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1、英语双关语及其翻译 Abstract English pun is one of the important figures of speech, and it is widely used in various literary works, such as poems, novels, stories,
2、60;advertisements and riddles, etc. Based on the definitions of English pun, this * points out that homonyms, homophones, and homographs are available to construct puns. Accor
3、ding to the characteristics and functions of their formation, Lv Xu divided English pun into three types, they are homophonic puns, homographic puns, puns on both pronunc
4、iation and meaning. English pun takes advantage of its distinctive features in nature and tries to produce ambiguity on purpose in order to get the effect of aiming&
5、#160;at a pigeon and shooting at a crow. English puns can achieve many effects: humor, satire, vivid expression of the characters feelings, which can increase the beauty&
6、#160;of language and improve readability in order to attract the readers interest. However, the translation of English pun is always considered to be extremely difficult. Many
7、 people even consider puns as “untranslatable”. Since there is much difference between Chinese and English in phonology and morphology, it is difficult to find equivalence
8、0;both in sound and in meaning in the target language for a translator. But there is no source text that is absolutely untranslatable; the translation of puns is
9、0;possible to a certain extent. This * introduces 3 main types to translate English puns. They are literal translation, free translation, and annotated translation. Key Words&
10、#160;English pun; classification; characteristics; function; translation【摘 要】 英语双关语是重要的修辞格之一,这种修辞格广泛运用于各种文学作品,如诗歌、小说、故事、广告及谜语中。本文在英语双关的定义基础上提出了同形同音异义词、同音异义词、同形异义词,这3种词可构成双关。并根据其结构成分所起的作用,再仔细地探讨了吕煦把英语双关主要分为三类:同音双关、同词双关、音义双关。英语双关利用其特有的本质特点,故意造成歧义,来达到言在此而意在彼的特殊效果。英语双关
11、语的应用能起到一种诙谐幽默,冷嘲热讽,形象生动的作用并能充分体现人物的性格特征,加强语言的美感,提高该作品的可读性来引起读者的兴趣。然而,英语双关语的翻译又是极其困难的,很多人甚至认为是不可译的,因为英汉两种语言的语音不同,两种语言的多义词并不能一一对应,但英语双关语还是存在一定的可译性。本文主要介绍3种主要翻译方法:直译法,意译法,注释法。 【关键词】 英语双关语;分类;本质特点;作用;翻译1. IntroductionIn a certain context, a word or phras
12、e that is relevant to two or more conceptions, ideas or feelings is often employed to make an expression more effective or humorous. This is achieved when there
13、;exists identity or similarity between certain words in such aspects as pronunciation, formation or meaning. This identity or similarity produces double meanings, which enables peo
14、ple to connect naturally the literal meaning with the implied meaning. Of these two meanings, the implied meaning is the principal part.This is what we call the use&
15、#160;of pun. “The use of pun dates back to ancient days. Shakespeare favored pun particularly. It is estimated that there are about 3000 puns employed in Shakespeares
16、0;works 1.” The employment of pun in English novels, poems, speeches, advertisements and riddles makes them highly readable and prompts people to appreciate the beauty of
17、;language. And the translation of English puns into Chinese enhances the charm of the original works and the understanding of the version.2. Definition and classification of
18、160;puns2.1 Definition of punsLooking at the same issue from different perspectives, we may often come up with different definitions of the thing under discussion. And, not
19、60;surprisingly, pun can be thus defined in many ways. There is such a humorous explanation about pun: “punning to torture one poor word ten thousand ways (John
20、0;Dryden)”2.In Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English, pun is defined as “An amusing use of a word or phrase that has two meanings, or words with the same sound&
21、#160;but different meanings”3 . According to The Oxford English Dictionary, pun is defined as “the use of word in such a way as to suggest two or more meanings&
22、#160;or different associations, or the use of two or more words of the same or nearly the same sound with different meanings, so as to produce a humorous effect
23、”4. In Princeton Encyclopedia of Poetry and Poetics, pun is defined as “A figure of speech depending upon a similarity of sound and a disparity of meaning”5.From the
24、 above definitions, we can see that homonyms, homophones, and homographs all are available to construct puns with.A homonym is a word that is identical to another wo
25、rd in pronunciation and spelling but not in meaning 6. For example:(1) Can: n. & v. Put something in a container Can: mo
26、dal verb Be able to (2) Change: v. To become different Change: n. Money in the form of coins(3) Bear:
27、160; v. Sustain responsibility; endure difficulty, etc Bear: n. A kind of animal, having thick fur a
28、nd walking on its soles(4) Book: n. A written or printed work Book: v. Engage (a seat etc.) in ad
29、vance; make a reservation of A homophone is a word that is identical to another word in pronunciation but not in spelling and meaning.For example:(5) Bale: n.
30、 A large bundle Bail: v. To remove water from a boat(6) Knew: v. Past
31、;of know New: adj. Of recent origin or arrival(7) Soul: n. Spiritual or immaterial part of man, held t
32、o survive death Sole: n. Lower surface of human or other foot(8) Pair: n. A set of two per
33、sons or things used together or regarded as a unit Pear: n. A yellowish or brownish-green fleshy fruit, tapering towards the stalkA homo
34、graph is a word that is identical to another word in spelling but not in pronunciation and meaning.For example:(9) Minute: n. Sixtieth part
35、60;of an hour Minute: adj. Very small; trifling(10) Digest: v. To change food in the stomach into a form your
36、body can use Digest: n. A short piece of writing that gives the most important facts from a book, report etc(11) Lead: v.
37、60; Guide by the hand, direct movements of Lead: n. A kind of metal(12) Wind: n. &
38、#160; Air in more or less rapid natural motion Wind: v. Go in circular, spiral course2.2 Classification of English punsConcerning
39、0;the classification of puns, different linguists have different standpoints. As He Shanfen states in “Contrastive Studies of English and Chinese-Languages”, puns can be roughly di
40、vided into three kinds. They are named antalaclasis, paronomasia and syllepsis 7. Here the author uses two examples to explain the first two parts. Antalaclasis refers to
41、 a word used twice or more, but each time with a different meaning. For example:(13) To England will I steal and there Ill steal.The first “steal” means “to
42、0;go to England secretly without being noticed”, while the second “steal” is used in its most commonly used meaning.Paronomasia is the use of two words, which are si
43、milar in pronunciation but different in meaning. For example:(14) Catch the Raincheetahs and cheat the rain. Here “raincheetahs” is the brand name of the product. It is
44、160;pronounced similarly to “raincheater” which echoes to “cheat the rain”. In “English Writing and Rhetoric” written by Prof. WenJun, a more specific means of classification
45、brings about five categories of puns 8 : homophonic pun, paronomasia, antalaclasis, Sylletic pun and asteimus.However, according to Li Xinhua, in his work, “A Detailed Study
46、160;of Figures of Speech in English”, he points that those five categories classified by Prof. Wenjun are clear but over-elaborate. In summary, it is clearer to divide
47、60;into these two types: one is homophonic pun, the other is homographic pun. He also points out that, in those five categories, No1 and No2 belong to the homop
48、honic pun; the others belong to the homographic pun, which is the way to bring complication into simplicity. And it is easier to master the characteristics of figure
49、 of speech. However, as Lv Xu states in “Practical English Rhetoric”, according to the characteristics and functions of their formation, puns can be divided into three
50、60;types9: homophonic puns, homographic puns, puns on both pronunciation and meaning.It is the use of words with the same or similar pronunciation but different spellings and&
51、#160;meanings. It also called phonetic puns, and phonetic pun is the basic form of English pun. In our daily communication, phonetic is the carrier of transferring inform
52、ation. According to psycholinguistics, speech communication is a process of psychological activities from encoding to decoding. When speakers employ the order of thinking-meaning-voice
53、to transmit outside, it is called encoding; when listeners employ the order of voice-meaning-thinking to process and try to understand, it is called decoding. The inter-proces
54、sing only relies on hearing, lacking visual sense, and it will cause ambiguity in understanding. For example:(15) “How is bread made?”“I know that!” Alice cried eagerly.
55、“You take some flour”“Where do you pick the flower?” The white Queen asked. “In a garden or in the hedges?”“Well, it isnt picked at all.” Alice explained. “Its
56、ground”“How many acres of ground?” said the white Queen.10(Lewis Carrol: Alices Adventures in Wonderland)In this example, “flower” and “flour” have the same pronunciation but quite
57、 different in meaning. The adoption of the homophonic pun makes the dialogue more vivid, humorous. Moreover, “ground” can be understood as “solid surface of the earth”,
58、160;and also can be understood as “the past of grind”. (16) Drunk drivers often put the quart before the hearse.Here, “quart” is similar to “cart” in so
59、und, while “hearse” is similar to “horse”. This sentence can construct homophonic pun by borrowing from the idiom “put the cart before the horse”, which means “put o
60、r say things in the wrong order”. This pun is driving at warning the addicting drivers that driving after drink is a kind of suicide.(17) “Waiter, theres a hair
61、 in my soup.”“So sorry, sir. Did you order it without?”“Hair” here means “one of the fine thread-like strands that grow from the skin of people and animals”, wh
62、ile the waiter understand it on purpose as “hare”. “Hare” means “an animal cooked as ordered food”. The customer is complaining about the bad condition of the restau
63、rant, but by using the homophonic pun, the waiter is being humorous to ease away the complaint.It is the crafty use of the features of homonyms or polysemy to
64、160;express the double meanings. Take the following as an example,(18) Some boys think Im pretty and some boys think Im ugly. What do you think, Tom?- A bit of&
65、#160;both.- What do you mean?- Pretty uglyAs an adjective, “pretty” means “pleasing and attractive”, therefore, the last sentence can be understood as “she is both attractive&
66、#160;and ugly”, while as an adverb, “pretty” means “rather, fairly”, so the sentence also means “she is very ugly”. Tom employs the “pretty” beautifully, it is a pol
67、ysemy. And we can learn about the humor in the dialogue.(19) The clerk: Are you engaged? Augustus: What business is that of yours? However, if you will t
68、ake the trouble to read the society papers for this week, you will see that I am engaged to Honorable Lucy Popham, youngest daughter of The clerk:
69、That isnt what I mean. Can you see a female? Augustus: Of course. I can see a female as easily as a male. Do you suppose I am blind? The c
70、lerk: You dont seem to follow me; somehow, there is a female downstairs, what you might call a lady. She wants to know, can you see her if I let her
71、160;up.11- G. B. Shaw Augustus Does His BitIn the play, two puns are employed. First, the phrase “be engaged in sth” means “be occupied or busy”; “be engaged to
72、 sb” means “agreed to marry sb”. Second, the verb “see” is understood as “have an interview with sb; meet sb” in the clerk, while Augustus interpret it as
73、“whether he has the power of sight”. “Are you engaged?” here according to the clerk, he wants to ask Augustus whether he is busy or not? But Augustus understand
74、s it as “agreed to marry sb”. We can learn from this dialogue sparkling with humorous and wit that Augustus is thinking about women all day long.(20) The number
75、 of attorneys who die without a will is amazing. Even where there is no will, there is a way. 12 The first “will” means “statement, document”;
76、0;the second means “a persons power can direct his thoughts or influence others”.Michael Demarest uses this homographic pun to tell us the difference between chronic procrasti
77、nation and purposeful postponement and make a great satire.This kind of pun often embodies the special names of figures in the literary work. When the authors want t
78、o portray a person, they often employ this kind of pun to give the person a special name in order to reveal the figures character, behavior and fate. Lv Xu
79、 expounds this kind of pun with originality; he thinks that the use of this kind of pun can be vivid in stressing the figure and portraying the character o
80、f the figure. Take the following as an example,From the above examples, we can see the feature of this kind of pun is to use an objects traits to express
81、160;the object itself. And this feature also can be found in another figure of speech metonymy. For example,(22) The boiled lobster walked into the office.Here “boiled
82、160;lobster” refers to Britain soldier, because Britain soldiers often wear red uniform.(23) Soapy stood still with his hands in his pockets and smiled at the sight of
83、60;brass buttons.“Brass buttons” is one of the features of American cop uniform, so here it refers to police.The above analysis indicates that pun is in a certain ex
84、tent connected with metonymy, about this point; Li Xinhuas point is good for understanding the interrelation. He thinks, “English pun belongs to the category of metonymy
85、15”. Metonymy is a figure of speech that has to do with the substitution of the name of one thing for that of another, in essence, so does pun. Pun is
86、 the use of a word with same or similar pronunciation to express the different meanings, or the use of the same word to suggest different meanings. In a wo
87、rd, no matter it is pronunciation or spelling, it always does with the substitution of the name of one thing for that of another. Therefore, “the substitution of
88、0;the name of A for B” is the common feature of pun and metonymy. However, we cant mix them up, because the formation of puns possesses the following two c
89、haracteristics.3. Characteristics of English punThe formation of English pun needs two fundamental conditions: ambiguity anddouble context.3.1 AmbiguityThe first characteristic of a pun is
90、160;that the focus of its meaning lies in its ambiguity. No matter whether they are homophones or homographs, the speaker aims to achieve an ambiguity. Ambiguity can
91、;be divided into positive and passive ambiguity. Putting the word in the wrong place to cause ambiguity and impairing the effectiveness is called passive ambiguity, while
92、;using the polyseme on purpose to enhance the effectiveness is called positive ambiguity. In our daily communication, we try to avoid the presence of ambiguity, but as
93、60;for puns we deliberately create ambiguity. That is because the essence of a pun lies in its ambiguity. For example,(24) - What kind of money do girls like th
94、e most? - Matrimonywe must admit that it is very difficult to translate the pun in this example into Chinese without losing its original flavor. However,
95、0;it is a perfect example of puns in English. The ending element “mony” of the word “Matrimony” has the similar sound with that of the word “money”, which is
96、60;considered as a homophonic pun. It is implied to us that girls expect to change their social and economic statuses through marriage. This pun is very humorous and
97、 ironic. Lets look at another example,(25) King: my cousin Hamlet, and my son How is it that the clouds still hang on you? Hamlet: Not so, my
98、lord, I am too much in the sun.16
99、0; - Shakespeare, HamletHere “sun” and “son” have the same sound but ambiguity, Hamlet used this ambiguity skillfully to hint his complaining emotion in the indirect way.
100、 The king pretended to be intimate with Hamlet and call him “son”, however, Hamlet responded that “I am too much in the sun”. The surface meaning is that h
101、e dries in the sun for a long time, but actually, it suggests that Hamlet couldnt bear to be his uncles son any longer. Keep in mind that the central
102、and basic phenomenon on which puns operates is ambiguity. A pun intentionally employs phonemic or semantic conditions to suggest one meaning on the surface while hiding a
103、nother. We can find theoretical support for the ambiguity of puns. Li Xinhua maintains that language unit has both form and content, while there is not a one-to-one&
104、#160;relationship between form and content, that is to say, one phonemic form does not signify one meaning, and one meaning is not represented by one language form 1
105、7. For example,(26) Try your sweet corn; youll smile from ear to ear.It is a successful advertisement. One phonemic form “ear” can be interpreted as double meaning,
106、one is organ of hearing”, the other is “seed-bearing part of a cereal, such as wheat, etc.3.2 The double contextAnother characteristic is that a pun contains a doubl
107、e context. According to the American Scholar Archibald A.hill, there are three elements in analyzing and composing a pun: a double context, a hinge and a trigger 18.
108、 Double context, which lays foundations for comprehension of punny sense, is essential for forming a pun. Hinge refers to punny word, and a trigger refers to the
109、0;intention and background that lurk behind the exploitation of puns, which is often employed when we analyze puns. The exact meaning of a word is determined by its&
110、#160;context, and different contexts may lead to different meanings. Take the following as an example,(27) “Mine is a long and a sad tale!” said the mouse, turning t
111、o Alice and sighing. “It is a long tail, certainly!” said Alice, looking down with wonder at the mouses tail; “but why do you call it sad?19
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