航空基础英语

1、 A AVIATIONVIATION B BASICASIC E ENGLISHNGLISH航空基础英语航空基础英语201408281447353715248Module I TerminologyModule I Terminology Project I Aviation Terms Project I Aviation Terms Unit 1 Aircrafts TypeUnit 1 Aircrafts Type Unit 2 Aircrafts Structure Unit 2 Aircrafts Structure Unit 3 Aircrafts System Unit 3 Ai

2、rcrafts System 1. A vehicle which can fly is classified as 1. A vehicle which can fly is classified as follows:follows:aircraft 飞行器(1) lighter-than-air aircraft 轻于空气的飞行器l balloon 气球l airship 飞船(2) rotorcraft 旋翼式飞行器l helicopter 直升机l gyroplane 旋翼机(3) glider 滑翔机(4) airplane 飞机2. An airplane can be divi

3、ded into the 2. An airplane can be divided into the following groups according to the types following groups according to the types of aircrafts engine.of aircrafts engine.(1) propeller-driven aircraft 螺旋桨式飞机l piston propeller-driven aircraft 活塞螺旋桨式飞机l turboprop aircraft 涡轮螺旋桨式飞机(2) jet aircraft 喷气式

4、飞机l turbojet aircraft 涡轮喷气式飞机l turbofan jet aircraft 涡轮风扇喷气式飞机3. An airplane can be divided into the following 3. An airplane can be divided into the following groups according to the aircrafts flight velocity.groups according to the aircrafts flight velocity.(1) supersonic aircraft 超音速飞机 Supersonic

5、 aircraft travels faster than the speed of sound.(2) hypersonic aircraft 高超音速飞机 Hypersonic aircraft travels much faster than the speed of sound.(3) transonic aircraft 跨音速飞机 Transonic aircraft travels approximately equal to the speed of sound.(4) subsonic aircraft 亚音速飞机 Subsonic aircraft travels slow

6、er than the speed of sound but also very fast.4.Anairplanecanbedividedintothefollowinggroup4.Anairplanecanbedividedintothefollowinggroupsaccordingtotheaircraftsairrange.saccordingtotheaircraftsairrange.(1)short-rangeaircraft/short-haulaircraft近程飞机Theairrangeisshorterthan2400kilometers.(2) medium-hau

7、l aircraft 中程飞机 The air range is longer than 2400 kilometers but shorter than 4800 kilometers.(3) long-range aircraft / long-haul aircraft 远程飞机 The air range is longer than 4800 kilometers.5.Anairplanecanbedividedintothefollowing5.Anairplanecanbedividedintothefollowinggroupsaccordingtothetypesofland

8、inggears.groupsaccordingtothetypesoflandinggears.(1)landplane陆上飞机Alandplaneisanairplanethatcantakeofffromorlandonland.(2)seaplane/hydroplane水上飞机Aseaplaneorhydroplaneisatypeofairplanethatcantakeofffromorlandonwater.(3)amphibianmfbn 水陆两用飞机Anamphibianisanairplanewhichcanlandonbothlandandwater.6.6.Anair

9、planecanbedividedintothefollowinggroupAnairplanecanbedividedintothefollowinggroupsaccordingtothenumberofwings.saccordingtothenumberofwings.(1)monoplane单翼飞机Amonoplaneisanairplanewithasinglepairofwings.(2)biplane双翼飞机 Abiplaneisan old-fashionedtypeofairplanewithtwopairsofwings,oneabovetheother.(3)multi

10、plane多翼飞机Amultiplaneisanairplanewithmorethantwopairsofwings, say, threeorfourpairs.7.Anairplanecanbedividedintothe7.Anairplanecanbedividedintothefollowinggroupsaccordingtothepositionsofthewifollowinggroupsaccordingtothepositionsofthewingrelativetothefuselage.ngrelativetothefuselage.(1)lowwingairplan

11、e下单翼飞机Alowwingairplaneisanairplanewhosewingisbelowthecabin.(2)midwingairplane中单翼飞机Amidwingairplaneisanairplanewhosewingisanywherebetweenthefuselage.(3) high wing airplane 上单翼飞机 A high wing airplane is an airplane whose wing is above the cabin.8.Anairplanecanbedividedintothefollo8.Anairplanecanbedivi

12、dedintothefollowinggroupsaccordingtoitswinggroupsaccordingtoitsmission.mission.(1)militaryaircraft军用飞机(2)civilaircraft民用机Module I Terminology Project I Aviation Terms Unit 1 Aircrafts Type Unit 2 Aircrafts Structure Unit 3 Aircrafts System1. Airframe1. Airframe(1) fuselage 机身The fuselage (or body) o

13、f the airplane holds all of the parts together and carries the passengers or cargo.(2) wing / airfoil 机翼The wings generate most of the lift necessary for flight. aileron 副翼Ailerons are parts of the wing which are used to roll the aircraft. At the trailing edge, its an aileron. leading edge slat 前缘缝翼

14、 trailing edge flap 后缘襟翼Flaps and slats are parts of the wing which are used during take off and landing to increase lift and drag. spoiler 扰流板Spoilers are parts of the wing which are used to roll the aircraft and to decrease lift and increase drag during landings. Between the leading and trailing e

15、dges, its a spoiler.(3) empennage / the tail assembly 尾翼 vertical stabilizer 垂直安定面、垂直尾翼 rudder 方向舵A rudder is a control surface connected to the vertical stabilizer and is used to yaw the aircraft. horizontal stabilizer 水平安定面、水平尾翼 elevator 升降舵Elevators are control surfaces connected to the horizonta

16、l stabilizer and are used to pitch the aircraft. stabilator 全动式水平尾翼Stabilators are control surfaces which provide both horizontal stability and pitch control for the aircraft.(4) landing gear / undercarriage 起落架Airplanes require landing gear for taxiing, takeoff and landing.(5) powerplant 动力装置Most m

17、odern aircraft are powered by gas turbine, or jet engines.2.Four Forces on the Aircraft2.Four Forces on the Aircraft(1) lift 升力，浮力Lift is a mechanical force generated by a solid object moving through a fluid.(2) gravity / weight 重力Weight is a force that is always directed toward the center of the ea

18、rth.(3) thrust 推力，拉力Thrust is a mechanical force generated by the engines to move the aircraft through the air.(4) drag 阻力Drag is a mechanical force generated by a solid object moving through a fluid.3. Fuselage Construction3. Fuselage Constructioncabin / passenger cabin 客舱cargo / cargo compartment

19、货舱cockpit / flight compartment 驾驶舱bulkhead 隔板former 隔框wing attachment points 机翼安装处firewall 防火墙stringer 长桁stressed skin 耐压蒙皮semi-monocoque 半硬壳式结构4.Wing Components4.Wing Componentswing tip 翼梢rib 翼肋spar 翼梁fuel tank 油箱stringer 长桁skin 蒙皮aileron 副翼5.Empennage Components5.Empennage Componentsvertical stabi

20、lizer 垂直安定面rudder 方向舵horizontal stabilizer 水平安定面elevator 升降舵stabilator 全动式水平尾翼trim tab 配平调整片6.Landing Gear Components6.Landing Gear Componentsnose landing gear 前起落架main landing gear 主起落架wheel (起落架)轮conventional landing gear 传统起落架tail wheel 机尾(起落架)轮tricycle landing gear 三轮式起落架nose wheel 机头(起落架)轮7.Pow

21、erPlant Compartment7.PowerPlant Compartmentengine 发动机，引擎propeller 螺旋桨cowling kal引擎罩，整流罩firewall 防火墙8. Fastener 8. Fastener 紧固件紧固件structural joint 结构缝shank 轴cotter 开口销washer 垫圈hinge 铰链wrench 扳钳bearing 轴承bolt 螺栓，螺钉rivet 铆钉swage 接头锁紧螺母nut 螺母，螺帽pin 销钉screw 螺丝9.Implement 9.Implement 工具工具milling machine 铣

22、床boring machine 镗床punching machine 冲床turning machine 车床sawing machine 锯床routing machine 特形铣床Module I Terminology Project I Aviation Terms Unit 1 Aircrafts Type Unit 2 Aircrafts Structure Unit 3 Aircrafts SystemHydraulic System Hydraulic System 液压系统液压系统Fuel System Fuel System 燃油系统燃油系统FlightFlight Con

23、trol System Control System 飞行操纵系统飞行操纵系统Landing Gear System Landing Gear System 起落架系统起落架系统Air Conditioning System Air Conditioning System 空调系统空调系统Oxygen System Oxygen System 供氧系统供氧系统Ice and Rain Protection Ice and Rain Protection 防冰和防雨防冰和防雨Fire Protection system Fire Protection system 防火系统防火系统Pneumat

24、ic System Pneumatic System 气源系统气源系统Electrical System Electrical System 电气系统电气系统PowerplantPowerplant 动力装置动力装置Aircrafts Aircrafts SystemSystem1. Hydraulic System 1. Hydraulic System 液压系统液压系统Among the units commonly operated by hydraulic systems are landing gear, wing flaps, speed and wheel brakes, fix

25、ed-wing and rotary-wing folding mechanisms and flight control surfaces.There are three types of hydraulic fluids currently being used in civil aircraft： vegetable base hydraulic fluid 植物液压油mineral base hydraulic fluid 矿物液压油phosphate ester base fluids 磷酸酯液压油The phosphate ester base fluids are used in

26、 high performance piston engines and turboprop aircraft.reservoir reservoir 液压油箱液压油箱filter filter 过滤器过滤器accumulator accumulator 蓄压器蓄压器check valve check valve 单向阀单向阀hand pump hand pump 手动泵手动泵power-driven pump power-driven pump 动力驱动泵动力驱动泵pressure regulator pressure regulator 压力调节器压力调节器pressure gage pr

27、essure gage 压力表压力表relief valve relief valve 减压阀，安全阀减压阀，安全阀actuating unit actuating unit 动力传动装置动力传动装置piston piston 活塞活塞cylinder cylinder 汽缸汽缸actuating cylinder actuating cylinder 作动筒作动筒A basic hydraulic system includes:1. reservoir2. power-driven pump3. filter4. pressure regulator5. accumulator6. che

28、ck valve7. hand pump8. pressure gage9. relief valve10. actuating unit11. cylinder2. Fuel System 2. Fuel System 燃油系统燃油系统The aircraft fuel system stores fuel and delivers the proper amount of clean fuel at the right pressure to meet the demands of the engine. A well designed fuel system ensures positi

29、ve and reliable fuel flow throughout all phases of flight, which include changes in attitude, violent maneuvers and sudden acceleration and deceleration. The indicators such as fuel pressure gages, warning signals and tank quantity gages are provided to give continuous indications of how the system

30、is functioning. GasolineGasoline（汽油） and kerosenekerosene（煤油） are the two most widely used aviation aviation fuelsfuels（航空燃料）.Two types of jet turbine enginejet turbine engine（涡轮喷气发动机） fuel in common use today are:l kerosene grade turbine fuel 煤油涡轮燃料l a blend of gasoline and kerosene fractions 汽煤混合馏

31、分燃料 The integral fuel tankintegral fuel tank（整体油箱） in a jet airliner has： fuel tank 油箱 main tank 主油箱 reserve tank / auxiliary tank 储备油箱 center tank 中央油箱 trim tank 重心调整油箱 vent surge tank 通风(防震动)油箱 horizontal stabilizer tank (on some aircraft)Two types of fuel feed system are used to supply the fuel t

32、o the engines. They are:l gravity feed system 重力式供给系统l pressure feed system 压力式供给系统The gravity feed system The gravity feed system is the simplest type is the simplest type which is still in use on which is still in use on many low-powered many low-powered airplane, while the airplane, while the pre

33、ssure feed system is pressure feed system is much complex in much complex in construction and construction and operation.operation.manifold cross-feed system 总管交输系统firewall shut-off valve 防火墙关断活门tank 油箱filter 过滤器manifold valve 总管阀auxiliary tank 储备油箱fuel manifold 燃油总管refueling receptacle 燃油加注接头booste

34、r / boost pump 增压泵tank shut-off valve 油箱关断活门engine-driven fuel pump 发动机驱动燃油泵3. Flight Control System 3. Flight Control System 飞行操纵系统飞行操纵系统 Flight control is the action taken to make the aircraft follow any desired flight path. When an aircraft is said to be controllable, it means that the aircraft r

35、esponds easily and promptly to the movement of the controls. Moving the control surfaces on an aircraft changes the airflow over the aircrafts surface.The flight control surfaces are hinged or movable airfoils designed to change the attitude of the aircraft during flight. These surfaces may be divid

36、ed into three groups, usually referred to as the primary group and auxiliary group.The primary group includes the ailerons, elevators and rudder. They are used for moving the aircraft about its three axes. The ailerons and elevators are generally operated from the cockpit by a control stick on singl

37、e-engine aircraft and by a wheel and yoke assembly on multi-engine aircraft. The rudder is operated by foot pedals on all types of aircraft.The auxiliary group includes spoilers, speed brakes, slats and flaps. The auxiliary group may be divided into two sub-groups: the lift augmenting devices and th

38、e lift decreasing devices. The lift augmenting devices are trailing edge flaps and leading edge slats. The lift decreasing devices are speed brakes and spoilers.The flight control systems may be divided into two major parts: the primary control systems and the auxiliary control systems. The primary

39、control systems are used to control the primary group of control surfaces, while the auxiliary control systems are used to control the auxiliary groups of control surfaces.(1) control surface 操纵面 primary control surface 主操纵面 aileron 副翼 rudder 方向舵 elevator 升降舵 auxiliary control surface 辅助操纵面 trim 调整片

40、 flap 襟翼 speed brake 减速板 horizontal stabilizer 水平安定面(2) primary control system 主操纵系统(3) auxiliary control system 辅助操纵系统(4) control stick 操纵杆(5) foot pedal 脚蹬(6) control column 驾驶杆(7) control wheel 驾驶盘(8) push-pull rod 推拉杆Different control surfaces are used to control the aircraft about each of the t

41、hree axes.(1) vertical axis / yaw axis 垂直轴 yaw 偏航 The nose of the aircraft swings from side to side.(2) lateral axis / pitch axis 横轴 pitch 俯仰 The nose of the aircraft moves up and down.(3) longitudinal axis / roll axis 纵轴 roll 滚转 The wings of the aircraft move up and down.Primary Primary control con

42、trol surfacesurfaceAirplane Airplane movementmovementAxes Axes rotationrotationType of Type of stabilitystabilityAileronAileron Roll Roll LongitudinaLongitudinal l Lateral Lateral Elevator/ Elevator/ stabilatorstabilatorPitch Pitch Lateral Lateral LongitudinaLongitudinal l Rudder Rudder Yaw Yaw Vert

43、icalVerticalDirectionalDirectional 4. Landing Gear System 4. Landing Gear System 起落架系统起落架系统The landing gear of a fixed-wing aircraft consists of main and auxiliary units, either of which may or may not be retractable. The auxiliary landing gear consists of tail or nose wheel installations, outboard

44、pontoons（浮筒）, skids（刹车）, etc., with necessary cowling and reinforcement.The main landing gear forms the principle support of the aircraft on land or water and may include any combination of wheels, floats, skids, shock-absorbing equipment, brakes, retracting mechanism with controls and warning devices, cowling, fairing（整流罩） and structural members necessary to atta