英语中词的分类及练习题(附答案)

1、初中英语语法之一：词类1、词类：英语词类分十种：名词、形容词、代词、数词、冠词、动词、副词、介词、连词、感叹词。1、名词(n.)： 表示人、事物、地点或抽象概念的名称。如：boy, morning, bag, ball, class, orange.2、代词(pron.)：代词pronoun简称pron是代替名词的一种词类。大多数代词具有名词和形容词的功能。英语中的代词，按其意义、特征及在句中的作用分为：人称代词、物主代词、指示代词、反身代词、相互代词、疑问代词、关系代词、连接代词和不定代词九种。分类 例词人称代词 I我 you你 he他 she她 they他们 me我（宾格）you你（宾格）

2、him他（宾格）her她（宾格）them他们（宾格）人称代词可用作主语,表语,宾语以及介词。，物主代词 my我的 his他的 your你的（your你们的） their他们的 her她的，形容词性物主代词可用作定语。如：I love my country. 我热爱我的国家。Is this your car? 这是你的汽车吗?指示代词this这 that那 these这些 those 那些，指示代词在句中作主语, 宾语, 表语, 定语。That is a red car. 那是一辆红色汽车。What do you like? I like this. 你喜欢什么? 我喜欢这个。反身代词mysel

3、f我自己 himself他自己 themselves他们自己，反身代词可用作宾语,表语,主语的同位语和宾语的同位语。用作同位语时表示强调本人,自己。如：I am teaching myself computer. 我自学计算机。Take good care of yourself. 把自己照顾好。疑问代词who谁 what什么 which哪个，疑问代词用于特殊疑问句中，疑问代词一般放在句子的最前面，在句中可用作主语,宾语,表语,定语。如：Who is here just now? 刚才谁在这儿? Whom are you looking for? 你在找谁? 疑问代词还可以引导一个间接疑问句,

4、也就是一个从句。疑问代词在句中可用作从句的主语,宾语,表语等成分。What we should do is still unknown. 我们该干什么仍然还不知道。I know whom he is looking for.我知道他在找谁。不定代词 没有明确指定代替任何特定名词或形容词的词叫做不定代词,常用的有：all,any,another,both,each,every,either,every, few,little, many, much, no,none,neither,one, other,some以及由 some, any, no, every 和 body, one, thin

5、g 构成的复合词。不定代词代替名词或形容词.在句中可用作主语, 宾语，表语和定语。如：Everybody should be here in time tomorrow. 明天大家都要按时到。I know nothing about it. 这件事情我一点都不知道。关系代词which的物 who的人 that的人或物 who谁 that引导定语从句，它们在句中可用作主语,表语,宾语,定语. 在主句中,它们还代表着从句所修饰的那个名词或代词。如：This is the students whose name is Wang Hua. 这就是名叫王华的学生。I know what he is co

6、ming to get. 我知道他来要拿什么东西。相互代词表示相互关系的代词叫相互代词，有each other 和one another两组，但在运用中，这两组词没什么区别。如： They love each other.他们彼此相爱。连接代词who, whom, whose,what, which, whatever, whichever, whoever, whomever替代词 one(单数),ones(复数） 用于替代前面出现的同类事物。3、形容词(adj.)：概述形容词在句中作定语, 表语,宾语补足语。She is a good student, and she works hard

7、.她是一个好学生,她学习努力。This bike is expensive.这辆自行车很贵。I am sorry, Im busy now.对不起,我现在很忙。Have you got everything ready for the meeting?你为这次会议做好准备了吗?形容词在句中的位置:形容词作定语一般放在被修饰的名词之前。如果有两个或两个以上的形容词修饰一个名词时, 则由它们和被修饰的名词之间的密切程度而定, 越密切的形容词越靠近名词。如果几个形容词的密切程度差不多则按音节少的形容词放在前面, 音节多的形容词放在后面。英语单词中,something, anything, nothi

8、ng 等不定代词被形容词修饰时,形容词放在不定代词后面。I have something important to tell you.我有重要的事要告诉你。Is there anything interesting in the film?电影里有什么有趣的内容吗？There is nothing dangerous here.这儿一点都不危险。由两个或两个以上的词组成的形容词词组修饰名词时须放在名词之后。This is the book easy to read.这是一本容易读的书。用 and 或 or 连接起来的两个形容词作定语时一般把它们放在被修饰的名词后面。起进一步解释的作用。Ever

9、ybody, man and woman, old and young, should attend the meeting.每一个人,男女老少,都应该参加会议。You can take any box away, big or small.这些箱子，不管大小，你都可以拿走。 以-ly结尾的形容词1） 大部分形容词加-ly可构成副词。但 friendly，deadly，lovely，lonely，likely，lively，ugly，brotherly，仍为形容词。改错：(错） She sang lovely.（错） He spoke to me very friendly.（对） Her s

10、inging was lovely.（对） He spoke to me in a very friendly way.2）有些以-ly 结尾的词既为形容词，也为副词。daily，weekly，monthly，yearly，earlyThe Times is a daily paper.The Times is published daily.多个形容词修饰名词的顺序多个形容词修饰名词时，其顺序为：限定词-数词-描绘词-(大小，长短，形状，新旧，颜色) -出处-材料性质，类别-名词a small round tablea tall gray buildinga dirty old brown

11、shirta famous German medical schoolan expensive Japanese sports car一般与被修饰名词关系密切的形容词靠近名词；如果几个形容词的重要性差不多，音节少的形容词在前，音节多的方在后，在不能确定时，可参照下表：限定词+数量词（序数词在前，基数词在后）+性状形容词+大小、长短、高低等形体+those + three + beautiful + large + square新旧+颜色+国籍+材料+名词old + brown + wood + table典型例题1） Tony is going camping with _ boys.A.li

12、ttle two otherB. two little otherC.other two littleD.little other two答案：C。由限定词-数词-描绘词-(大小，长短，形状，新旧，颜色) -性质-名词的公式可知数词，描绘词，性质依次顺序，只有C符合答案。2)One day they crossed the _bridge behind the palace.A. old Chinese stoneB. Chinese old stoneC. old stone ChineseD. Chinese stone old答案A. 几个形容词修饰一个名词，他们的排列顺序是：年龄，形状

13、，大小+颜色+来源+质地+用途+国家+名词。3) - How was your recent visit to Qingdao?- It was great. We visited some friends，and spent the _days at the seaside.A. few last sunnyB. last few sunnyC. last sunny fewD. few sunny last答案：B。本题考查多个形容词的排序问题。4、数词(num.)： 表示数目或事物的顺序。如：one, two, three, first, second, third, fourth.5、

14、动词(v.)： 表示动作或状态。1） 根据其在句中的功能，动词可分为三类，分别是： 系动词（Link Verb）、助动词（Auxiliary Verb）、情态动词（Modal Verb）。还可以分成及物动词和不及物动词系动词系动词亦称联系动词（Link Verb），作为系动词。有些不具词义；有些具有词义，但不能单独用作谓语，后边必须跟表语（亦称补语），构成系表结构说明主语的状况、性质、特征等情况。说明：有些系动词又是实义动词，该动词表达实义时，有词义，可单独作谓语，例如：He fell ill yesterday.他昨天病了。（fell是系动词，后跟补足语，说明主语情况。）He fell of

15、f the ladder.他从梯子上摔下来。fell是实义动词，单独作谓语。1）状态系动词用来表示主语状态，只有be一词，例如：He is a teacher.他是一名教师。（is与补足语一起说明主语的身份。）2）持续系动词用来表示主语继续或保持一种状况或态度，主要有keep, rest, remain, stay, lie, stand, 例如：He always kept silent at meeting.他开会时总保持沉默。This matter rests a mystery.此事仍是一个谜。3）表像系动词用来表示看起来像这一概念，主要有seem, appear, look, 例如：

16、He looks tired.他看起来很累。He seems (to be) very sad.他看起来很伤心。4）感官系动词感官系动词主要有feel, smell, sound, taste, 例如：This kind of cloth feels very soft.这种布手感很软。This flower smells very sweet.这朵花闻起来很香。5）变化系动词这些系动词表示主语变成什么样，变化系动词主要有become, grow, turn, fall, get, go, come, run.例如：He became mad after that.自那之后，他疯了。She g

17、rew rich within a short time.她没多长时间就富了。6）终止系动词表示主语已终止动作，主要有prove, trun out, 表达证实，变成之意，例如：The rumor proved false.这谣言证实有假。The search proved difficult.搜查证实很难。His plan turned out a success.他的计划终于成功了。（turn out表终止性结果）助动词最常用的助动词有：be, have, do, shall, will, should, would 1）协助主要动词构成谓语动词词组的词叫助动词（Auxiliary Ver

18、b）。被协助的动词称作主要动词（Main Verb）。助动词自身没有词义，不可单独使用，例如：He doesnt like English. 他不喜欢英语。（doesnt是助动词，无词义；like是主要动词，有词义)2） 助动词协助主要动词完成以下功用，可以用来：a. 表示时态，例如：He is singing. 他在唱歌。He has got married. 他已结婚。b. 表示语态，例如：He was sent to England. 他被派往英国。c. 构成疑问句，例如：Do you like college life? 你喜欢大学生活吗？Did you study English b

19、efore you came here? 你来这儿之前学过英语吗？d. 与否定副词not合用，构成否定句，例如：I dont like him. 我不喜欢他。e. 加强语气，例如：Do come to the party tomorrow evening. 明天晚上一定来参加晚会。He did know that. 他的确知道那件事。非谓语动词在句子中充当除谓语以外的句子成分的动词形式叫做非谓语动词。非谓语动词分为三种形式:不定式，动名词，和分词(分词包括现在分词和过去分词)。1）不定式时态语态主动被动一般式to doto be done完成式to have doneto have been

20、done2）动名词时态语态主动被动一般式doingbeing done完成式having donehaving been done3）分词时态语态主动被动一般式doingbeing done完成式having donehaving been done否定形式： not +不定式，not + 动名词，not + 现在分词一个动词可以在有的场合下及物，有的场合下又不及物。像“kick”这个动词，在“kick the ball”里，“kick”是“及物”动词，“及”什么“物”呢？这里的“物”就是“ball”；但是如果只说“kick”,就是“蹬，跺”，“我跺脚”就只是“I kick”2个词就够了，一个

21、主语一个谓语，我跺脚的动作不涉及宾语，不涉及我跺了什么，就是我跺脚这个动作而已。这就是一般句子的基本结构，再复杂的长句也只是往这个基本结构里面添加丰富这个基本结构的修饰性的内容了，像定语（修饰名词），状语（修饰形容词和动词）。以上是最最基本的句子结构了，别的一些像起始句啊倒装句啊强调句啊什么的，还有各种从句，都是在这个基本结构上稍稍变化而来，先把这个句子的基本结构掌握透彻，这些别的问题自然迎刃而解的。情态动词情态动词是一种本身有一定的词义，但要与动词原形及其被动语态一起使用，给谓语动词增添情态色彩，表示说话人对有关行为或事物的态度和看法，认为其可能、应该或必要等。情态动词后面加动词原形。情态动

22、词有四类：只做情态动词：must,can(could),may(might)可做情态动词又可做实义动词：need,dare具有情态动词特征：have(had,has) to,used to情态动词表猜测。实义动词意思完全，能独立用作谓语。实义动词有及物动词和不及物动词（及物动词是指后面要求有直接宾语的动词；不及物动词指后面不需要跟宾语的动词） 即行为动词,表示动作的动词。它分为及物动词和不及物动词两种。实义动词和系动词的区别：系动词固定要用形容词来修饰，而实义动词，固定要用副词来修饰。比如：The dinner smells good.(smell是感官动词，要用good来修饰而不能用 wel

23、l)再如：Linda keeps running fast.(keep是延续性动词，要用形容词fast 修饰，而不能说quickly)另：they played the game happily.（play是实义动词，因此要用副词happily修饰。）6、副词(adv.)：副词是用来修饰动词、形容词、副词、 介词、连词等单词或短语,以说明动作性质或状态的特征的词副词及其基本用法 副词主要用来修饰动词，形容词，副词或其他结构。一、副词的位置：在许多情况下，副词都放在所修饰的动词后面或句末。如：The girl dances very well. 这个女孩跳舞跳得好。有时也放在主语后面，谓语动词前

24、面(对动作加以强调)。如：He angrily closed the door. 他生气地把门关上了。句中的副词如碰上助动词，则通常放在助动词之后、主要动词之前：We have already read the book. 我们都已读过这本书。注意，副词位置不同有时对句意产生影响。 Only I kissed her last night. 昨晚只有我吻了她(即别人没吻她)。 I only kissed her last night. 昨晚我只是吻了她(即没干别的事)。 I kissed only her last night. 昨晚我吻的只有她(即没吻过别人)。 I kissed her o

25、nly last night last night only. 我只是在昨晚才吻了她(即其他时候未吻过)。注意： a. 大多数方式副词位于句尾，但宾语过长，副词可以提前，以使句子平衡。 We could see very clearly a strange light ahead of us. b. 方式副词well，badly糟、坏，hard等只放在句尾。 He speaks English well.二、副词的排列顺序：1、 时间和频度副词: now,then,often,always,usually,early,today, lately, next,last,already,gener

26、ally,frequently, seldom,ever,never,yet,soon,too, immediately, hardly,finally,shortly, before, ago,sometimes, yesterday. 2、 地点副词: here, there, everywhere, anywhere, in, out, inside, outside, above, below, down, back, forward, home, upstairs, downstairs, across, along, round , around, near, off, past,

27、 up, away, on. 3、方式副词: carefully, properly, anxiously, suddenly, normally, fast, well, calmly, politely, proudly, softly, warmly 4、 程度副词，放在被修饰词之前: much,little, very,rather,so,too,still, quite, perfectly, enough, extremely, entirely,almost, slightly. 5、 疑问副词，一般放在句首： how, when, where, why. 6、关系副词，一般放在

28、句首： when, where, why. 7、连接副词: how, when, where, why, whether.1） 时间，地点副词，小单位的在前，大单位在后。2） 方式副词，短的在前，长的在后，并用and或but等连词连接。 Please write slowly and carefully.3） 多个不同副词排列：程度+地点+方式+时间副词。The children played games very quietly in their room by themselves yesterday。注意：副词very 可以修饰形容词，但不能修饰动词。 改错：(错) I very lik

29、e English. (对) I like English very much.注意：副词enough要放在形容词的后面，形容词enough放在名词前后都可。 I dont know him well enough. There is enough food for everyone to eat. There is food enough for everyone to eat.7、冠词(art.)：用在名词前,帮助说明名词。如：a, an, the.8、介词(prep.)： 表示它后面的名词或代词与其他句子成分的关系。如in, on, from, above, behind.9、连词(co

30、nj.)：连词是一种虚词， 它不能独立担任句子成分而只起连接词与词，短语与短语以及句与句的作用。连词主要可分为4类：。连词也可以分为2类：并列连词和从属连词并列连词用来连接平行的词、词组和分句、句子。如：and, but(但是;通常用not.but.-而是;可是,然而;表示惊讶,不同意等-喔,哇;用来加强语句重复部分的语气-一定;用来引入新话题-那就;常用于否定句-而不,若不;用于含doubt,question等字的否定句中相当于that-对于), or(或者,还是;用于否定句-也不;否则,要不然;也就是说,换言之), nor(用在neither之后-也不;用在no,not,never之后-也

31、不;用在句首,句子需倒装-也不), so(因此,所以;因而,从而), therefore(因此,因而,所以), yet(可是,却,然而), however(然而,可是,不过;无论如何,不管怎样;不管用什么方法;究竟怎样,到底如何), for(因为,由于), hence(因此,由此), as well as(不但,而且;和.一样,和,也), bothand(既.又.;不但.而且), not onlybut also(不但,而且), eitheror(不是.就是;要么.要么), neithernor(既不.也不.), (and)then(那么)等等。10、感叹词(interj.)表示喜、怒、哀、乐

32、等感情。如：oh, well, hi, hello.初中英语语法列表动词精选练习题1.Do you know the boy _ under the big tree?A. lay B. lain C. laying D. lying 2. What do you think of the book? Oh, excellent. Its worth _ a second time. A. to read B. to be read C. reading D. being reading 3. Go on _ the other exercise after you have finished

33、 this one. A. to do B. doing C. with D. to be doing 4. There was a terrible noise _ the sudden burst of light. A. followed B. following C. to be followed D. being followed 5. If it is fine tomorrow, we _ a football match.A. have B. will have C. has D. shall has 6. When he was at school, he _ early a

34、nd take a walk before breakfast.A. will rise B. shall rise C. should rise D. would rise 7. In the past 30 years China _ great advances in the socialist revolution and socialist construction.A. has made B. have made C. had made D. having made 8. I _ go to bed until I _ finished my work.A. dont/had B.

35、 didnt/have C. didnt/had D. dont/have 9. Mary is very late, she _.A. may miss her train B. may have missed her train C. must miss her train D. could miss her train 10. Most of the artists _ to the party were from South Africa. A. invited B. to invite C. being invited D. had been invited 11.“What did

36、 you do in the garden?”“I watched my father _ his motorbike.”A. to repair B. repaired C. repairing D. repairs 12. I dont allow _ in my office and I dont allow my family _ at all.A. to smokesmoking B. smokingto smokeC. to smoketo smoke D. smokingsmoking 13. _ more attention, the trees could have grow

37、n better. A. Given B. To give C. Giving D. Having given 14. European football is played in 80 countries, _ it the most popular sport in the world. A. making B. make C. made D. to make15. The Olympic Games, _ in 776 B. C., did not include women players until 1912. A. first playing B. to be first play

38、ed C. first played D. to be first playing 16. He was a good runner so he _ escape from the police.A. might B. succeeded to C. would D. was able to 17. I hoped _ my letter.A. her to answer B. that she would answer C. that she answers D. her answering 18. The dictionary _ me fifty dollars. A. spent B.

39、 paid C. cost D. costed 19. Im sorry for _ in time. Thats all right. A. getting it not done B. not getting it done C. getting not it done D. getting not to do it 20. The boy wanted to ride his bicycle in the street, but his mother told him _.A. not to B. not to do C. not do it D. do not to 21. The g

40、ood news _ them happy.A. have B. makes C. keep D. feels22.-Mum,I want to learn how to swim. Who can help me？-You can _ yourself.A. enjoy B.teach C. come D. look23.-Where can we get a pen？-Lets _.A. lend one from Peter B. lend Peter oneC. borrow one to Peter D. borrow one from Peter24. What would you

41、 like to _ us about your hometown？A. speak B. talk C. say D. tell25. What did the foreigner _ about how to learn English.A. speak B. talk C. tell D. say26. He could _ neither French nor German. So I _ with him in English.A. speak,talked B. talk,toldC. say,spoke D. tell,talked27. The line was bad. We couldnt _each other clearly.A. hear B. sound C. listen