2018年中考英语真题分类汇编题型3阅读理解专项训练十二科普知识与现代科技含解析

1、专项训练十二科普知识与现代科技时间：810 分钟/篇分值：2 分/小题 Passage1(2018 南京)Anewreportshowswhatlifemightbelikein100yearsfromnow.Itdescribesskyscrapersthataremuchtallerthantodaysbuildings,underwaterbubblecitiesandholidaysinspace.Thereportisfromacompany.Itaskedexperts(专家)onspaceandarchitecture,aswellascityplanners,togivethe

2、irideasonthelifein2116.Theysaidthewaywelive,workandplaywillbetotallydifferenttohowwedothesethingstoday.TheexpertsusedtheInternetasanexample.Theysaidthat25yearsago,peoplecouldnotimaginehowtheInternetandsmartphoneswouldchangeourlives.TheInternethascompletelychangedthewaywecommunicate,learnanddodailyth

3、ings.Theexpertssaidthechangesinthenextcenturywouldbeevenmoreunbelievable.Researchersquestioned2,000adultsaboutthepredictions(预言)theythoughtweremostlikely(很可能的)tohappeninthefuture.Theypredictedthatinthefuture,fewpeoplewillgotoanofficebutwillworkfromhomeandhaveworkmeetingsonline.Peoplewillhavehighlyde

4、veloped3-Dprintersthatwillletyoudownload(下载)adesignforfurnitureorafoodrecipeandthenprintthesofa,tableorpizzaathome.Therewillalsobelessneedforvisitstothedoctor.Wewillallhaveahomehealthinstrumentthatwilltelluswhattheproblemisandgiveustreatment.Wewillalsobegoingintospaceforholidaysandtogetresourcesthat

5、wehaveuseduponEarth.ApredictionthatismissingiswhetherpeoplewillstillneedtostudyEnglish.()1.ThewriterusestheexampleoftheInternetinParagraph1toshowA. theInternetwasoftenusedB. theInternethasdevelopedfastC. peoplewillnotbelievethechangesD. technologywillchangepeopleslivesE. )2.Withthehelpofhighlydevelo

6、ped3-Dprinters,awaytogetasofain2116istoA. buyoneinashopB. asksomebodytomakeoneC. downloadadesignandprintoneD. designandmakeonebyoneselfE. )3.Accordingtothepassage,themissingpredictionisA. howpeoplewillworkB. wherepeoplewillgetresourcesC. whatpeoplewillhaveathometotreatillnessD. whetherpeoplewillstil

7、lneedtolearnEnglishE. )4.ThepassageismainlyaboutA.thelifein2116B.holidaysinspaceC.thehistoryoftheInternetD.medicaltreatment()5.ThepassageismostprobablyfromA. anadvertisementB.anewspaperC.adetectivestoryD.ahealthreportPassage2(2018 山西)WhenIopenedmye-mailtheotherday,Rachel,aprettywoman,appearedonmycom

8、puterscreen.Shegreetedmebynameandstartedtalkinghappily.Sometimesshestoppedtosmileatmeorblowakiss.Itwascool,right?Infact,shewasreadingtomeane-mailfrommybrotherJohn.RachelcouldbetherebecauseofanewtechnologycalledFacemail.Facemailletsyousende-mailsinafunnyway.Byusingit,youre-mailscanbereadtothereceiver

9、byanattractivepersonorbyaclown.Youcandownloadthesoftwareatwww.Fwithoutpaying.Facemailfacesarelivelyandtheycansimulatetheemotionsthatyouputinyourtext.Forexample,typein,andRachelblowsakiss.starMichaelJordangreetsyoubyname,servesyou,andpersonallyclosesthe_sale,wontyoubehappy?Also,ifmomcantbehomewhenkid

10、sgetbackfromschool,shecanleaveanotewithavoiceandpictureonthescreentotellthemwhatthereistoeat.ItstruethatFacemailmakeslifeeasyandfun,butitshouldbeusedwithcare.Theclownlookslivelyandfunnyatfirst.Butifyouchoosetheclown,putafew)4.WhichofthefollowingisTRUEaccordingtothepassage?A.Youshouldntchooseaclown.B

11、. Facemailcanbewidelyusedinbusiness.C. MomcanshowherkidshowtocookbyFacemail.（）5.Whatisthewritersattitude（态度）towardsFacemail?LifeFX,thecompanythatbusinessuses.Whyise-businessonlinehasnohumantouch.ButifdevelopedtheFacemail,notsopopularnow?OneofyougototheNikewebsite,isthesuretherearewidereasonsisthatbu

12、yingandthefamousbasketballrudewordsinane-mailandaddsomeangryemotions,()1.Infact,whoisRachel?A. Sheisaprettyactress.B. SheisJohnsgirlfriend.C. Sheisnotarealperson.()2.WhatisthemainadvantageofFacemail?A. Youdontneedtopayforit.B. E-mailcanbeattractiveinamorelovelyway.C. Youcanaskabeautifulwomantoreadth

13、eeyouvegotaPsychomail.(A.)3.Whatdoestheunderlinedexpression-mailtoyou.“closesthesaleprobablymean?停止营业B.达成交易C.取消折扣WORDtidj.HIIraeiivv.flownsimulateemolionIJHVC4ICIITIHi有吸引力的小丑模拟表情破人型邮件A. HethinksitsadangertotheInternet.B. Hethinksitneedsfurtherimprovement.C. Hethinksitsacoolandfunnytechnology.Passage

14、3（2018 重庆 B 卷）Manyhomeshavecamerastoprotectthemfromdanger.Thecamerascantelltheownersifsomeonehasentered.Butthecamerasdonotknowwhetherthepersonisafamilymember,afriend,apostmanoracriminal（罪犯）.ButanewcameramadebyaFrenchcompanycanrecognize（辨另 U 出）faces.Itcantellparentsatworkthattheirchildrenhavereturned

15、fromschool,orthatthemailhasbeensenttotheirhome.Itcanalsotellthemifastrangerhasenteredtheirhome.Whenfamilymembersenterahome,thesmartcamera“recognizesthemandsendsinformationtotheownersphone.Theownercanchoosetoseethevideothenorlater.Butifanunknownpersonentersahome,thecamerawillsendawarningsoundontheown

16、ersphone.ThisiswhathappenedrecentlytoasmarthomecameraownernamedDamien.HelivesinParis.“OnaFridayIwasatwork,havingabigmonthlymeetingwhenmyphonemoved.AtfirstItoldmyselfOh,itmustbeawrongwarn,butmyphonewastellingmetherewasafacethatthecameradidnotrecognize.Somethingwashappeninginmyhouse!“IsawapersonIdidno

17、tknowwithhisshoeson,whichisnotallowedinmyapartment（公寓）.Iwatcheditonthevideo.Ifeltquitesurprised.Ihurriedbackhomeasfastaspossibleandcalledthepoliceontheway.Thankstothesmartcamera,thecriminalwascaughtsoonsaidDamien.（）1.Thenewsmartcameraisdifferentfromtheonesinmanyhomesbecauseitcan.A.protecttheownerB.h

18、elpaschoolchildC.recognizefacesD.callthepolice（）2.InDamiensapartment,peoplecantA.wearshoesB.watchvideosC.havecamerasD.sendmails（）3.Ifweputthepassageintothreeparts,whichofthefollowingisthebest?（=Para.（自然段）1:Para.2二 Para.3=Para.4二Para.5）A.；B.；C.；D.；（）4.Thebesttitleofthepassagemaybe:.A. CatchingCrimina

19、lsinaBetterWayB. StrangeVideoFacesC. WarningSoundonthePhoneD. SmartHomeCamerasPassage4（2018 德州）HoverCamera（无人相机）WangMengqiu,theinventorofHoverCamera,wasborninHangzhouin1982.HeoncestudiedatStanfordUniversityintheUnitedStates.Hebecamefamousovernight（一夜成名）becauseoftheinvention.Forgetselfiesticks（自拍杆）！C

20、omparedtoothercameras,HoverCamerahasmanyadvantages.* Itcanflyandstayinmid-air,trackyourfaceandevenfollowyoutomakesureitgetstheperfectpicture.*Itcanbecontrolledbyusingasmartphone（智能手机）.*Itrecordsmovementswitha13MPcameraandtakes4Kvideo.*Itisthebestchoiceforweddings,sportsgamesandholidays.Mr.Wangalsosa

21、id,“Themaindesignconsiderationiseasyandsafetotakefortheusers.Itsverylightandsmall.Itcanbefolded（折叠）intwo,soitcanbeeasilyputintoabag.Whenthepowerislow,itcanlandonthegroundsafelyonitsown.”Itsreportedthatthecompanyhasraised$25milliontoproduceit.Asitisstillbeingtested（硬U试）,HoverCameracanbeboughtlaterthi

22、syear.Thepricehasnotyetbeendecided.Butaspokesmansaysthecompanyhopestosellitforlessthan$600.（）1.HoverCameracanA. swiminthewaterB.flyinthemid-airC.changeitsweightD.beusedasaphone（）2.Theunderlinedword“trackmeans.A.pullB.followC.pushD.show（）3.Accordingtothepassage,whyisHoverCameraeasyandsafetotake?A.Its

23、lightandsmall.B. Itcanbefoldedinthree.C. Itdoesntneedpower.D. Onlyasmartphonecanmakeitland.E. ）4.Whichisnotmentionedinthepassage?A. HowcanwecontrolHoverCamera?B. WhencanwebuyHoverCamera?C. HowmuchisHoverCamera?D. HowpopularwillHoverCamerabe?（）5.Accordingtothepassage,WangMengqiuisayoungman.A.braveB.q

24、uietC.creativeD.humorousPassage5（2018 威海）TheBuildingThatMovesEveryoneknowsthatbuildingsdontmove.Theycantchangethewaytheylook.However,architect （ 建筑师）DavidFisherwantstochangethat.Fisherhasanamazingidea.Hewantstomake80-storybuildingsthatchangeshape.Thefloorswillmoveatdifferentspeeds.BecauseHisideaisan

25、interestingone.However,Fisherdoesntstopthere.Healsowantsthebuildingtobe“green”.Thebuildingwillmakeitsownenergy.Inmostbuildings,onlythetopfloorhasaroof(屋顶).InFishersbuilding,eachfloorwillhaveitsenergy.Also,machinesbetweeneachfloorofthebuildingwillcatchthewind.Theywillturnthewindintoenergy.thatswhat_p

26、eoplealso_said_beforehumanstraveledintospace!()1.ThepassageismainlytalkingaboutA. buildingsforthefutureB. thelifeofanarchitectC. howgreenbuildingswork()2.Theunderlinedword80-storymeansthebuildinghas80A.shapesB.floorsC.differentspeedsD. )3.FishersbuildingcanmakeitsownenergybecausethebuildingA. istall

27、andalwaysmovingB. istallandhasmanysolarpanelsC. isalwaysmovingandhasmanysolarpanelsD. )4.TheFishersbuildingwillNOTgetenergyfromA.thesunB.thewaterC.thewindE. )5.Whydoesthewritersay“thatswhatpeoplealsosaidbeforehumanstraveledintospace”?A. ToshowwhyFishersbuildingwillneverwork.B. ToshowwhyFishersbuildi

28、ngislikeaspaceship.C. Toshowthatunusualideascansometimeswork.Passage6(2018 福州)Pollutioninsidehomesandotherbuildingskillsmorethan4millionpeopleeachyear.Manypeopledieasaresultofbreathingsmokeorfromcookingoverwood-Eachfloorwillmovearoundslowly.ofthis,thelookthesameshapeofthebuildingsaysFisher.isalwaysc

29、hanging.Thesebuildingswillneverownroof.Theroofseachhavesolarpanels(太阳能板).ThismeansalotmoresolarFishersideassoundimpossible.However,poweredorcoal-poweredstoves.Onewaytoreducethenumberofdeathsisthroughcookingequipmentpoweredbythesun.CrosbyMenzies,asolarpowerexpertinaSouthAfricancompany,describedhislat

30、estsolarcookercalledthe“Sol-4.Itisfoursquaremetersofmirrors,sixtoeightmetersinlength.Itisquitealargecooker.”The“Sol-4worksbyreflecting(反射)lightfromthesunofflargemirrors.Themirrorsdirect(把对准)thelightatacookingpan.Thenthelightheatsthepanwithsolarenergy.Withintwominutes,thepanishotenoughtocooksausagesa

31、ndonions.Injustfourminutes,watercanbeboiled.Thatisasfastascookingwithnaturalgasorelectricity.Thecookerisalsomuchafriendlierthanothermodelsbecausepeopledonothavetostandinthesuntouseit.Andpeoplecanpreparemealswithouthavingtocollectfirewoodorspendmoneyoncoal.Suchindividualswouldbelesslikelytohavebreath

32、ingillnessesfromharmfulsmoke.Atpresent,thecookeronlyworkswhenthesunisshining.Butengineersareworkingonawaytomakeitworkwithoutsunlight.Eachcookercostsabout$2,000,whichisalargeamountofmoneyformostAfricans.Tosolvethatproblem,CrosbyMenzieshascreatedanon-govermentalorganizationcalledSolarCookersforAfrica.

33、Itplanstoraisemoneythroughdonationstoprovidepoorpeoplewithsolarcookingequipment.()1.ThispassageismainlyaboutA.solarcookersB.smokepollutionC.solarpowerexpertsD.breathingillnesses()2.The“Sol-4ismainlyusedtoA. shortenthetimeofcookingB. reducethecostofmakingcookersC. raisemoneythroughdonationstohelpAfri

34、canpeopleD. reducethenumberofdeathscausedbyharmfulsmoke()3.TheunderlinedwordaindividualsA.cookersB.mirrorsC.people()4.WhichofthefollowingabouttheA. Itissixtoeightsquaremetersofmirrors.B. Itcanworkinanyweatherconditionnow.C. Itcanalsoheatthepanbylightingfirewood.D. Itismoreenvironment-friendlythanoth

35、ercookers.()5.Fromthepassage,wecaninferthatA. theSol-4willbedesignedinasmallersizeB. moreAfricanscanusethesolarcookersinthefutureC. theSol-4isthefirstproductoftheSouthAfricancompanyD. theAfricangovernmentwillprovidepoorpeoplewithsolarcookersPassage7(2018 广州)Gettingelectricityhasalwaysbeenaproblemfor

36、the173peoplelivinginNuevoSaposoa,asmallvillageinPeru,SouthAmerica.However,thingswentfrombadtoworseinMarch2015afterheavyrainsdamagedtheonlypowercablesinthearea.Thevillagerswereforcedtouseoillamps,whicharenotonlyexpensivebutalsodangerousbecauseoftheharmfulgasestheyproduce.mostprobablymeansD.experts“So

37、l-4isTRUE?Luckily,researchersattheUniversityofTechnology(UT)inLima,Peruheardabouttheirproblemandfoundawonderfulsolution.Theymadealampthatcanbepoweredbyplantsandsoil,bothofwhichcanbeeasilyfoundintheAmazonianrainforestwherethevillagelies.Thelamptakesenergyfromaplantgrowinginawoodenboxandusesittolightu

38、panLEDlightbulb.Whilethatmaysoundamazingandevenimpossible,thesciencebehindtheideaisquitesimple.Asplantscreatetheirfood(usingthesunsenergy,waterandchemicalsfromthesoil),theyalsoproducewastewhichtheyreturntothesoil.Tinyanimalsinthesoileatthiswasteandtheyproduceelectronsthebuildingblocksofelectricalene

39、rgy.TheUTteamputspecialsticksinsidethesoiltocapturetheenergyandkeepitinthelampsbatteriesforlateruse.Theresearcherssayasinglechargecanpowera50-wattLEDlightfortwohoursenoughtimeforlocalvillagerstogettheireveningworkdone.TheuniversitygavetenPlantLampstothevillagersofNuevoSaposoainOctober2015.Sofar,they

40、havebeenahugesuccess!ElmerRamirez,theUTprofessorwhoinventedthelampbelievesthePlantLampcouldhelpimprovethelivesofmanypeople,especiallysmallrainforestcommunities,42%ofwhomhavenoelectricity.()1.WhataretheproblemsofoillampsaccordingtoParagraph1?A. Theyaredifficulttouseandcreatepollution.B. Theyareexpens

41、ivetobuyandeasilydamaged.C. Theyaredifficulttorepairandproducelittlelight.D. Theyareexpensivetouseandcanbebadforhealth.()2.TheelectricitymadebythePlantLampcomesfromA. plantfoodB.plantwasteC.thesoilsheatD.thesunsenergy()3.WhatistrueaboutthePlantLamp?A.Itcanbemadebylocalpeople.B. Itismucheasiertouseth

42、anoillamps.C. Itcanproducealltheelectricitythevillageneeds.D. Thethingsitneedstomakeelectricityareeasytofind.E. )4.ThePlantLampsinventorbelievesitcouldbemosthelpfulfor.A. rainforestcommunitiesB.carsC.poorpeopleincitiesD.farmers()5.Whatisthepurposeofthepassage?A.Toreportonanewinvention.B. Toexplainan

43、ewscientifictheory.C. Todescribehowelectricityismade.D. Todiscusstheproblemsofpoorvillages.专项训练十二科普知识与现代科技Passage1【主旨大意】本文是一篇说明文。介绍了 100 年后的生活。1. D【解析】细节理解题。题干意为：作者在第一段使用网络的例子来表明。由第一段中“Theysaidthat25yearsago,peoplecouldnotimaginehowtheInternetandsmartphoneswouldchangeourlives.”可知，人们不敢想象科学技术能改变人们的生活。

44、故选 D。2. C【解析】细节理解题。题干意为：在高速发展的 3D 打印机的帮助下，在 2116 年得到一个沙发的方式是。由第二段第三句Peoplewillhavehighlydeveloped3-Dprintersthatwillletyoudownload （下载） adesignforfurnitureorafoodrecipeandthenprintthesofa,tableorpizzaathome.可知，人们下载一个设计，然后用高速发展的 3D打印机打印出来。故选Co3. D【解析】细节理解题。题干意为：根据这篇文章，消失的预言是。由文章第二段最后一句Apredictionthat

45、ismissingiswhetherpeoplewillstillneedtostudyEnglish.”可知，一个消失的预言是人们是否仍需要学习英语。故选 D。4. A【解析】主旨大意题。题干意为：这篇文章主要是关于。由文章第一句话“Anewreportshowswhatlifemightbelikein100yearsfromnow.”可知，文章主要讲述了 100年后的生活。故选 A5.B【解析】推理判断题。题干意为：这篇文章很可能来自。文章主要讲述了 100年后的生活。所以这篇文章很可能来自报纸。故选BoPassage2【主旨大意】本文是一篇说明文。介绍了一种叫做 Facemail 的新

46、科技产品，能以一种颇为迷人的男性、女性或丑角的形象向电子邮件的接收者读邮件。1. C【解析】推理判断题。题干意为：事实上，谁是 Rachel?根据文章第一段“Infact,shewasreadingtomeane-mailfrommybrotherJohn.和第二段RachelcouldbetherebecauseofanewtechnologycalledFacemail.可知 Rachel 能够读来自弟弟的邮件，她之所以能出现，是由于一种新科技。所以 Rachel 不是真人。故选 C。2. B【解析】细节理解题。题干意为:Facemail 的主要优势是什么？根据第二段“Facemaille

47、tsyousende-mailsinafunnyway.Byusingit,receiverbyanattractivepersonorbyaclown.邮件能够将其内容拟人化，并带有发送者所赋的表情，这样就使阅读邮件的过程变得很有趣，令人感觉很舒适，从而具有吸引力。故选Bo3. B【解析】短语猜测题。题干意为：划线短语closesthesale”意思可能是什么？文章第三段讲了 Facemail 在商务上的应用，通过“现在的电子商务不是那么受欢迎”与假设的情境“迈克尔乔丹喊着你的名字与你打招呼、接待你，你会很高兴”之间的对照，可以推断出 closesthesale 意为达成交易。故选 B。4.

48、 B【解析】细节理解题。题干意为：根据文章以下哪项是正确的？根据第三段中关于电子商务的介绍可知作者提出了一种假设：假如你进入耐克公司的网站，看到迈克尔乔丹喊着你的名字与你打招呼、接待你并亲自与你进行交易，你不会很高兴吗？可断定 B 项正确。故选Bo5. C【解析】推理判断题。题干意为：作者对 Facemail 是什么态度？通过对文章的理解，我们可知作者对 Facemail 是持肯定和赞赏态度的，从第一段中“Itwascool,right?以及第三段中的假设情境使电子商业变得有趣都可得到提示。故选 aPassage3【主旨大意】本文是一篇说明文。介绍了一种智能家庭摄像机的功能，并举了发生在一个用

49、户家的事例来说明这种摄像机的神奇之处。1. C【解析】细节理解题。题干意为：这种新型智能摄像机与许多家庭中的不同是因为它能。根据第二段首句ButanewcameramadebyaFrenchcompanycanrecognize（辨另1J出）faces.”可知这种摄像机的不同之处在于它能识别脸部。故选 Qyoure-mailscanbereadtothe”可知，用这种 Facemail 发送的电子2. A【解析】细节理解题。题干意为：在 Damien 的公寓内，人们不能。根据最后一段第一句IsawapersonIdidnotknowwithhisshoeson,whichisnotallowe

50、dinmyapartment（公寓）.可知在 Damien 的公寓内不允许穿鞋，故选 A3. B【解析】文章结构题。题干意为：如果我们把这篇短文分成三部分，下面哪一项是最好的？阅读短文可知这篇短文第一段介绍了传统摄像机的功能，第二段介绍了一种新型智能摄像机，第三、四、五段介绍了发生在 Damien 家的一件事，因此按照这个结构来划分段落最好。故选 B。4. D【解析】标题归纳题。题干意为：这篇短文最好的标题可能是。阅读短文可知这篇短文主要介绍了一种智能家庭摄像机。故选 D。Passage4【主旨大意】本文是一篇说明文。介绍了出生在杭州的 80 后小伙王孟秋发明的无人相机的一些特点及发展前景。1

51、. B【解析】细节理解题。题干意为：无人相机可以。根据第三段第一句Itcanflyandstayinmid-air.”可知这款相机可以在半空中飞行并停留。故选 B。2. B【解析】词义猜测题。题干意为：划线单词“track”的意思是。根据第三段第一句中的”.flyandstayinmid-air.及.andevenfollowyoutomakesureitgetstheperfectpicture.可以猜测出track 的意思为追踪。故选 B。3. A【解析】细节理解题。题干意为：根据文章内容，为什么无人相机携带方便且安全？根据第七段第二句Itsverylightandsmall.可知因为无人

52、相机轻便、小巧而便于携带。故选 A。4.D【解析】推理判断题。题干意为：下面哪一项没有被提到？通读全文可知 A 项在第四段“Itcanhecontrolledbyusingasmartphone（智能手机）.”被提及；B 项在第八段第二句.HoverCameracanbeboughtlaterthisyear”被提及；C 项第九段第二句Butaspokesmansaysthecompanyhopestosellitforlessthan$600.”被提及，只有 D 项未被提及。故选 D=5.C【解析】推理判断题。题干意为：根据文章，王孟秋是一个年轻人。通读全文可知，王孟秋发明了无人相机，说明他

53、是一个有创新意识的人。故选CoPassage5【主旨大意】本文是一篇说明文。介绍了建筑师大卫菲舍尔想建造一个 80 层环保型移动建筑的独特设想。1. A【解析】主旨大意题。题干意为：这篇短文主要谈论了。通读全文可知，本文主要介绍了建筑师大卫菲舍尔对于未来大楼的设想，故选 A2. B【解析】词义猜测题。题干意为：划线单词“80-story”是指建筑有 80。根据第二段第三、四句Eachfloorwillmovearoundslowly.Thefloorswillmoveatdifferentspeeds.可知80-story指的是80 层。故选 B。3. C【解析】细节理解题。题干意为：菲舍尔的大楼可以自己产生能源，因为这座大楼。根据第三段第六、七句InFishersbuilding,eachfloorwillhaveitsownroof.Theroofseachhavesolarpanels（太阳能板）.”及第九、十句Also,machinesbetweeneachfloorofthebuildingwillcatchthewind.Theywillturnthewindintoenergy.”可知，菲舍尔设计的大楼能产生能量是因为大楼每层都有太阳能板，且建筑物楼层间的机器可以从移动的楼层中获取风能。故选Co4. B【解析】细节理解题。题干意为