know to change sentence, sentence and sentence of a variable state variable. This section deals with the first kind of intentional and unexpected sentences.3.2,

50、 people always have a certain intention or presupposition, and the sentence consistent with the speaker's intention and presupposition is the intentional sentence. The characteristics of the intention of sentence is the most prominent, B is referring to, or with added attribute refers to the qua

51、ntity and non quantity, as in example (8) is the intention, with a number of non attributive "table" and "the letter" refers to the amount of attributive cases; (17), (18), (19) is also the intention of sentences with attributive "that refers to the amount of". Although

52、 the intent sentence is not accompanied by the above attributes, it may be added. For example (1), (3):(1) the water drained.- (1 ') to drink this cup of water.(3) the sleeves rolled up.- (3 ') * hand sleeves rolled up.The B of an intentional sentence can not be accompanied by or added to th

53、e attribute of "indefinite". Such as:(1) the water drained.- (1 ") * put a cup of water to drink. (originating imperatives)(3) the sleeves rolled up.- (3 ") * put one of his sleeves rolled up. (originating imperatives)(54) please bring in master wang.* (54 ") * Please call a

54、 master wang. (originating imperatives)Contrary to the intentional sentence, the sentence contrary to the speaker's intention and expectation is an unexpected sentence. The B of an accidental sentence has or can be added out or can be replaced by an adjective + quantifier that represents the ind

55、efinite referent. Such as:(55) a master is ill.(56) dropped the vase on the table.(56) dropped a vase on the table.3.3 above that intention sentence and sentence is unexpectedly simplistic, in fact, strict control of B and non refers to the only intention sentence, sentence and sentence only unexpec

56、ted accident.3.3.1 the B of the only intentional sentence can only be fixed. There are four kinds of intentional sentences.(1) the most typical intentional sentence is the imperative sentence. For example (1), (2), (5), (18), (19), and so on.(two) a declarative sentence containing or corresponding t

57、o an imperative sentence, such as an example (12), (17). Example (12) is a declarative sentence, but it contains an imperative sentence (1), an example (12) = case (1) + A; an example (17) is a declarative sentence, but it corresponds to an imperative sentence (57):(57) buy that coat.(three) with po

58、sitive results statement. Such as:(58) polish the table.(59) the clothes fit perfectly.(four) asking questions, such as example (48), and so on:(60) bring Wang back?3.3.2, the only B of the unexpected sentence, can only be referred to as indefinite, and must be marked with a "one quantity"

59、 attribute. In the unexpected sentence, "V" is "unconscious" for the subject. For example (55), again:(61) ran a thief.(62) a father died.(63) a master Wang fell ill.3.3.3 can be used as an intentional sentence or a sentence in an unexpected sentence. Used in intentional sentence

60、s, B can be accompanied by fixed indicators; used in unexpected sentences, B can be accompanied by non calibration. Such as:(64) cheated a little wang. (shame)(65) (he said he did) he cheated three of Xiao Wang today.65 cheated the Xiao Wang of class three.(65) cheated the three class of Xiao wang.C

61、ases (65), (65), (65) the "cheat" with the general logical stress intensity in the V is to emphasize the premeditated behavior.The unexpected content of an unexpected sentence can be a point, such as the V of (65), the (66), (67) B, (68), (69) X, and so on.(66) eating a fly.(67) a doctor was invited.(68) write a word big.(69) a picture were crooked.Unexpected points often have a pitch base