高中英语语法讲义词法

1、精选优质文档-倾情为你奉上高中英语语言知识运用部分讲义冠词不定冠词定冠词零冠词第一次提到的前文已提到或谈话双方都知道的季节、月份、星期的名词前表类指（某个或类人或物）表特指（有后置定语修饰时）语言、学科名词前表身份、职业、地位、国籍西洋乐器前中国民族乐器前、表示单位量词“每”，twice a week / 50km an hour文艺活动的名词前、旅馆影院博物馆牌棋球体育运动和游戏前、三餐前*序数词前用a表示“又、还、再”a most +adj.+n. 表“非常、极其”序数词前 in the sixties 60年代最高级前 the 1990s, 20世纪90年代hit him on the

2、headcaught her by the arm在物质名词前使其普通化一种 a strong wind, a beer表自然现象的名词前（wind, rain）*物质名词表泛指、抽象名词在抽象名词前常使其具体化 a great joy, a success中国传统节日前西方节日前在专有名词前表示“一个名叫的人”由普通名词构成的专有名词前专有名词前在集体名词表示把其看成一个整体山河海群岛山脉the Tianshan Mountains国家地区组织机构建筑人、地、国名和词首为mount的山和大多湖泊Mount Tai在不可数名词前表某一方面或部分 a long history, a colleg

3、e education报纸前the New York Timesthe Peoples Daily?杂志前Time, New Sciencea 与of 连用表“同一的、相同的”of a kind, of a size独一无二的事物、方位词表示职位时elect him presidentSo/how/too/as +adj. + a +n.复数姓氏前表一家人或夫妇a kind of 或a type of 表种类的结构后Such/quite/what + a + adj. +n.和国籍连用表这个国家的全体人员名词前有代词修饰时all, both, double, half +the +n. （th

4、e的位置） by+the +计量单位hour,day,pound,year在dawn, daybreak, dusk, sunrise, noon, midday, sunset, midnight等名词前a an the 在三类名词前表特指或泛指的用法 用法名词类别泛指特指表类别表数目（一个）表特定的人或物可数单数a pena bookthe seat复数pensfive booksthe desks不可数moneya pair of glassesthe milk 用法名词类别a/an/the可数单数a penthe seat复数pensthe desks不可数moneythe milk专

5、有名词Beijing数词（单位使用和倍数的表达）数词的分类 基数词 1-12各自记 13-19以teen结尾 20-90整数位以ty结尾 （forty是40） 多位数的读法 hundred, thousand, million, billion, dozen, score的用法 年龄表示法 ten years old a ten-year-old 带上连字符构成一个形容词，即使名词表示复数概念也不用复数形式。 At the age of ten 年代表示法 in the 1960s in his sixties他六十多岁时 序数词 构成 1-3各自记 4-19是序数词+th （fifth ei

6、ghth ninth twelfth） 以ty结尾的整十倍数变为tieth 21以上只变个位为序数 基数词表顺序置于名词之后 lesson seven page two 序数词表顺序置于名词之前 the seventh lesson the second part 多少世纪、多少届会议或赛事，事实上在排序，常用序数词。 The 30th Olympic Games数词和应用 小数、分数、百分数 36%读作thirty-six percent 数学运算 plus minus times divided by 3+4=7 three plus four is seven. (makes equal

7、s) 年月日 年的读法 April 4 April (the) fourth 时刻表达 逆读 前半小时 分钟数+past+刚过的点钟数 后半小时 分钟数+to+下一个钟点数 顺读法 依次读出点钟数和分钟数 倍数表达法 常用句型 times as +形容词原级+as (that of ) times the size/height/length/amount名词+of times+形容词比较极+than形容词和副词形容词功能 定语 a plastic cup a beautiful girl 表语 Im happy. 只能作表语的形容词 asleep, awake, alone, alive,

8、alike, afraid. ill生病的，well健康的, drunk喝醉的, unable不能的, worth值得的, glad高兴的 补足语 l like my house warm and comfortable during winter.the + adj. 表示一类人时一般用作复数，表示一类事物时一般用作单数 The unknown is yet to come.形容词的位置：一般位于所修饰词之前：live, elder, former, latter, wooden, golden, front, back, outer, chief, main, one-eyed, thre

9、e-legged等 有时位于所修饰词之后：当修饰词是复合不定代词 形容词短语作定语时 the student good at cooking 表语形容词作定语时 man alive enough作副词修饰形容词、副词时 Present在场的, absent缺席的, concerned有关的, involved涉及到的等作定语时形容词的排序 限定词（冠、指示代词、物主代词、所有格、数）描述型大小形状新旧长幼颜色来源材料用途 县官行令色国才（县官执行命令去特色国家的栋梁人才）以ly结尾的形容词：n. + ly friendly lovely可爱的 weekly orderly有秩序的 brothe

10、rly adj.+ ly lively活泼的 lonely likely可能的 deadly致使的原级比较的句型 asas, just, about, nearly等词可放在第一个as之前，作状语。 第一个as为副词，修饰形容词或副词，顺序是as + adj./adv.当形容词附带有名词时as + adj. + a + n. 或者是把 a + n. 放前面，改为 a + n.+ as + adj. + as比较级的构成 older 年龄：老的，大的 later 指时间上较晚的 farther 表示具体含义“较远” Elder 排行：年长的 latter 指顺序上后者 further 表示抽象“

11、更进一步”比较级的用法 比较级或最高级前可有程度词修饰 加强型much, far, a lot, a great deal, still, even, by far“远远”削弱型 little, a little, no, slightly. less + adj./adv. +than 不如后者怎么怎么样 the least + adj./adv. “最不怎么样的”倍数表示法比较级的句型 which is the larger country, Canada or Australia? I like to choose the less expensive shirt of the two

12、shirts. a +比较级 + 可数名词单数 有时表示一个最高级的含义 如： Mr. Smith owns a larger collection of coin than anyone else I have ever met. More and more the more, the more.比较级表最高的含义之方法 否定词+比较级 I have never heard the better one. than anybody else / than any other boy / than the other boys.副词的分类 方式副词 carefully, secretly, s

13、eriously angrily, foolishly, beautifully等 修饰及物动词时常放在宾语之后 see everything clearly。 地点副词 here, there, above, downstairs, home 地点副词前一般不用介词to. 如when I come here, 时间副词 before, ago, now, soon, then, late, yesterday等 程度副词 very, so, completely, well, too, nearly, that（那么）等频度副词 always, often, usually, sometim

14、es, never。副词的位置 位于被修饰词之前 当修饰词是形容词或副词时 is very different 位于被修饰词之后 当修饰词是动词时（放其前也可以） （方式和程度副词）频度副词 动词 地点副词、（时间副词） 句子中有助动词（情态和时态）、系动词时，副词一般不放在它们前面 I can never understand.副词的排序 方式+地点+时间有两种形式的副词 deep 深度的（水） 具体的 He dived deep into the water. High wide close Deeply 深深的（情感上） 抽象的 We are deeply moved by the mo

15、vie. Highly widely closely补充：Very(adv.) 常修饰形容词或副词，但too例外。Much(adv.) 常修饰动词，且多用于否定和疑问句。但有very, too, so修饰much时，可用于肯定句 可以修饰比较级或最高级，介词短语 可修饰过去分词 he was much surprised at the news.（实际上是修饰表语）Very much 实际上much的强调说法，可用much的地方应该都可以用very much.代词一、人称、物主、反身、指示、相互、不定、疑问、连接、关系代词。二、人称代词 用法 做主语用主格，做宾语用宾格。 宾格有时可以代替主格

16、 在比较状从中(特别是在代词后有同位语“all”时 Yao Ming is taller than I (or me).us all. Jim loves you as dearly as I . Jim loves you as dearly as me. 在情景对话的答语中省略谓语时 Who is on duty today? Me. (=I can) A glass of apple juice for me, please. Me, too.(=I do too) 表示厌烦、惊奇、反问等情绪时 What a mess! Maria, come and clean the room up

17、. Why me? Its Toms not mine! 用做表语时，常用宾格 Who is there? Its me. 三个人称同时出现时的顺序 ，承认错误或责任时的顺序是I, you and he. 常用she来代替的一些表物的词： country, ship, car, nature, moon等It的用法 指代时是同类同物，也就是那个东西本身。 在特殊疑问句的答语中，常用it 代替this(that). Whats this in English? Its a desk. 可以代替无法或没必要区分性别人。Whos there? Its me. Who else could it be

18、? (This is me ) 可以代替距离、时间、季节、天气、气候等自然现象，环境和情况等。 可以作形式主语代替不定式。It cost me 1000 to buy the painting last week. 代替动名词。Its no use turning to him for help. in later life. 代替主语从句。It has been proved that eating vegetables in childhood helps to protect you against serious illness It is our hope that the two

19、sides will work towards peace. 可以作形式宾语 I dont think it possible to master a foreign language without much memory work. 在like, dislike, love, hate, appreciate 后常跟it作形式宾语，不明确表示具体事物，但说话人双方都知道。或引出一个从句 Do you like it here? Oh, yes. The air, the weather, the way of life. Everything is so nice.I hate it wh

20、en people talk with their mouths full. 构成强调句 It is + 被强调部分 + that + It was you that I saw last night at the concert.物主代词 形容词性物主代词 定语 名词性物主代词 主语、宾语、表语 在双重属格中用于of之后 a good friend of mine反身代词 enjoy oneself, help oneself, teach oneself, come to oneself, By oneself 单独、独自 I went home by myself. for onesel

21、f 为自己，自己，亲自 well have to judge for ourselves. Of oneself 自动 Victory will not come of itself. To oneself 独享、独有 Im leaving for America so youll have this room to yourself.指示代词 such, such+n. 这样一个人或物 Robert had always wanted to include such a man in a story. Such常位于no后，且不用冠词 As I know, there is no such

22、car in this neighborhood.Suchas 象这样的，作定语或主语 Same 之前须有the, 可以用作定语、主语、表语、宾语。I cant stand working with Jane in the same office.相互代词 one another The members of the team support one another. Each other不定代词 some (一些、某个) any (任何) no(没有) every(每个) All both neither either each many much few little One anothe

23、r the other Ones others the others All/both/each + of + the + n. = all / both / each + (the) + n. 关于它们的部分否定和全部否定 One, it, that 指代时用法的区别 one一般不与a连用，但前面有adj.时往往用 a new one.None 指人或物，与of连用+名词（单或复）。 回答由how many, how much引导的问句。Another two years 又两年， another day 改日 the other day 几天前 the rest(可表可数也表不可数)Man

24、y, many more, a number of +可数Much, much more, a great deal of + 不可数A lot of , lots of , plenty of + 不可数或复数.None but 只有，除了， nothing but 只不过 all but 几乎 for nothing 免费的，徒劳的连词一、分类 并列 平行 and, not onlybut also, bothand, neithernor 两对等关系是同向的 转折 but, yet, however*, nevertheless*, while, only(可是)。 Notbut 两对等

25、关系是反向的 选择 or, otherwise*, rather than, or else, eitheror 两对等关系是有所取舍的 因果 for, so, therefore*, hence* 带*者多用作副词，起到连接作用。有时也跟分句，有人把它作为连词。 从属 引导名词性从句 表陈述（用that） 表一般疑问（用whether / if） 表特殊疑问（即连接代词或连接副词） 引导副词性从句 表时间when, while, as, since, before, after, once, as soon as, until;表地点 where, wherever、结果that, soth

26、at, suchthat, 目的that、so that, in order that,条件if, unless, supposing that(假如)， provided that(假如)， as long as, on condition that(只要)， 、原因as, since, because, now that, seeing that, in that,让步whetheror, as, though, even if（though）, no matter how（ what）, however, whatever二、用法说明 When和which 引导名词性从句时，称为连接副词

27、和连接代词 引导形容词性从句时，称为关系副词和关系代词，不叫连词。 连词that 引导名词性从句时没有词义 引导状语从句时表示“为了、以至于” If 和 whether 引导宾语从句时，当句中有not或做介词宾语时多用whether. I want to know whether you can 引导条件从句时，表假如，只能用if. 引导让步从句时，表不管、无论，只能用whether. Whether you can see the moon or not, it is always round. When和while 可做从属连词，引导时间状语可作并列连词，意思是“而”When 作连词时引导

28、时间状语从句 请提醒我他说他什么时候走，作连接副词时引导名词性从句 Please remind me when he said he was going. I may be in time to see him off. 作关系副词时引导定语从句 I shall never forget those days when I took the course with you.作疑问副词时引出特殊疑问句介词一、介词的种类: 简单介词二重介词（由两个介词构成） from behind, except in, until after, since before短语介词(由两个或以上的词构成) beca

29、use of, instead of, in front of. 不能做句子成份介词短语是由介词+宾语构成的，可做定、状、表、补或插入语。For fear of missing his train in case of fire二、位置 通常置于n.或pro.之前 The book is beyond her. I bought a very nice gift for my little sister. 在介词+ whom / which / what / whose 等疑问句中放在句末，To whom are you talking?= Who are you talking to? 在关

30、系从句中，位于 whom / which 之前的可移到句尾，且省略关系代词。如： Do you know the man (whom) he is speaking to? This is the girl (whom) I live together with.三、介词类别 表时间 during, for与since for + 一段时间，可表延续性动作 since 2010. Since+ 表起点的时间，完成式， I have studied English since five years ago. Over 可表示在期间 I was busy over the weekend. 可表示

31、一面一面，即两个动作同时进行。 he sang over his work. In与 after after + 时间点（two oclock） 多与现在或将来连用， After + 时间段 （two hours）多与过去式连用 after two hours, the bus finally came. He went to Beijing in January and he came back after two months. He went to Beijing in January and he will come back in two months. At, on, in与by

32、at 7:00 at the weekend at the time he knocked at the door At no time 决不 on time 准时 on Christmas 在圣诞节 In to time 立即，马上 in time 及时 at Christmas 在圣诞期间 By + 某一时刻或日期 常用于将来完成式。 In 可以用来回答how soon的提问 To, till, until 表直到才，如果前面没有from, 只能用till 或until. Till / until 经常和否定动词连用，强调某事很晚很迟。 表地点 at表示的是个“点” 在门牌号前必用at O

33、n 表示的是个“面” In 表示的是个“体” ，相当于inside. In the city, 方位词 东南西北 用in 指在内部 Beijing is in the north of china. 用to 指在外部 Japan is to the east of china. 用on表接壤 The Pacific is on the east of china. 表位置 across, through, 表空间 on / beneath 表与表面接触 The ground was very soft beneath my feet. Over / under 表垂直上下，不接触 put the t