大学英语B2备课笔记 Unit 2

1、新世纪大学英语第二册备课笔记Unit Two: Optimism and Positive ThinkingSection One: Warm up1.Are you an optimist or a pessimist?Task 1: Look at the following picture. What do you see?Oral Discussion: Sit in groups of threes or fours and discuss the following questions.1) How do you feel about your present life? 2) A

2、re you in a bad mood sometimes? If so, why?3) Do you know how to keep yourself in a good mood? 4) How do youreact to difficulties in life? Can you give an example?5) Do you think optimism is the key to a happy and better life? Section Two: Quotes Study the following quotes about personality and see

3、if you accept the ideas expressed in the quotes.Laughter is the sun that drives winter from the human face. Victor Hugo What seems to us as bitter trials are often blessings in disguise (伪装). Oscar Wilde A pessimist sees the difficulty in every opportunity; an optimist sees the opportunity in every

4、difficulty. Winston Churchill Optimism is the faith that leads to achievement. Nothing can be done without hope and confidence. Helen Keller Background: information:About Victor Hugo:Victor Hugo : French writer of poems, plays, and novels. Two of his most famous novels, Notre Dame de Paris (巴黎圣母院);

5、in English also called The Hunchback of Notre Dame (钟楼怪人) and Les Misérables(悲惨世界), have been made into films, and Les Misérables has also been made into a famous musical (音乐剧). About Oscar Wilde:Oscar Wilde /5CskE(r) waIld/ (1854-1900): Irish writer of poems, stories, and especially humor

6、ous plays. He is best known for his play The Importance of Being Earnest and for his novel The Picture of Dorian Gray.About Winston Churchill:Winston Churchill /5wInstEn 5tF:tFIl/ (1874-1965): British politician who was Prime Minister during most of World War II and again from 1951 to 1955. He is st

7、ill remembered and admired by most British people as a great leader who made possible Britains victory in the war. About Helen Keller:Helen Keller /5helEn 5kelE(r)/ (1880-1968): US writer known especially for the way she learned to speak and write after becoming blind and deaf as a baby. She greatly

8、 helped blind and deaf people by collecting money, making speeches, and trying to change peoples attitudes. She was the subject of a famous book and film about her life called The Miracle Worker (奇迹创造者). Section Three: Read and ExploreText A Part I :Text A can be divided into three parts. Now write

9、down the paragraph numbers of each part and then give the main idea of each in one or two sentences. Answers for Reference:Part Paragraph(s)Main IdeaOne1-3It is necessary to choose optimism to shape our outlook andexpectations.Two 4-7 The author illustrates the effect ofnegativism through his own ex

10、perience. Three 8-10 The author suggests that we direct our attention to positiveand constructive thinking rather than to negativism.Part II: In-depth StudyKey Words and Expressions for Text Areverse n. (of) the opposite; the other way round 常与of连用相反e. g.If you tell these naughty children to do some

11、thing, they will often just do the exact reverse.He did the reverse of what we expected: instead of being angry, he bought us a drink.他所做的和我们的预料正相反他非但没有生气，反而请我们喝酒。in reverse in the opposite way to normal or to the previous situation; vice versa 反过来；反之亦然e. g.The secret number is my phone number in re

12、verse.To stop the engine you repeat the same procedures, but in reverse. 若想停下引擎，则重复相同的步骤，但要以相反的顺序。shape vt.influence and fix the course or form of 影响（的形态等）；决定（进程等）e. g. She had a leading role in shaping the partys policy.It is said that childhood experiences can shape a persons character. 据说童年经历能影响一

13、个人的性格。curse vi. & vt. express a wish that great misfortune will happen to (sb.), esp. by calling on magical powers 诅咒e. g.People in many cultures believe witch doctorshave the power to bless or curse their lives.She cursed him for ruining her life. 她诅咒他，说他毁了她一生。perspective n. (on)the way in whic

14、h a situation or problem is judged, so that (proper) consideration and importance is given to each part 常与on连用（观察问题的）视角e. g.The novel is written from a childs perspective.The new evidence put an entirely different perspective on the case. 新的证据使我们要从完全不同的视角来看待这个案子。view vt. esp. (as, with)consider; reg

15、ard; think about 尤与as或with连用考虑，看，认为e. g.They try to view the situation objectively.They viewed the future with some expectation. 他们怀着某种期待看未来。Collocations:view sth. as sth. 把看作view sth. from sth. 从角度来看待view sth. / sb. from a perspectivethink about sth. or sb. in a particular way 从视角来看待某事或某人e. g. Your

16、 point can be viewed from both the womans perspective and the mans.If we view the problem from a different perspective, a solution may become more obvious. 假如我们从另一个视角考虑这个问题，或许会更容易找到解决办法。highlight vt. pick out (sth.) as an important part; throw attention onto 使显著突出，使注意力集中于e. g.These figures clearly h

17、ightlight the differences in living standards between the two areas.The report on the accident highlights the need for considerable improvements in safety. 事故报告强调了提高安全的重要性。slip over neglect; omit 忽视，忽略；遗漏e. g.Dont slip over the important issue.Im sorry I completely slipped over his birthday. 很抱歉，我完全

18、忽略了他的生日。by choice because one has chosen; as a result of choosing; because of wanting to 出于自己选择地，凭爱好e. g. Everything we do, we do by choice; and every choice we make, we make for a reason.I didnt have to work all weekend I did it by choice. 我并不是非得整个周末都工作，我是自己选择这样做的。by nature as a result of inherent

19、qualities; innately 出于本性地，天生地e. g. He is by nature a very happy individual; he seems to have been born with a smile on his lips.Its not in her nature to be rude; shes polite by nature. 她生性并不粗野，倒是很有礼貌。live through remain alive during and in spite of (a difficult or dangerous period) 活过；经过（困难、危险）之后仍活着

20、e. g. We were all sad to learn that the old man is in a critical condition and may not live through the winter.He lived through two world wars. 他经历了两次世界大战。crisis n. a point or moment of great danger, difficulty, or uncertainty 危机；紧要关头e. g.We need someone who can stay calm in a crisis.Relations betwe

21、en the two countries have reached crisis point. 两国关系已经达到出现危机的地步。Collocations:cause/stir up a crisis 引起危机lead to a crisis 导致危机overcome/settle a crisis 解决危机in a crisis 处于危机当中when all is said and done when everything is considered or explained; after all 结果，说到底，归根结底；毕竟，终究e. g.When alls said and done, h

22、es only a kid and should be excused for his wrongdoing.When all is said and done, she was a most remarkable woman with a strongcharacter.归根结底，她是个非常出色的女士，性格坚强。feed on / upon (of a feeling, etc.) become stronger because of; (esp. of an animal or baby) eat（感情等）因变得更强烈；（尤指动物或婴孩）吃

23、，以为食e. g. Our memory is limited, but our imaginationis unlimited, and it feeds on optimism and hope.His self-confidence fed on encouragement from his father. 由于有了父亲的鼓励，他的自信心更强了。CF: feed, nourish, nurture & supply这些动词均含有“供养、提供、抚养”之意。feed普通用词，含义广泛。既可指给人或动物提供食物，又可指给植物以养料或为机器等加燃料等。例如：

24、* The farmers wife feeds cattle and sheep every morning.nourish指提供生长、健康或维持生存所必需的食物或养料，尤指用促进生长的营养品。句中事物名称往往做该动词的主语。例如：* Milk, eggs, and meat nourish the bodies of growing boys and girls.nurture表示在幼儿、幼苗的成长过程中予以细心的照料、保护或者可以指帮助计划、想法、感情等发展。例如：*We want to nurture the new project, not destroy it.supply表示提供

25、所需物品。例如：*Most large towns are supplied with electricity.练习：1. Milk, eggs, and meat the bodies of growing boys and girls. 2. It is mothers duty to her children. 3. Most large towns are with electricity.4. The farmers wife cattle and sheep every morning. 5. We want to the new project, not to destroy i

26、t. odd a.different from what is ordinary or expected; unusual 奇特的，古怪的，异常的e. g. Its odd of her to dash away without so much as saying goodbye.Its very odd that she didnt reply to our letter. 很奇怪，她没有回我们的信。CF: strange, odd, peculiar & curious这些形容词均含有“奇怪的，奇异的，新奇的、好奇的”之意。strange是普通常用词，含义广泛，指陌生新奇的、奇怪的

27、人或物。例如：*The doctor thought her strange behavior was caused by stress. odd通常指不同寻常或者出乎意料之外的人或事物，往往令人困惑或感到奇怪。例如：*He is rather an odd man. peculiar常指因为觉得陌生或者不熟悉而感到有点奇怪。例如：*This food has got a peculiar taste. curious通常指非常奇特从而能引起人们的好奇心。例如：*It is a curious fact that he never works but has plenty of money.

28、figure out come to understand or discover by thinking 理解，想出e. g.It took Wyler a couple of days to figure out what had happened.We still havent figured out how to do it. 我们仍想不出怎么去做这件事。disgusting a.extremely unpleasant and making one feel sick 令人作呕的；令人厌恶的，讨厌的e. g.Smoking is really a disgusting habit.I

29、 cant bear the disgusting food in that restaurant. 我受不了那家餐馆那令人作呕的食物。observation n. C; U an action of noticing or watching 观察，注意，监视e.g. Most information was collected by direct observation of the animalsbehaviour.He left by the back door to escape observation. 他从后门溜走了，以免被人注意到。Collocations:keep/place

30、sb. under observation 监视某人；观察某人be under observation 受到监视；被观察accomplish vt. succeed in doing; finish successfully 完成（任务等）；做成功e. g.What exactly do you hope to accomplish this year?Shes accomplished a great deal in the last few weeks. 在过去几周里，她完成了相当多的工作。CF: accomplish, achieve, fulfill & complete这些动

31、词均含有“完成”之意。accomplish指经过艰苦的努力之后成功地完成了规定的工作、计划、任务等，侧重达到预期目的的整个过程。例如：*They accomplished the difficult task assigned to them.achieve指通过持续的努力而完成或实现某事，特别强调由于非常努力以及克服困难后达到目的。例如：*It is more difficult for a woman to achieve success in modern society.fulfill指达到预定的目标，如计划的完成、职责的履行、诺言的实现、任务的完成等，侧重于完成心愿或者尽义务的意思。

32、例如：*Brown was a brilliant musician but he had never fulfilled his early plete指完成一件指派或预定的任务，或完善、完整未完成的部分，一般指经过比较长的时间以后完成了任务。例如：*The construction work of the new steel plant has already been completed.make a differencehave an important effect or influence 有很大影响或关系，很重要e. g. The rain did make

33、 a difference to the game.When youre learning to drive, having a good teacher makes a difference.学习驾驶时，如有一位好教员指导，效果大不相同。raise vt. collect together 筹集；召集e. g.They hope to raise $1 million to buy land.We made an appeal to raise money for victims of the disaster. 我们呼吁为灾民筹款。in terms of ; in terms from t

34、he point of view of 从观点来看，从角度来讲e. g.The job is great in terms of salary, but it has its disadvantages.The book has been well reviewed, but in terms of actual sales it hasnt been very successful. 这本书获得了好评，但是从实际销售情况来看，它并不太成功。address vt.try to solve 着手解决e. g.We did not expect that the project should fu

35、lly address issues of this kind.He ignored the side issues and addressed himself to the main problem. 他抛开枝节问题，着手解决主要问题。criticize vt. (for) judge with disapproval; point out the faults of 常与for连用批评；指责e. g.Ron does nothing but criticize and complain all the time.The report strongly criticizes the poli

36、ce for failing to deal with this problem. 报告强烈批评警方没有处理好这一问题。result in have as a result; cause 导致，造成e. g. This move will eventually result in the loss of a lot of jobs.The accident resulted in the death of two passengers.这起事故导致两名乘客丧生。benefit vt.(esp. of an action or event) be useful, profitable, or h

37、elpful to （尤指一行动或事件）有益于，有利于，有助于e. g.Exercise benefits our health.Its an expensive investment but it will benefit the company in the long run. 这是一项花费很大的投资，但从长远看来，它对公司有好处。channel vt. (into) direct towards a particular purpose 常与into连用把导向（某一特定目的）；引导；集中；朝向e. g. We should channel our energy into useful a

38、ctivities.The famine relief money was channelled through volunteer groups. 饥荒救济金是通过志愿者团体的渠道收集来的。channel sth. into sth. direct money, feelings, ideas, etc. towards a particular thing or purpose 把导向（某一特定目的）e. g.Women were more likely to be channeled into the lower-paying jobs.I decided to channel my e

39、nergy into something useful. 我决定把自己的精力用到有益的事上。concerned with having an active personal interest; about 关心的，感兴趣的；与有关系e. g.Her job is mainly concerned with sales.This story is concerned with a Russian family in the 19th century. 这个故事讲的是一个十九世纪俄国家庭的事情。Grammar In ContextStudy the following sentences that

40、 appear in this unit. Reflect on the use of “as” and do the following two tasks. 1) When the world is seen as a hopeful, positive place, people are given the power to attempt and to achieve. (Para. 8, Text A) 2) In fact, without optimism, issues as big and ongoing as poverty have no hope of solution

41、. (Para. 10, Text A) As的用法1作介词，表示“作为； 当作”。如：As a party member, I must be strict with myself. He works in the school as a teacher of math.  2作连词，引导方式状语从句，意为“像；按照”。 如：You must do

42、0;everything as I asked you to. 3作连词，引导时间状语从句。意为“当的时候”。 如：She sings as she walks.  He came just as I reached the door.  4作连词，引导原因状语从句。如：You must hurry up as there is 

43、;little time left. 5引导让步状语从句，常用于倒装结构 。如：Hard as he worked, he didnt pass this examination.  Child as he is, he knows a lot.6用作关系代词，引导非限制性定语从句。如：As we all know, the earth 

44、is round.  She has been late again, as was expected. 7用于一些固定搭配。如： asas 与相同的程度； 与等同The dress is twice as expensive as that.  as if as though 似乎；好像He behaved as if

45、0;nothing had happened. He talked as though he were a leader. as well as 同（一样也）；和；还  His landlady provided dinner as well as  breakfast.I cannot do the homework as well as look

46、0; after the kids. suchas 像这样的；such as 例如I bought a lot of fruits, such as apples, oranges, bananas and so on.Such simple actions as eating and drinking become difficult.

47、 as for 至于某人（某事物）As for you, you ought to be ashamed of yourself.  As for the hotel, it was very uncomfortable.  as to 关于某事物；提到某事物As to correcting our homework, 

48、;the teacher always makes us do it ourselves.  so as to 以便, 为了She saved the money so as to support the family.  as a matter of fact 其实；实际上As a ma

49、tter of fact, Im very fond of housework. as a result 结果（发生某种情况）As a result, he had been given an excellent job.  as long as 只要 As long as you work har

50、d, you will succeed sooner or later.Grammatical Explanation：非谓语动词在句子中充当除谓语以外的句子成分的动词形式叫做非谓语动词。非谓语动词分为三种形式:不定式，动名词，和分词(分词包括现在分词和过去分词)。1）不定式时态语态 主动被动一般式to do to be done 完成式 to have doneto have been done2）动名词时态语态 主动被动一般式doingbeing done完成式having donehaving been done3）分词时态语态

51、 主动被动一般式doingbeing done完成式having donehaving been done 否定形式： not +不定式，not + 动名词，not + 现在分词不定式是动词的一种非限定形式。 不定式没有人称和数的变化，在句中不能单独做谓语。动词不定式具有名词、形容词和副词的特征， 所以它在句中可以作主语、表语、宾语、定语、状语等。 基本形式：         “to + 动词原形 ”（有时可以不带to） “to” 仅仅是个符号，

52、本身无实义。 动词不定式的句法作用： 一 作主语。 如：  To ask him for help is necessary.  但在多数情况下，特别是在口语中，常常用 it 作形式主语，不定式后置。 It is not easy to master a foreign language  二. 作表语。 如：  Our plan is 

53、to finish the work in two weeks. To see is to believe. （注意： 主语是不定式时，表语必须用不定式，不用v-ing） All you have to do is (to) finish the job quickly. （注意：当主语部分含有动词do 时，作表语的不定式可以省略 to ）三

54、60;作宾语。 如： I expect to see you tomorrow. She wanted to borrow my dictionary. 能直接跟不定式作宾语的动词很多，常见的有want, like , wish, hope, hate, prefer, manage, try, ask, offer, start, conclude, demand,

55、 prepare, pretend, promise, learn, choose, refuse, expect, desire, agree,  care 等等。 四作定语。   不定式作定语时， 通常放在被修饰的名词或代词之后。不定式常和它所修饰的词有动宾关系。如： I have a lot of work to do. Here are some&#

56、160;books for you to read. She was the first person to think of the idea. 注意： 如果不定式是不及物的，它后面就应有必要的介词。如： He is looking for a room to live in. He use a pen to wri

57、te with. She is a very nice person to work with. There is nothing to worry about.  五作宾语补足语 不定式可以和名词或代词构成复合结构， 作动词的宾语，不定式作宾语补足语。 1用带 to 的不定式作宾语补足语，表示致使、希望、要求、请求、允许、命令等意义，常见的动词有 ask, tell, inv

58、ite, force, advise, get , beg, allow, want, wish, order, expect, prefer, persuade, teach, warn, request, forbid, cause, permit, oblige(迫使)，encourage, lead, 等等。 如：Mother told me

59、0;to come back before 10 oclock. Ill get someone to repair the recorder for you. What caused him to change his mind? I wish you to come as soon as possible. ( 注

60、意 hope虽有“希望”的意思，但其后不能用不定式作宾补, 不能说： hope sb. to do sth ) 2 不定式不用带 to 的动词有： 感官动词（see, hear, feel, watch, notice, observe）、使役动词（have, let, make ）、及动词词组 listen to , look at 后

61、的宾语补足语。 如： I often hear them sing this song. I saw her put her hands into the pockets. 注意： 当这类动词转为被动语态时， 其后的不定式则要加上“ to” 如：  They were made to wait for two hours. 六不

62、定式作状语 1 表示目的。 如： He went home to see his parents. To get the best result, use clean water.   不定式作目的状语，还可用 in order to , so as to 引起（in order to 可放在句首，而 so&

63、#160;as to 不能放在句首）  In order to arrive before dark, we started early.  He decided to work harder in order to (so as to ) catch up with the others. 2. 表示结果。

64、 如：  He returned to his bedroom to find everybody gone.  What have I said to make you so excited? 常见的表结果的句式有： 1） so. as to , such as to   He was so

65、60;angry as to be unable to speak.  We are not such fools as to believe him. 2)  enough (for sb.) to , tooto  This book is easy enough for me to 

66、read.  He is too young to join the army. 3) only to（常表示未曾料到的结果）  They lifted a rock only to drop it on their own feet.  I went to see him only to

67、 find him out. 3 表示原因 （与表示目的时形式相似，要根据句意判断）如：  We jumped with joy to hear the news. She was surprised to see how angry Mary was. Im sorry to have to say good-bye 

68、;to you. He is anxious to see her. 4不定式作条件状语、方式状语  To hear him talk, you would think he owned the whole world.  听他谈话，你会以为他拥有整个世界。  She opened her lips as if to 

69、speak. 她张开嘴唇，仿佛要说话似的。 动词不定式的时态用法： 1 不定式的一般式  与谓语动词表示的动作同时或是在谓语动词之后发生。如：  We are glad to see you again. （同时发生）  They invited us to go there this summer. （之后发生） 2 不定式的完成式 它所表示的动作在谓语动词所表示的动作之前发生。 Im sorr

70、y to have given you so much trouble. He seemed to have bought a new dictionary. 3 不定式的进行式 它用来表示当谓语动词的动作发生时，不定式的动作正在进行。 They are said to be building in that area now. He pretended to be