句子成分和非谓语动词

1、句子成分：主语、谓语、表语、宾语、定语、状语、补足语和同位语一、 主语：主语是一个句子所叙述的主体,一般位于句首。但在there be结 构、疑问句（当主语不是疑问词时）和倒装句中，主语位于谓语、助动词或情态动 词后面。主语 可由名词、代词、数词、不定式、动名词、名词化的形容词和主语从句等表示。例如：During the 1990s, American country music has become more and morepopular.（名词）We ofte n speak En glish in class.（代词）One-third of the students in this

2、class are girls.（数词）To swim in the river is a great pleasure.（不定式短语）Smoki ng does harm to the health.（动名词）The rich should help the poor.（名词化的形容词）When we are going to have an English test has not been decided.（ 主语从句）It is necessary to master a foreign Ianguage.（it作形式主语，真正的主语为 后面的不定式）It is reported th

3、at 5000 people were killed in the earthquake.（it作形式主语，真正的主语为后面的主语从句二、 谓语：谓语说明主语所做的动作或具有的特征和状态。动词在句中作谓语，一般放在主语之后。谓语的构成如下：He practices running every morni ng.（动词或动词短语）You may keep the book for two weeks.（情态动词+V原）He has caught a bad cold.（助动词+V）We are stude nts.（系动词+表语）三、表语：表语用以说明主语的身份、特征和状态，它一般位于系动词（如

4、be,become, get, look, grow, turn, seem等）之后。表语一般由名词、代词、形容词、分词、数词、不定式、动名词、介词短语、副词及表语从句表示。例如：Our teacher of En glish is an American.（名词）Is it yours?（代词）The weather has turned cold.（形容词）The speech is exciting.（分词）Three times seve n is twenty one?（数词）His job is to_ teach English.（ 不定式）His hobby（爱好）is pla

5、ying football.（动名词）The mach ine must be out of order.（介词短语）Time is up. The class is over.（ 畐寸词）The truth is that he has never been abroad.（表语从句）四、宾语：宾语表示动作的对象或承爱者，一般位于及物动词和介词后面。They went to see an exhibition（ 展览）yesterday.（名词）The heavy rain preve nted me from coming to school on time.（代词）How many di

6、ct ion aries do you have? I have five.（数词）They helped the old with their housework yesterday.（名词化形容词）He pretended not to see me.（ 不定式短语）I enjoy listening to popular music.（动名词短语）I think（that）he is not suitable for this post.（宾语从句）Lend me（间接宾语）your dictionary（直接宾语）,please.（双宾语）They elected him（宾语）the

7、ir monitor（宾补）五、宾语补足语：英语中有些及物动词,除有一个直接宾语以外,还要有一个 宾语补语，才能使句子的意义完整。带有宾语补足语的一般是某些及物动词（如see /watch/ observe/ no tice/ hear/ feel/ make/ find/ n ame/ call/ elect/ have/ get /leave/keep等+宾语+宾补）和with+宾语+宾补。宾补可由名词、形容词、副词、不定式、分词、介词短语和从句充当。His father n amed him Dongming.（名词）They pain ted their boat white.（形容词

8、）（复合宾语）Let the fresh air in.（畐寸词）You must nt force him to lend his money to you.（ 不定式短语）We saw her entering the room.（现在分词）I have to have my hair cut.（过去分词）We found everyth ing in the lab in good order.（ 介词短语）We will soon make our city what your city is now.（从句）六、定语：修饰名词或代词。Guilin is a beautiful cit

9、y.（形容词）Chi na is a developing coun try; America is a developed cou ntry.（分词）There are thirty wome n teachers is our school.（ 名词）His rapid progress in En glish made us surprised.（代词）Our monitor is always the first to get to the school.（ 不定式短语）The teaching pla n for n ext term has bee n worked out.（动名

10、词）He is reading an article about how to learn English.（介词短语）The building being repaired is our library.（ 现在分词短语 ）The buildi ng completed last mon th is our library.（ 过去分词短语）The n ews that you told me yesterday is really excit ing.（从句）七、状语:修饰动词、形容词、副词或整个句子，说明动作或状态特征的句子成分.Light travels most quickly.（副

11、词及副词性词组）He has lived in the city for ten years.（介词短语）He is proud to have passed the n ati onal college entrance exam in ati on.（ 不定式短语）He is in the room, maki ng a model pla ne.（分词短语）Wait a mi nute.（名词）Once you beg in, you must con ti nu e.（状语从句）状语种类如下：How about meeting again at six?（时间状语）Last ni gh

12、t she did nt go to the dance party because of the rain.（原因状语）I shall go there if it does nt rain.（条件状语）Mr Smith lives on the third floor.（地点状语）She put the eggs into the basket with great care.（方式状语）She came in with a dictio nary in her han d.（伴随状语）In order to catch up with the others, I must work ha

13、rder.（目 的状语）He was so tired that he fell asleep immediately.（ 结果状语）She works very hard though she is old.（让步状语）I am taller than he is.（比较状语）八、同位语：解释说明前面另一个名词或代词m Li Hua, preside nt of Stude nts Union of our uni versity.（名词短语）Mr Smith, our new teacher, is very ki nd to us.（名词短语）We Chi n ese people ar

14、e brave and hardwork ing.（名词短语）The n ews that he passed the driv ing test surprised us.（从句）不定式（do/to do）非谓语动词分词（现在分词doing,过去分词done）动名词（doing）1.不定式作状语功能用法原因状语多用在某些表示喜、怒、哀、乐等的形容词后目的状语可与so as to/in order to替换,但so as to般不可置于句首结果状语常表示意想不到的结果,常用only to doI was satisfied to hear the news.（原因状语）To meet the

15、movie star I got up very early.（目 的状语）I rushed to school only to find no body was there.（ 结果状语） 不定式表结果的固定结构：onl y/just to. . . ; too. . . to. . . ; so/suchas to.;.eno ugh（for sb.）to.He was too scared to say a word.The girl was so kind as to help the old man off the bus.I m not such a fool as to beli

16、eve that.I was lucky eno ugh to be employed（ 雇佣）as a secretary（秘书）2.分词作状语考点1非谓语动词作状语功能用法现在分词作状语，用来表时间、条 件、原因、伴随、结果等现在分词所表示的动作与句子主 语 之间构成逻辑上的主动关系，且含 有进行之意功能用法过去分词作状语，用来表时间、 条 件、原因、伴随等过去分词所表示的动作与句子主 语 之间构成逻辑上的被动关系，且含 有完成之意源于系表结构的部分过去分词作 状 语，不表示被动关系，表示句子主语 所处的一种状态常见的有:seated（坐在.） 、hidden（躲臧于.）、located（

17、位于.）buried in（埋头于.专心于.、 、devoted to（奉献 于） 、lost/absorbedin（全神贯注于，沉浸于 ）、born in（出 身于）、dressed in（穿着）、tired of（厌烦了）、faced with（面临.）、addicted to（沉溺于.）、occupied in（忙于）Hear ing （hear） the good n ews, he jumped with great joy.Not knowing （k now） what to do, I had to wait here.The girls came in, followinTh

18、e teacher came in, followed （follow） by some stude nts.Seen （see） from the hill, the city looks like a garde n.Seeing （see） from the hill, we can enjoy the view of the city.Give n （give） more atte nti on, the childre n could have grow n better.（follow） theirAbsorbed （absorb） in reading, we all didnH

19、aving driven （drive） all day, we were rather tired.【点津】 把握分词与句子逻辑主语之间的关系 词;不定式作结果状语为主观上意想不到的结果观上、顺其自然而产生的结果；The poor old man died, leav ing no thi ng to his childre n.3准确理解形容词化的过去分词作状语的用法；4如果分词的动作和句子主语之间是主动关系，同时分词动作发生在谓语动 词之前时，则用完成式having done。Not having finished her work in time, she was fired by h

20、er boss.5分词短语作状语时，通常与主句中的主语在逻辑上一致，但有时它也可以有自己独立的逻辑上的主语，这种结构称为独立主格结构。Her father being ill (Because her father was ill), she had to stay at home tolook after him.Weather permitti ng (=lf weather permits), we are going to visit you tomorrow.3.有些分词或不定式短语作状语，其形式的选择不受上下文的影响。常见的有：gen erally speak ing般来说fran

21、 kly speaki ng坦白地说judgi ng from/by.根据 来判断t hear the sound.，区别现在分词与过去分，现在分词作结果状语为客considering. . . /taking. . . into consideration考虑至U .to tell (you) the truth说实话to be honest老实说provided/provid ing that.女口果考点2非谓语动词作定语定语形式功能1.现在分词般式doing表示动作是主动进仃的仃为或者正在进行当中2.现在分词般式的被动结构being done表示动作是被动仃为且正在进仃当中3.过去分词般

22、式done表示动作是被动兀成的仃为或者单纯表示已经完成4.动词不定式to do表示将要发生的动作5.动词不定式般式的被动结构to be done表示将要被做的动作1. The boy sitting by the Wn dow is Tom.discussed now is of great importa nee.3. So far no body has claimed（认领）the money discovered in the library.4. There is nothing to worry about.suppos ing / suppose that假设,女口果assu m

23、i ng that假使2. The matter beinPlease give me a kn ife to cut with.She is now look ing for a room to live in.5. The con fere nee to be held next year is about global en vir onment.【点津】准确判定非谓语动词与其逻辑主语之间是主动关系还是被动关系；准确判定非谓语动词表示的动作发生的时间，即是正在 进行或已经完 成还是将要发生。考点3非谓语动词作补语1.在看、听、感觉”的感官动词see, watch, observe, no

24、tice, hear,feel等后面的宾语补足语常见的有三种非谓语动词形式（do/doing/done）。do表主动和完成（被动句中要加to）, doing表主动 或 正在进行，done表被动或完成。He is ofte n heard to sing the song.The missi ng boy was last see n playing n ear the river.They once heard the song sung in En glish.2.动词make, have, get, leave, keep, find后可接非谓语动词形式作补语。即动词+宾语+宾补广To m

25、ake himself heard by the students at the back of the classroom, hespoke as loudly as he could.Paul doesn have to be made to learn. He always works hard. What made him so frightened?f have sb. do sth.让某人做某事have sb. /sth. doi ng让某人或某物一直做某事（使 . 处于某种状态）J have sth. done/ get sth. done请人做某事；主语遭遇到某事Peter h

26、ad the computer fixed, because he does n know much about computers.We had the fire burning all day.我们让火燃烧了一整天。Don forget to have Mr. Brow n come to our party.I get sb. to do sth.get sth.do ne.Can you get us to do the experime nt?I must get my bike repaired.leave sth.d on e.使某人/某物处于某种状态leave sb./sth.

27、do ing sth.He hurried to school, leav ing the breakfast un touched.Don leave her waiting outside in the rain.keep sb./sth. doing让某人/某物一直.一keep sb./sth. done（adj.）rm sorry to have kept you waiting.不好意思让你久等了。Lucy has a great sense of humor and always keeps her frie nds amused with herstories.She found

28、 a wallet lying on the ground.They fou nd the street lined with people.他们发现大街两侧站着？人。3.固定短语，如advise/ ask/ tell/ order/ force/ allow/ encourage/ request/ wouldlike/ want/ require/ warn sb. to do sth.等。4. with复合结构常用形式：sb./sth. doi ng（表主动且进行，或表特征）with sth. do ne（表被动且完成，或表状态）*sth. to do（表将来）Joh n receive

29、d an in vitati on to dinn er, and with his work fini shed, he gladlyaccepted it.With a lot of difficult problems to settle, the newly elected preside nt is hav ing a hardtime.With the little boy leading the way, we had no difficulty finding the village.【点津】注意作补足语的三种非谓语动词形式to do, doi ng,done之间的区别，把握动

30、作是主动、被动还是进行。具体分析作宾语补足语的动词与逻辑主语即句子宾语之间的逻辑关系，再结合动作发生的时间（未发生、正在发生或已经发生）来 选择合适的形式。考点4非谓语动词作宾语非谓语动词中能作宾语的有动名词和不定式：1.只能跟动名词作宾语的动词和短语：suggest, imagine（想象），mi nd（介意），admit（承认），resist（抵制）practice, allow, advise, risk（冒险），keep, avoid（避免），escape（逃脱），enjoy, consider（考虑），appreciate（感激），excuse（原谅），finish, miss（错过

31、）,give up dong sth.（放弃），be worth doing（值 得做某事）,delay doing sth.（延 迟），put off doingsth.（推迟），deny doing（否认），insist on doing sth.（坚持），keep on doingsth.（不断做某事），look forward to doing sth., feel like doing sth.（想做做事），get dow n to doi ng sth.,（着手做某事）object todoing sth.（反对做某事），can help doing sth., can stand

32、 doing, lead to doing, havetrouble/difficulty in doing sth.（ 做某事有困难 ）,be fond of 等。2.只能跟不定式作宾语的动词：afford, wish, hope, decide, refuse, promise, prete nd,man age, pla n, fail, choose, would like, want, expect, lear n, offer, agree等3.既可用动名词作宾语、又可跟不定式作宾语的动词和短语like, love, dislike, hate, prefer, beg in, s

33、tart, con ti nue后面接doing或to do都行，意思无太大差别。表示一种倾向用doing ,表示某一特定的或具体的行为用to do.remember, forget, regret, stop, go on, mean, try后面接to do或doing意思不同。I forget to do sth.忘记要去做某事（此事未做）-forget doing sth.忘记做过某事（此事已做过或已发生）I forgot to tell you about it. Now here it is.I forgot giv ing it to you yesterday.I stop t

34、o do sth.停下来去做某事（另外一件事）I stop doi ng sth .停止做某事（正在做的事）He stopped to liste n to her talk ing.It has stopped raining.remember to do sth.记住去做某事（未做）-remember doing sth.记得做过某事（已做）Remember to turn off the lights before you go to bed.I remember see ing her once somewhere.regret to do sth.对将要做的事抱歉/感到遗憾（常跟sa

35、y, tell, inform等）? regret doi ng sth.对做过的事后悔We regret to inform you that your applicati on has not bee n successful.我 很遗憾地告知你你的申请没有成功。I regret not hav ing worked hard.我后悔没努力学习try to do sth.设法做某事try doing sth.尝试做某事We must try to get everyth ing done.He tried cha nging his un healthy lifestyle.mean to

36、 do sth.打算做某事? mean doing sth.意味着.I had meant to go on Mon day.That will mean floodi ng some farmla nd.go on to do sth.继续做某事（去做另外一件事）*go on doing sth.继续做（原来没有做完的事）After they read the text, the stude nts went on to do the exercises.After hav ing a rest, I went on doing my homework.4. it作形式宾语，代替真正作宾语的

37、动词不定式或动名词。I think it. important to lear n En glish well.5.有些动词 （teach, decide, wonder, show, learn, forget, know, ask可以接疑问词+不定式”Yao Ming lear nt how to play basketball whe n he was young.We haven decided where to go this weekend.考点5非谓语动词作主语、表语或其他1.非谓语动词中能作主语的有动名词和不定式。（1）动名词作主语表示一般的、抽象的或习惯性动作，不定式作主 体

38、的、等）后语表示具一次性的或尚未做的动作。（2）it作形式主语，代替真正作主语的动词不定式或动名词。 常见句 型有:It is+ adj./n. +to do sth. It takes sb. some time to do sth. It is no use/good + doing sth.（做某事没有用/没有好处）等。2.非谓语动词中能作表语的有现在分词、过去分词、动名词和不定式。注意现在分词作表语意为令人感到的”而过去分词作表语意为本身感到.的”。My job is to teach En glish.His hobby is playing basketball.The n ews

39、 was exciting and we were excited the whole ni ght.3.动词不定式在but（表“除了”）后面时，如果前面谓语动词有行为动词do的各种形式时，后面不定式不带to.否则要带to.He could do nothing but cry.What can you do but take back what you said?除了收回你的话外，你还能做什么？几个含but的句型：can help but do sth.只能做某事，不得不做.When a close friend dies, we can help but feel sad.（不能不难过）c

40、an choose but do sth.只能做某事I can choose but obey.我无从选择只能服从。have no choice but to do sth.除了做 . 夕卜另H无选择She had no choice but to wait.非谓语形式习题1. （2014天津高考）Anxiously, she took the dress out of thepackage and tried it on, only _ （find）it didn t fit.2. （2014福建高考）_（spend）the past year as anexcha nge stude nt

41、 in Hong Kong, Linda appears more mature tha n those of her age.3. （2014湖南高考）_ （free）ourselves from the physical a ndmen tal tensions, we each n eed deep thought and inner quiet n ess.4. （2014天津高考）Clearly and thoughtfully _ （write）, thebook in spires con fide nee in stude nts who wish to seek their

42、own an swers.5. （2014四川高考）I hope to take the computer course.Good idea._ （fin d）out more about it, visit this website.6. （2014重庆高考）Group activities will be organized after class （help） childre ndevelop team spirit.7. （2012四川高考）Tom took a taxi to the airport, only_（fin d）his pla ne high up in the sky

43、.8. （2014山东高考）There s a note pinned to the do _（say）whe n the shop will ope n aga in.9. （2014北京高考）There are still many problems _（solve） before we are ready for a long stay on the Moon.10. （2014大纲版全国卷）Today there are more airplanes_（carry）more people tha n ever before in the skies.11. （2014浙江高考）Ann

44、ie Salm on, disabled, is atte ndedthroughout her school days by a nurse_（appo in t）toguard her.12. （2014北京高考）Last night, there were millions of people （watch）the ope ningcere mony live on TV.13. （2014重庆高考）The producer comes regularly to collect thecameras _ （return）to our shop for quality problems.1

45、4. （2013辽宁高考）Laura was away in Paris for over a week.Whe n she got home, there was a pile of mail_（wait）forher.15. （2013天津高考）ln some Ianguages, 100 words make up halfof all words_ (use)i n daily conv ersati ons.16. (2013陕西高考)The witnesses _ (question)by thepolice just now gave very different descrip

46、tions of the fight.17. (2014江？西高考)He is thought _ (act)foolishly. Now he hasno one but himself to blame for los ing the job.18. (2014四川高考)The manager was satisfied to see many newproducts _ (develop)after great effort.19. (2013陕西高考儿et those in need_ (understand)that we will go all out to help them.2

47、0. (2013北京高考)When we saw the road _ (block)withsnow, we decided to spe nd the holiday at home.21. (2012辽宁高考)The old couple often take a walk after supperin the park with their pet dog_(follow)them.22. (2014陕西高考)It s quite hot today. Do you feel like _(go)for a swim?23. (2014新课标全国卷H)One morning, I wa

48、s waiting at the busstop, worried about_ (be)late for school.24. (2014北京高考)The film star wears sun glasses. Therefore, hecan go shopp ing without _ (recog ni ze).25. (2014辽宁高考)Keep_(hold)your position for a while.It helps develop your strength and flexibility.26. (2014江西高考)When it comes to _ (speak)

49、in public,no one can match him.27. (2013上海高考)Young people may risk_(go) deaf if theyare exposed to very loud music every day.28. (2013江苏高考 Shortly after suffering from a massiveearthquake and_(reduce)to ruins, the city took ona new look.29. (2012安徽高考)I remembered_(lock)the door before Ileft the offi

50、ce, but forgot to turn off the lights.30. (2014福建高考)For those with family members far away, the pers onal computerand the phone are importa nt in stay ing (conn ect).31. (2014广东高考)We got a little _(sun bur n), but the day had bee n so relax ing that we did n32. (2014湖南高考)_(understand)your own needsand styles of com muni catio n is as importa nt as lear ning to con vey your affecti onand emotio ns.33. (2014新课标全国卷I)lt took years of work _ (reduce)the in dustrial polluti o