学术英语 综合 Unit 1

1、.Academic English An Integrated Course.What is EAP?English for Academic Purposes/EAP内容：教材分为内容：教材分为学术英语学术英语综合、综合、人文、理工、社科等。我们的课程人文、理工、社科等。我们的课程分为读学科主题文章、听专业相关分为读学科主题文章、听专业相关讲座、练学术口语、写学科专业论讲座、练学术口语、写学科专业论文以及做学科相关研究等环节。文以及做学科相关研究等环节。目标：训练对信息的获取、分析、整目标：训练对信息的获取、分析、整合、利用能力；提高学生撰写学期论合、利用能力；提高学生撰写学期论文及学术论文

2、的技能；帮助学生过度文及学术论文的技能；帮助学生过度到专业双语课程及全英课程学习；全到专业双语课程及全英课程学习；全面培养学生的学业能力、思辨创新能面培养学生的学业能力、思辨创新能力和解决实际问题的学术研究能力。力和解决实际问题的学术研究能力。.Unit 1EconomicsUnit ContentsUnit objectivesText AText BText CAcademic language and discourseListeningSpeakingWriting.Unit 1EconomicsUnit Objectives1. Professional KnowledgeGet a

3、cquainted with some important economic concepts(e.g. the invisible hand, signaling theory, antitrust law, comparative advantage,etc.)2. ReadingSummarize the main ideas of a text and identify essential supporting pointsUnderstand difficult sentences (e.g., sentences with abstract meaning or ambiguous

4、 reference) Analyze complex or controversial issues critically (e.g. monopoly, free market vs. government regulation, etc.).Unit 1EconomicsUnit Objectives3. ListeningMake predictions about the content of a lecture4. SpeakingAsk for information and clarification in a polite and effective wayLearn to

5、do interviews and report the findings in an oral presentation5. WritingUnderstand what kind of topic is suitable and manageable for a term paper.Unit 1EconomicsUnit Objectives6. ResearchingIndependently locate and study a variety of resources (articles, books, videos, etc.) to know more about the Mi

6、crosoft case7. Academic language and discourseKnow what is specialized vocabulary and acquire some specialized vocabulary of economicsUnderstand the functions of parenthetical statementsComprehend stylistic differences between formal and informal English and acquire some formal expressions.Unit 1Eco

7、nomicsText A Lead-inHow do you celebrate Spring Festival? Write down your activities in the table in the textbook and analyze whose skill and labor are required to make these activities possible. Share your answers with your partner and discuss the following questions:Whats the power that leads peop

8、le to work and cooperate?1. What do you understand about economic life from the table?.Unit 1EconomicsCultural Points1. Contribute as much as possible what you know about the following:ThanksgivingAdam Smiththe invisible hand.Unit 1EconomicsText A Supplementary information1. ThanksgivingIt is an ann

9、ual national holiday in the U.S. and Canada. Americans celebrate Thanksgiving on the fourth Thursday of November, honoring the early Plymouth settlers and their harvest feast. They commonly trace the Thanksgiving holiday to a 1621 celebration at the Plymouth Plantation, where the Plymouth settlers h

10、eld a harvest feast after a successful season. Although prayers and thanks were probably offered at the 1621 harvest gathering, the first recorded religious Thanksgiving in Plymouth happened two years later in 1623. On this occasion, the colonists gave thanks to God for rain after a nearly catastrop

11、hic drought.Unit 1EconomicsText A Supplementary information2. The invisible handThe invisible hand is a metaphor used by Adam Smith to describe the natural force that guides free market capitalism through competition for scarce resources. The general idea is that individuals pursuing self-interest e

12、nd up doing what is best for society as if guided by an invisible hand. For example, when the price of something increases due to higher demand or lower supply, more people will start producing it. This is done out of self-interest, but it also benefits society. As a whole it will make the goods ava

13、ilable to more people as well as lowering the price again.Unit 1EconomicsAdam Smith (16 June 1723 17 July 1790) was a Scottish moral philosopher, pioneer of political economy, and key Scottish Enlightenment figure. Smith is best known for two classic works: The Theory of Moral Sentiments (1759), and

14、 An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations (1776). The latter, usually abbreviated as The Wealth of Nations, is considered the first modern work of economics. Smith is cited as the father of modern economics and is still among the most influential thinkers in the field of econom

15、ics today.Unit 1EconomicsText A Overview1. Summarize the main ideas of Text A.2. Do Task 1/Critical reading and thinking.Use the labor and skills behind the Thanksgiving weekend as examples to illustrate the concept of “the invisible hand”Echo the beginning, emphasizing we should be grateful to the

16、miracle on this Thanksgiving Day and every day.Giving thanks for the invisible hand1. GRATITUDE TO THE ALMIGHTY is the theme of Thanksgiving, and has been ever since the Pilgrims of Plymouth brought in their first good harvestToday, in millions of homes across the nation, God will be thanked for man

17、y gifts for the feast on the table and the company of loved ones, for health and good fortune in the year gone by, for peace at home in a time of war, for the incalculable privilege of having been born or having become American.2.But it probably wont occur to too many of us to give thanks for the fa

18、ct that the local supermarket had plenty of turkey for sale this week. Even the devout arent likely to thank God for airline schedules that made it possible for some of those loved ones to fly home for Thanksgiving. Or for the arrival of Master and Commander at the local movie theater in time for th

19、e holiday weekend. Or for that great cranberry-apple pie recipe in the food section of the newspaper.3. Those things we take more or less for granted. It hardly takes a miracle to explain why grocery stores stock up on turkey before Thanksgiving, or why Hollywood releases big movies in time for big

20、holidays. Thats what they do. Where is God in that?4. And yet, isnt there something wondrous something almost inexplicable in the way your Thanksgiving weekend is made possible by the skill and labor of vast numbers of total strangers?.5. To bring that turkey to the dining room table, for example, r

21、equired the efforts of thousands of people the poultry farmers who raised the birds, of course, but also the feed distributors who supplied their nourishment and the truckers who brought it to the farm, not to mention the architect who designed the hatchery, the workmen who built it, and the technic

22、ians who keep it running. The bird had to be slaughtered and defeathered and inspected and transported and unloaded and wrapped and priced and displayed. The people who accomplished those tasks were supported in turn by armies of other people accomplishing other tasks from refining the gasoline that

23、 fueled the trucks to manufacturing the plastic in which the meat was packaged.6. The activities of countless far-flung men and women over the course of many months had to be intricately choreographed and precisely timed, so that when you showed up to buy a fresh Thanksgiving turkey, there would be

24、one or more likely, a few dozen waiting. The level of coordination that was required to pull it off is mind-boggling. But what is even more mind-boggling is this: No one coordinated it.7. No turkey czar sat in a command post somewhere, consulting a master plan and issuing orders. No one rode herd on

25、 all those people, forcing them to cooperate for your benefit. And yet they did cooperate. When you arrived at the supermarket, your turkey was there. You didnt have to do anything but show up to buy it. If that isnt a miracle, what should we call it?.8. Adam Smith called it the invisible hand the m

26、ysterious power that leads innumerable people, each working for his own gain, to promote ends that benefit many. Out of the seeming chaos of millions of uncoordinated private transactions emerges the spontaneous order of the market. Free human beings freely interact, and the result is an array of go

27、ods and services more immense than the human mind can comprehend. No dictator, no bureaucracy, no supercomputer plans it in a d v a n c e . I n d e e d , t h e m o r e a n economy is planned, the more it is plagued by shortages, dislocation, and failure.9. The social order of freedom, like the wealt

28、h and the progress it makes possible, is an extraordinary gift from above. On this Thanksgiving Day and on every day, may we be grateful. (Jeff Jacoby is a columnist for The Boston Globe).Unit 1EconomicsText A In-depth analysis2. Focus on some of the difficult sentences in Text A by doing Task 2/Cri

29、tical reading and thinking.3. Have a group discussion about the questions in Task 3/Critical reading and thinking.Unit 1EconomicsText B Text AnalysisWhat is case study?A case study is a descriptive or explanatory analysis of a person, group or unit. An explanatory case study (e.g. Case 1/Text B) is

30、used to explore causation in order to find underlying principles.Unit 1EconomicsText B Text Analysis2. How do you understand the title “Gifts as signals”?Signaling theory is useful for describing behavior when two parties have access to different information. Typically, the signal sender chooses whe

31、ther and how to communicate certain information, while the receiver chooses how to interpret the signal. Signaling theory tackles a fundamental problem of communication and applies in various areas.Unit 1EconomicsBack in 1974, Nobel laureate Michael Spence introduced the notion of signaling in econo

32、mic thinking. Spence developed the theory of signaling to show how better-informed individuals in the market communicate their information to the less-well-informed to avoid the problems associated with adverse selection. Text B Text Analysis.Unit 1Economics3. Work in groups of 4-5 to discuss the qu

33、estions in Task 1/Critical Reading and Thinking/Text B. 4. Read Case 2 quickly and try to summarize the main idea of Case 2 on the basis of Task 2/Critical Reading and Thinking/Text B.Text B Text Analysis.Unit 1EconomicsText B Text AnalysisInternet browserWindows operating systemdeterentering the ma

34、rket and offering new productscars today include many built-in productsmonopolyreliableeasier to use80severely limitedchangingcompetitorslow.Unit 1EconomicsText B ResearchingForm into teams to do the task in Researching/Text B. Within each team, there are:facilitator: Think about the whole group and

35、 manage the task Make sure everyone feels included and has a job to do before and during the discussion. Preside over the classroom discussion.recorder: Make notes of the group discussion. Work with the reporter, who will have to read from the notes.reporter: Summarize and present the results to the

36、 class. Speak on behalf of the group.Unit 1EconomicsText B Supplementary informationMicrosoft caseUnited States v. Microsoft Corporation is an antitrust law case. It was initiated in 1998 by the United States Department of Justice (DOJ) and 20 states. In this case, Microsoft was accused of abusing m

37、onopoly power, and the central issue was whether Microsoft was allowed to bundle Internet Explorer with its operating system. Microsoft claimed that Microsoft Windows and Internet Explorer were inherently linked together and the merging of the two was the result of innovation. The case was ultimatel

38、y settled by DOJ.Unit 1EconomicsText B Supplementary informationMicrosoft caseThe proposed settlement required Microsoft to share its application programming interfaces with third-party companies and appoint a panel of three people who will have full access to Microsofts systems, records, and source

39、 code for five years in order to ensure compliance.20 However, the DOJ did not require Microsoft to change any of its code nor prevent Microsoft from tying other software with Windows in the future. .Unit 1EconomicsContribute what you know about the following terms and then give examples as many as

40、possible.Comparative advantageFree tradeText C Text Analysis.Unit 1EconomicsText C Supplementary informationDavid RicardoDavid Ricardo (1772-1823) is an English economist who gave systematized, classical form to the rising science of economics in the 19th century. At age 27, after reading Adam Smith

41、s The Wealth of Nations, Ricardo got very interested in economics. He wrote his first economics article at 37 and then spent the rest of his life as a professional economist. In one of his most famous books On the Principles of Political Economy and Taxation, Ricardo clearly illustrates the theory o

42、f comparative advantage.Unit 1EconomicsText C Supplementary informationAn inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations (国富论国富论)An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations，usually abbreviated as The Wealth of Nations, is Adam Smiths masterpiece. It was first publishe

43、d in 1776, and is widely considered to be the first modern work in economics. Through reflection over the economics at the beginning of the Industrial Revolution the book touches upon broad topics as the division of labour, productivity and free market.Unit 1EconomicsText C Supplementary information

44、Comparative advantageComparative advantage is an economic theory first developed by English economist David Ricardo. A person has a comparative advantage at producing something if he can produce it at lower cost than anyone else. And having a comparative advantage is not the same as being the best a

45、t something. It can explain why a country might produce and export things that it doesnt seem good at producing when compared directly to another country.Unit 1Economics2. Do the translation task in Text C. 每一个精明的一家之主都知道，如果买一样东每一个精明的一家之主都知道，如果买一样东西所花的钱比在家里自己生产所花的成本要小，那西所花的钱比在家里自己生产所花的成本要小，那就永远不要尝试在家

46、里生产。裁缝不会去做自己的就永远不要尝试在家里生产。裁缝不会去做自己的鞋子，而向鞋匠购买；鞋匠不会去做自己的衣服，鞋子，而向鞋匠购买；鞋匠不会去做自己的衣服，而雇裁缝来做；农民不会去做鞋也不想缝衣，宁愿而雇裁缝来做；农民不会去做鞋也不想缝衣，宁愿雇用不同的工匠来做。他们都会为了自身的利益而雇用不同的工匠来做。他们都会为了自身的利益而采取某种方式来利用整个产业，在这种方式里，他采取某种方式来利用整个产业，在这种方式里，他们会比邻居更有优势，并用自己生产的一部分产品们会比邻居更有优势，并用自己生产的一部分产品或者相同的东西，即以一部分产品的价格来购买他或者相同的东西，即以一部分产品的价格来购买他们

47、所需要的其它任何物品。们所需要的其它任何物品。Text C Text Analysis.Unit 1EconomicsAcademic language and discourse1. What is specialized vocabulary. ?2. Do Task 1 Specialized vocabulary/Language building-up/Text A. Specialized Vocabulary.Unit 1EconomicsAcademic language and discourse3. Additional classroom activity:Transla

48、te the following economic terms, which appear in Texts B and C, from Chinese into English.信号传递理论 市场支配力 商品反垄断法垄断相对优势股票经纪人税收（制度）.Unit 1EconomicsAcademic language and discourseSupplementary informationEffects of parenthetical statementsA traditional parenthetical statement is a thought enclosed in pare

49、ntheses. Brackets and dashes may also be used. According to Handbook of Effective Writing (by Walter K. Smart), the information in a parenthetical statement is not crucial to the sentence, but is related to the main statement. The following are possible functions of a parenthetical statement:.Unit 1

50、EconomicsAcademic language and discourseSupplementary informationIt allows a writer to insert extra information without creating a new sentence. The extra information may be too short to require a full sentence. Or if a full sentence is created for the extra information, it may cause a departure fro

51、m the theme.A parenthetical statement marked by dash can in fact stand out. In other words, the obvious separation serves to emphasize the interrupter.A parenthetical statement interrupts the normal flow of a sentence, thus creating a variety in sentence rhythm.A parenthetical statement slows down t

52、he development of a sentence. This might help to create a sense of suspension.When using parenthetical statements, please pay attention to the following points:.Unit 1EconomicsAcademic language and discourseSupplementary informationIf your sentence ends with parenthetical material, place the period

53、outside of the parenthesis. For example, They can be taken from myth, from history, or from contemporary occurrence, or they can be pure invention (but even if they are invented, they are nonetheless constructed from the constant materials of real experience, no matter how fantastic the invention).

54、If you have a parenthetical statement independent of a sentence, capitalize the first word and place the period within the parentheses. For example, Her gown was covered with jewels. (Those jewels must have cost a fortune.) Keep in mind that the rest of the sentence should still flow naturally.Unit

55、1EconomicsAcademic language and discourseSignpost language3. Additional Classroom Activity: Find parenthetical statements in Text B. But your reaction is very different when someone who (you hope) loves you does the same thing. (Para.3) It is costly (it takes time), and its cost depends on the priva

56、te information (how much he loves her).(Para. 4) Certainly, the case did not lack drama. It pitted one of the worlds richest men (Bill Gates) against one of the worlds most powerful regulatory agencies (the U. S. Justice Department). Testifying for the government was a prominent economist (MIT profe

57、ssor Franklin Fisher). Testifying for Microsoft was an equally prominent economist (MIT professor Richard Schmalensee). At stake was the future of one of the worlds most valuable companies (Microsoft) in one of the economys fastest growing industries (computer software).(Para. 6).Unit 1EconomicsAcad

58、emic language and discourseSignpost language The government claimed that Microsoft was bundling these two products together to expand the market power it had in the market for computer operating systems into an unrelated market (for Internet browsers).(Para.7) It also argued that the low price it charged for Windows about $50, or only 3 % of the price of a typical compu