大学英语创意写作 实用写作 填空重点句型

1、Chapter oneBusiness documents are written to get things done. They are read by busy people and this means that documents need always to be concise and clear. They also need to be correct in terms of grammar, vocabulary, punctuation and spelling. The 4Cs (conciseness, clarity, courtesy and correctnes

2、s are very important.Effective business communicationAs with any form of communication, the most important factors in business communication are purpose and audience. Academic communication, for example, communicates information and arguments between students and staff in academic settings. Journali

3、stic communication informs and sometimes persuades large sections of the general public about events in the world. Workplace communication gets things done between staff in workplace situations.The first basic rule of workplace communication, whether spoken or written, is that it needs to be as long

4、 as necessary and as short as possible. This rule applies equally well to letters, memos, reports, e-mails, resumes, meetings, and telephone conversations. Busy business people do not appreciate wordiness and require communication which is clear and concise.A clear and concise style is achieved by c

5、hoosing appropriate language for the purpose. In letters, the effective workplace communicator will avoid wordy and clumsy phrases.It is important to remember that this concise style needs to be balanced by politeness. Workplace communication should not be abrupt. Indeed, politeness is essential for

6、 good working relationships. Politeness is achieved by making sure that letters, memos ,phone calls etc. all have the right tone. The tone should neither be too boastful, nor too modest.A final and very important feature of effective business communication is its language accuracy. In most companies

7、, a letter is considered to be unmailable if it contains ever a single error in formatting, spelling, punctuation, or grammar. So, careful and detailed editing and proofreading of a written document is essential. Employers and colleagues will form anegative impression of a persons abilities and atti

8、tudes if he/she uses incorrect language in workplace communication. Effective written workplace communication, then, needs to show:A style which is clear and conciseA tone which is polite but not overly modestA presentation which contains no errors of format and language Workplace writing: informati

9、ve and persuasive typesWorkplace writing: informative and persuasive typesThere are two general types of workplace documents, those that try to either:Inform the reader about a product or servicePersuade the reader that this product or service is a good one and worth buying.The workplace writer choo

10、ses content and language which will best achieve their aim.Levels of formalityBusiness communication, then, needs to have appropriate style, tone, format and language. The style should always be concise, but the level of formality depends on the situation or topic and the status of people sending an

11、d receiving the communication: Bottom-up communicationTo a superior = more formalTop-down communicationFrom a superior = more formalSideways communicationTo and from people of same rank = less formalChapter twoMemo writing guidelinesA memo is an administrative document. itIs used only for communicat

12、ion within a company, i.e. it is an Intra-company document and is not used for inter-company communicationMay be distributed top-down or bottom-upDeals with a single topicNames its sender(s and recipient(s clearlyHas short, easily readable paragraphsMay have sub-headings and numbered sub-sectionsMay

13、 be distributed electronically or in hard copy Increasing and reducing distance between sender and recipientUsing formal language increases the social distance between a sender and a recipient. Informal language reduces this distance. Informal:Exaggerated or slang termsAbbreviated words, e.g. weve,

14、IllEmphasis markings. (i.e. bold font, exclamations, italics, underliningFormalLonger, more complex sentencesComplex vocabularyNo abbreviated wordsUse of personalizationUsing first person words like we, I, and oursand second person words like you and your reduces the distance between the sender and

15、the receiver. Junior employees writing to senior employees can use these words, but they need to be careful that the right distance, and therefore courtesy, is maintained. Degrees of directnessModern business writing aims to be brief and direct, yet not so direct that it will offend the receiver. Th

16、e position of the sender and receiver in the organization will influence how direct the language should be.Chapter threeLetters of a request are written to seek information or to obtain a response to a specific enquiry. Letters responding to requests give information but also attempt to build goodwi

17、ll. It is important to remember that while memos are normally written for communication within a company, letters are mainly written for communication between different companies.Below are a request letter and a letter responding to the request. The letters are written in block format, which is now

18、the most common format for such letters. As you can see, the mainfeature of this format is that everything is blocked or justified to the left side of the page. With this style, it is not necessary to use commas or full stops in the date, address, salutation, or close. Guidelines for writing request

19、 and response lettersSubject line: write a suitable subject line to identify previous correspondenceSalutation: if you know the name of your recipient, begin Dear Mr. or Ms. X and close Yours sincerely; if you do not know the recipient or their gender, begin Dear Sir/Madam and close Yours faithfully

20、Body of letter: order information logically, explain and clarify it, provide additional information if appropriate.Close: end in a polite and friendly way to maintain goodwillAn order requestOpening: state what you want to order and the source of the service or product.Body: list items stating quant

21、ity, order number, description, and unit price; and show total price of order.Close: request shipment by a specific date, state method of payment, and express goodwill.Chapter fourIn all workplace writing, we aim to be courteous, concise and clear and to write accurately. These principles are true e

22、ven for letters of complaint, which should never be rude or aggressive. Letters of adjustment should, of course, be models of tact and politeness. The sentence construction and vocabulary you choose for such letters should suit the purpose and the receiver of your document, and should link ideas log

23、ically and smoothly. Maintaining courtesyCourteous language aims to build and maintain a good relationship between the sender and the receiver of the message. Your choice of language will depend on your purpose for writing and your relationship with the receiver. As all business correspondence invol

24、ves a professional relationship between colleagues and clients, there is always a degree of distance present between the sender and the receiver in everycommunication. However, there are situations in which it is appropriate to express different degrees of distance. You need to know how to choose th

25、e right sentence construction and vocabulary to suit these different occasions.Heading distanceModern business writing in English tends to have a reduced distance between the sender and receiver, compared with business writing in the past. Managing distance is complex; it is possible to create too m

26、uch or too little distance between the sender and the receiver and this may affect the degree of courtesy in the message. In letters of adjustment, distance is particularly difficult to judgeyou should normally apologize but finish the letter by closing the distance between you and the recipient. Th

27、is can be done by reminding the recipient of past successful dealings, offering sensible compensation and assuring him or her of excellent future service.The information sequence in letters of complaint Letters of complaint normally include the following information:An explanation of the problemThe

28、consequences of the problem for both partiesA request to solve the problemThe information sequence in letters of adjustmentA letter of adjustment is a response to a letter of complaint. A letter of adjustment will normally include the following information in the given order:An offer of apologiesA s

29、ummary of action taken to rectify the problemsAn assurance of goodwill including the offer of compensation, if appropriateChapter fiveInstructions and advice are important in the world of business. These types of writing appear in notices to employees, in user manuals and in menus. Instructions use

30、simple language but their formats need to be clear and attractive.Extracting instruction from adviceWriting which gives advice usually goes into much greater detail than used to give instructions.Chapter sixA business report is written because information which has been gathered needs to be presente

31、d in an organized way. The length and format depends on the purpose of the report, the content and, of course, the intended audience or readers.In brief reportsdescribing a simple event or presenting a straightforward set of factsthe memo/letter format is often used, and the structure is simple. Mem

32、o reports are usually for internal communication and letter reports for external communication.Longer reports are a little more complicated, however, and the have slightly different rules because of their length.Reports are typically divided into several headed sections, each with a particular funct

33、ion. This makes the information in the report more reader-friendly, since the reader can either read the whole report or concentrate only on those sections in which he or she is interested.Active and passive voiceThe passive voice appears mostly in the Procedure section and sometimes the Findings se

34、ction. The function of the passive voice is to make the information sound objective and impersonal, to remove any hint of personal biasHere the use of the active voice would sound too subjective and informal. By contrast, in the Findings section, use of the passive to report respondentsreactions to

35、questions would sound clumsy.Preliminary informationThe preliminary section of the report contains all the information required to understand what follows in the main part of the report, and the way it is organized.Memo or letter of transmittalThe memo or letter of transmittal is a short covering te

36、xt. It is usually very brief, and simply informs the reader that you have completed the report as requested and that a copy is enclosed for reference or action.Title pageThe title page of a report should answer the basic questions: who? What? And why? Apart from the title of the report, we would the

37、refore expect to see the authors name, the name of the person who asked for the report to be written, and their respective positions in the company, as well as the date and, where necessary, the reference number.Table of contentsThe table of contents page is a list of the main sections of the report

38、 with sub-headings and page numbers. Use small Roman numerals to number the pages in the preliminary section of your report;Summary/abstract/synopsisThe summary of a report is placed at the beginning, even though it is probably the last thing that is written. It is a very brief version of your repor

39、t, and should allow a busy person to understand the main findings, conclusions and recommendations quickly and easily. When describing the aims of the report, use the present tense. When summarizing the procedure and findings, use the simple past tense.Terms of referenceThe terms of reference clear

40、set out the objectives of the report, the subject area to be covered and any special areas or particular problems which should be addressed. The person who asks you to write the report will give you the terms of reference at the outset, and it is very important that you understand them completely; o

41、therwise you are in danger of writing a report which does not focus on the right area, or that does not include sufficient detail.Procedure/methodIn long reports, it is usual to include a brief a description of the procedures you have used in gathering your information. This allows the reader to che

42、ck your sources of information and the methods you have employed to do your primary research. The procedure for collecting information may include questionnaires, surveys, desk research, interviews, and observation. When describing the procedures, we generally use the past tense and the passive voic

43、e.Introduction/backgroundThe introduction normally includes background information needed to understand the problem or situation. When describing the background to the report, we generally use the present or present perfect tense.It is also helpful for the reader if you explain in the introduction h

44、ow the report is organized. Use Arabic numbers for the pages in the body of the report: 1, 2, 3, 4.Main findings/resultsThis, of course, is the main part of the report, in which you write up all the details of your research and investigation. The information should be presented in different section

45、with suitable headings and sub-headings. These are important because they act as signposts for the readers, helping them to understand the report quickly, and to move from one section to another without being confused.All the sections in this part of the report should be logically arranged, and any

46、relevant graphics or tables should be integrated into the text. Where possible, the findings should be limited to the most important facts. Complicated statistics and lengthy technical details should not be included here, but left for the appendix at the end of the report. This should ensure that th

47、e body of the report remains easy to read and understand. ConclusionIn the conclusion, the new facts should be introduced. Instead, the report writer should use the information in the findings and state the logical implications/results/conclusions that can be reached. Remember, the conclusion should

48、 not contain your personal opinions, but should be an objective interpretation of the facts. It can be written using the present tense, or conditional clauses.RecommendationsRecommendations state what action should be taken on the basis of the evidence you have uncovered and the conclusions you have

49、 come to. In some reports, recommendations are vital and may be the main reason for writing the report. Such recommendation reports are discussed in chapter 11 of this book. If recommendations are asked for, then you would expect to seeadvice or suggestions for action in this part of the report. Of

50、course, the advice should be based firmly on the findings which have already been presented. Since recommendations tend to be more personal, the use of the personal pronouns I and We is common in this section of the report.Remember, you cannot make a final decision in the recommendations section. Yo

51、u should simply suggest what action should be taken.AppendixThe appendix contains supporting information which helps the reader to understand your report more completely. Any information which is not of primary importance, or which may distract the reader from the main points in the body of the repo

52、rt, should be put in an appendix. The appendix can contain maps, charts, graphs, questionnaires, memos, letters, etc. The items included should be self-contained and clearly labeled so that the reader knows exactly what they refer to, or why they are significant. The appendix is normally labeled 1,

53、2, 3, or A, B, C References/bibliographyThe references or Bibliography section is usually the last one in a long report. It contains the details of any previously published sources of information used in the report.Chapter sevenThe important thing about writing a speech is to know your audience. You

54、 must choose the appropriate tone for each speech by analyzing the situation before you write your speech. The most obvious characteristics of a speech is that it is spoken and that people listen to it rather than read it. This should affect the way we prepare the speech.The style of business speech

55、esIt is in many ways more difficult to listen to a speech than it is to read something. The speech writer should keep this in mind and avoid including too many ideas or details. Clear organization, summaries of what you are going to say and a conclusion are all desirable.The major problem with speec

56、hes is that so many of them are boring. Where appropriate try to include little stories thatillustrate your point. Stories are much easier to listen to and remember than highly abstract arguments.The vocabulary and grammar should be kept fairly simple. Oral English is always much less complex than w

57、ritten English. You dont want to lose the attention of your audience.Rhetorical questionsquestions which attract the audiences attention and which you dont expect an answer tocan help to involve the audience, as listeners will silently answer your questions.Chapter eightGeneral speaking, employers a

58、re looking for value-addedcharacteristics among their prospective employees. Increasingly, employers are seeking to recruit all-rounders, people who have not only the special skills and knowledge to do the job in question but who also possess dynamic qualities such as communication and interpersonal

59、 skills. The technical aspects of many jobs are now handled by computers and this technological support has put the focus on human skills.Explanations of your suitability for a particular job should be given in a letter of application attached to your resume. Application letters highlight important information which may be lost in