Thesisproposal写作指南及样本

1、Thesisproposal写作指南及样本proposalshouldmakeaconvincingscholarlycasethattheprojectisrigorousandinnovativeintheoryandconception,methodologyandmaterialcontent,andthatitcanproducenew,relevantandindependentlyverifiableinsights.Theproposaloutlineformatalsoprovidesthemainstructureforthefinalthesisessay.Introdu

2、ction:WintheReader'sAttentionEveryproposalshouldprovideclear,explicitanswerstothreequestions:Whatarewegoingtolearnfromtheproposedprojectthatwecurrentlydonotknow?Whyisitworthknowing?Onwhatbasiscanweevaluatethevalidityoftheconclusions?Saywhatyouhavetosaydirectly,firmlyandconcisely.Grabthereader

3、9;sattentionintheopeningparagraphs.Hereyoushouldoverstate,ratherthanunderstate,yourquestionorposition.Youcanintroducequalificationslater.Oneapproachistobeginwithaclearlyposedquestion:"Hasthediscourseofdevelopmentachieveditsends?""Isanthropologytheagentofimperialism?""Whatcon

4、tributionshasanthropologymadeinthequestforworldpeace?"Donotposerhetoricalquestions,butconcreteissueswhoseanswerscanbedetermined,whiletheyarenotimmediatelyapparent.Alternately,stateyourcentralpoint,hypothesis,orinterpretationdirectly:"Culturaldifferencesdonotkillpeople,onlypeoplekillpeople.

5、""Developmenthasdonewondersfortheremainingfood-foragingpeoplesoftheplanet.""Thestudyofpopularmusicrevealstheunspokenculturalpreceptsofthesocietythatproducesandconsumesit."Ofcourse,noteveryprojectisreducibletosuchbriefpropositions.Itmaybenecessarytolayoutalogical,sequentialar

6、gumenttodefinethecorequestion.However,ifyoursisamorecomplexargument,becertaintoprojectaclearandexplicitmessagethatwillmakeyoursstandoutfromotherproposals.WritingStyle:StriveforClarityandGraceYourproposalshouldofferaclearexpositionofanthropology'sresearchfrontiers,notatediouslitanyofitsdullerdime

7、nsions.Avoidpretentiousjargon,andiftechnicallanguageiscalledfor,useonlythosenewwordsandtechnicaltermsthathavenoequivalentsineverydaylanguage.Likewise,focusontheideas,notthedetails.Arguetheconceptsandtendenciesinyourareaofconcentration,notthedescriptivefinepoints.Keepthemaintextasstreamlinedaspossibl

8、e.Poorwritingkillsthebestofideas.Useastylemanualinallyourwriting.Oneexcellentwritingreference(availableonline)isStrunkandWhite'sTheElementsofStyle.Thisandotherresourcesareaccessiblefromthejumppage,AnthropologyResourcesontheInternet,reachedfromalinkontheHartwickAnthropologyDepartmentHomePage.Theo

9、reticalConcerns:EstablishtheProposalContextYourproposalshouldnotbeatiredexerciseintheobvious.Itshouldstatewhatnewknowledgetheprojectwillproduce.Summarizepreciselyandsuccinctlythecurrentstateofknowledge,andprovideacurrent,comprehensivebibliography.Youdonotneedtoprovideareviewof"theliterature,&qu

10、ot;butofferaclearlyfocusedviewofthespecificbodyofknowledgetowhichyouwilladd.Thebibliographyprovidesameasureofyourseriousness,anditscomprehensivenesswillreflectuponyourproposal'sevaluation.Agoodbibliographyindicatesthoroughpreparationtoensurethatyourprojectwillenhancetheworkofothers,notduplicatei

11、t.Avoidexcessivediscussion,especiallyintheAbstractandIntroduction,ofthegeneraltheoreticalproblem.Concentratemoreondiscussingspecificallyhowyouwillcarryouttheresearchandanalysis(seemethodologydiscussionbelow).Intheearlystagesofproposalwriting,theHartwicklibraryprofessionalscanhelpyouidentifyandaccess

12、themanyprintandelectronicresourcesrelevanttoyourproject.BeginwiththeLibraryofCongressSubjectHeadingstoidentifythekeywordsthatwillbeessentialtoefficient,effectivebibliographicresearch.ConsultsuchresourceguidesasDissertationAbstractsInternational,theSocialSciencesCitationIndex(SSCI),SocialSciencesInde

13、x,andtheSocialSciencePeriodicalIndex,andotheronlineperiodicalsearchengines.TheAnnualReviewofAnthropologyisanimportantvenueforstate-of-the-artdiscussionsandextensivebibliographies,asaresucharea-studiesguidesastheHandbookofLatinAmericanStudies(availableonline)andtheInternationalAfricanBibliography.Als

14、oconsideronlinedatabasessuchasCARLandERIC.Intheearlystages,Iwillaskthatyouidentifytheresearchresourcesyouhaveutilized.Youwillavoidfrustrationandsavevaluableresearchtimebyconsultingsuchresourcesattheoutset.WhatIstheCoreObjective?Thestatementthat"ithasnotbeenstudied"maybeasufficientargument.

15、Indeed,generally,thelessknownaboutone'schosentopic,themorecompellingtheproposal.Whateveryouchoose,aimtoconvincethereaderthatyourtopicisnotonlytimely,butalsothatitsresultswillelucidateenduringhumanproblems.Explicittheoreticalinterestisalwaysimportant.Yourtheoreticalframeshouldsituatethequestionin

16、termsofitsrelevancetocontroversialtheoreticalarguments.Howdoesyourprobleminformthemaintheoreticaldebatesinanthropology?Howdoesyourapproachtestacceptedideasoroffernewones?Tobeeffective,yourproposalshoulddemonstrateawarenessofcompetingviewpointsandargueyourpositionbyaddressinganthropologicaltheorybroa

17、dly,whilenotingalternativetendencies.ConceptualIssues:DevelopanInnovativeApproachEnigmasandseemingcontradictionscanbepowerfullypersuasive."Beginninginthe1950s,theCivilRightsMovementpromisedtoremakeracialrelationsintheJimCrowsouth,butseveraldecadeslater,identitypoliticsismorecontroversialissueth

18、aneverinpopularculturaldiscoursethroughoutthenation.""AfterWorldWarII,socialscientistsworriedthatwidespreadmigrationtourbancenterswouldunderminerurallife.Indeed,theeffectscanbeseeninmanypartsofthecountry,buttoday,aidedbymoderncomputerandcommunicationstechnology,anewurban-to-ruralmigrationt

19、rendissimultaneouslyunderway."Cautionarynote:Unlessyouhavesomethingoriginaltoadd,youmaywanttoavoidtopics"ofcentralinteresttoanthropology."Usuallythesearesubjectsaboutwhichmanyarewriting,inresponsetothedefinitivecontributionofatrueinnovator.Bythetimeyouwriteyourproposal,dotheresearch,a

20、ndsitdowntowrite,youmightwishyouwereworkingonsomethingelse.Soifyourinterestsleadyoutoarelativelyunexploredproblem,one"notofcurrentandcentralinteresttoanthropology,"considerpursuingit.OutlineYourMethodologyRegardingmethodologicalefficacy,theproposalmustspecifyyourresearchstrategyandhowyouwi

21、llinterprettheresultsvis-往visyourcentralproblem.Donotjuststateyourgoal;tellhowyouwillgoaboutit.Amethodologygoesbeyondsimplylistingresearchtaskstoassertingwhythesetasksconstitutethebestapproachtotheproblem.Asimplelistingoftasksdoesnotnecessarilymeanthattheycomprisethebestormostexpedientapproach.Somec

22、ommonexpressionsdonotspecifytangibleresearchstrategies.Forexample,"Iwilllookattherelationbetweenxandy"isuninformative."Lookingat"arelationbetweenvariablescanonlybedoneindirectly,bydiggingthrougharchives,interviewing,observingandtakingstandardizednotes,collectingdata,analyzingpatt

23、ernsandthelike.Howwillyouhighlighttherelationshipofunderlyingforcesintrinsictothemassofdata?Youshouldoutlinetheprocessofgatheringdataandinterpretingitasspecificallyasyoucan.Whatactivitieswillyoupursuetocollectdata,whattechniqueswillyouusetoanalyzeit,andhowwillyoutestthevalidityofyourconclusions?Dono

24、tleavethereaderwonderingwhatyouactuallywilldo.Specifythesources,therespondents,andtheproposedtechniquesofdatacollectionandanalysis.Proposalsthatengageapowerfulcurrentissue(identity,gender,ethnicity,race,nationalism,hegemony,culturalresistance,relationsofstatesandindigenouspeople)oftenfollowapredicta

25、blyweaklineofreasoning.Theybeginbydiscussingvarioustheoreticalformulationsoftheissue.Thentheyofferavaguelaundrylistofresearchmethods,hintingthattheprojectwillapplythe"appropriate"methodologyinthefield.TheproposalendsbyassertingaratherslackandgeneralizedconnectionbetweenBandA.Trytoavoidthis

26、deadend.Incontrast,acomparativeresearchdesignhasparticularappeal.Insomewaysallresearchiscomparativebecauseitmustemploysomeimplicitorexplicitpointofreference.Makethecomparisonexplicittoenhanceitsvalueasanavenueofscientificinquiry.Incomparativeproposals,theevaluatoraskswhetherthesimilaritiesanddiffere

27、ncesbetweenthechosencaseselucidatethecentralquestion,andwhethertheauthoriscapableofexecutingbothsidesofthecomparison.Summary:RestateandSpecifyYourObjectivesAneffectiveproposalusuallyendsbyre-invokingtheoriginalthesis.Howwillresearchanditsresultsfinallyilluminatethecentralquestion?Howwillyoudemonstra

28、tethevalidityofyouroriginalidea?Youmustconvincethereaderthatthereissomethingclearlyatstakeinthestudy,thatdoesnothaveapreconceivedconclusion,andthatyourexplorationoftheunknownwillyieldengaging,systematicpropositions.Proposalsshouldnormallydescribetheproject'sfinalproductintermsofaudience.Ifyouhav

29、especificplans,spellthemout,becausespecifyingthekindofaudienceyouintendtoaddresswillspecifyforthereaderfeaturesoftheproposalthatmayotherwiseseempeculiarorserendipitous.Keeptheprecedingguidelinesinmindthroughoutthepreparationofyourproposal,andbecertaintospecificallyaddressthequestionsoutlinedinalloft

30、heprecedingsections.Towriteagoodproposaltakestime.Startearly.Beginexploringtopicpossibilitiesimmediately.Fromtheoutset,collectreferencesandenterthemintoaworkingbibliographyasyouworkonothertasks.Writeafirstdraftbytheduedate(seebelow),reviseit,andshowittootheranthropologyfacultyandyourfellowstudents.P

31、utitaside,collectothers'commentsandreviseitagain.Youalsowillhaveachancetoshareitinaclasspresentationatsemester'send.Thehighlevelofclassroomdebatealsoshouldhelptorefinetheproposalasyoulookaheadtothethesisitself.Ifpossible,planonwritingthefirstdraftofthethesisitselfduringJanuaryTerm.ProposalOu

32、tlineFormatAbstract:Inoneortwocrisplywrittenparagraphs,provideanengagingresumeoftheproposal.Introduction:Setthecontextforyourproposedprojectandcapturethereadersinterest.TheoreticalIssues&LiteratureReview:Astatementofthegeneraltheoreticalproblem,withsupportingbibliographicreferencesindicatingagra

33、spofthesubject,andtheconceptualabilitytocarryouttheproposal.KeyQuestion(s):Theseshouldbecapableofbeinganswered,withanswersthatarenotobvious.Methodology:Aspecific,detailedindicationofhowyouwillgoaboutassessingthekeyquestions,andwhytheproposedmethodologyconstitutesthebestwaytopursuethestudyobjectives.

34、size=-2size=-2size=-2Conclusions&ImplicationsofResearch:Whatnewknowledgewilltheproposedprojectproducethatwedonotalreadyknow?Whyisitworthknowing?Howwillyouevaluateandensurethevalidityoftheconclusions?ProposalSummary:Arestatementandspecificationofyourobjectives.Bibliography:FollowtheformatofAmeric

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43、|3ejnssejdiboijoeq;eAoqepuess.ProjectsareincooperationwiththeDivisionofChemicalTechnology.8montCatalyticcombustionhasreceivedalargeattentioninthepastdecadesasanalternativetoconventionalflamecombustionforgasturbineapplications.Itispossibletocombustleanair/fuelmixturesandtherebyreducepeaktemperatureto

44、about14000Cwhilemaintainingcompletecombustion.Theresultisthatalmostnothermal-NOxareformed,aswellaslowlevelofcarbonmonoxideandhydrocarboncanbeachieved.Investigationsofthiscombustionphenomenon,underrealisticturbineoperatingconditionsareaninterestingandimportantefforttowardseliminatingharmfulemissionsf

45、rompowergeneration.Pilot-scalescaletestfacilitywithflexibilityonfuelandwiderangeofpressurehasconstructedatHPTlabtocarryoutinvestigationsofcatalyticcombustionunderdesiredconditions.DivisionoffersMScthesisworkwithintheprojectforaperiodof6hs.Objective:Giveanopportunityforamasterstudenttoworkwithcatalyt

46、iccombustionresearch,mostprobablytomorrow'sgasturbinecombustiontechnology.Description:Workconsistsofaliteraturesurveyandexperimentalactivity.Throughaliteraturesurvey(openliteratureandcurrentprojectreportsoftheproject)studentisexpectedtogatherknowledgeonthestateoftheartofthecatalyticcombustionres

47、earch.Duringtheexperimentalactivity,studentwillgetthepossibilitytoworkwithresearchesworkingoncatalyticcombustioninordertogenerateexperimentaldataontheemissionsandcatalyticbehavior.Resultsshouldbepublishedonmasterthesis.Prerequests:Educationalbackgroundshouldbeinthefieldofenergytechnology/mechanicale

48、ngineeringorchemicalengineering.Experience/knowledgeonemissionmeasurinn;s(pefojdeq;josiodejpefojd;uejjnopueejn;eje;i|uedo)启/tinsejn;eje;i|eqBnojqiAiAipe|e;ueiuuedxepueAeAjnsejn;eje;i|ejossisuoo>poM:uonduoseQeuiqjn;se6uiuonsnqiuoopues;ueiu;eej;se6;sod*se6peonpojdjoA;i|enb'uo忡坦se6sseiuoiquoe6pe

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51、n;se6uospefojdqojeesej|9Ae|euoneuje;uipueleuoeulejeAes早叫seejedooopuespnpuooABoiouqoeije/vojpue;eenjouoisiAipeqi:punoj6>|oease6en|BAoijuoieomo|peAuepsseiuoiqjouonsnqiuooAqseuiqjn;se6e|eos-|eiusjosuoissiiueuouonejueouoopueuonisodiuooje;eq;jouoneBnseAui|e;ueiuuedx3:eR!l三幸封e6e;ueApepeppeueeqpinoMsiue

52、sAsBuijoiuolupueuoisinboee;ep1s;ueiunj;sui6dentisexpectedtogatherknowledgeonseveralgasificationprocessesandqualityoftheproducedgasongasificationprocessandthefeedofrawmaterials.Duringtheexperimentalactivitystudentisexpectedtoworkwiththeotherresearchesworkingonlcvgas,gasturbinetestfacilityinordertogen

53、erateexperimentaldataontheemissionsofgasturbinewhenthefuelgasisconsistsoftarsatdifferentcompositionsandconcentrations.Resultsshouldbepublishedonmasterthesis.Prerequests:Educationalbackgroundinthefieldofenergytechnology.Experience/knowledgeonemissionmeasuringinstruments,dataacquisitionandmonitoringsy

54、stemswouldbeanaddedadvantage.样本四ThesisProposalMajors:EnglishandLatinMinor:GenderStudiesFacultyAdvisor:ProfessorAndrewLevy?EnglishDepartmentTypeofHonors:UniversityHonorsTitleofThesis:ImagesofMotherhoodinBeloved,UncleTom'sCabin,andIncidentsintheLifeofaSlaveGirlThesis:Thepurposeofmyprojectistofirst

55、examinehowthreetextsrepresentblackAmericanslaves,dealingspecificallywiththeimpactthatslaveryhadonmotherhood,andtothenanalyzethedifferencesinthewaysthattheseimagesarepresentedintwodistinctlydifferenttimeperiods.Iwillexaminetheimagesofmotherhoodintwotexts,writteninthemid?l8OO's:HarrietBeecherStowe

56、'sUncleTom'sCabinandHarrietAnnJacobs'IncidentsintheLifeofaSlaveGirl;IwillthenlookatacontemporaryapproachtothesesameissuesinToniMorrison'sBeloved.Background:AsElaineShowalterassertsinALiteratureofTheirOwn,"Inthe1960sthefemalenovelenteredanewanddynamicphase,whichhasbeenstronglyinf

57、luencedinthepasttenyearsbytheenergyofthewomen'smovement."Feministliterarycriticism,anaturalextensionofthepoliticalFeministmovement,isitselfpoliticalinthatitisacriticismwhichsearchesforthehiddenculturalassumptionsaboutgenderinatext.Inthepasttwenty?fiveyearsespecially,thesecriticshaveattempte

58、dtouncoverthetraditionalidealsandvaluesaboutgendertoshowthemassociallyconstructed,ratherthaninherent.Additionally,feministcriticismexpandeditsstudytoincludepreviouslyundiscoveredworksbywomenauthors.Itfoundthatmanywomennovelistswerestilltrappedbythemasculinedefinedtraditionsandthemasculineconceptions

59、ofwomen.AsVirginiaWoolfsaysofnineteenth?centurynovelistsinheressay"ARoomofOne'sOwn,".theyhadnotraditionbehindthem,oronesoshortandpartialthatitwasoflittlehelp.suchalackoftradition,suchascarcityandinadequacyoftools,musthavetoldenormouslyuponthewritingofwomen.Woolf'squoteisespeciallya

60、ppropriatetoblackwoman'sfiction,asthefewmodelsofmotherhoodthatappearedinwomen'sfictionofthe1800'swerenecessarilynotapplicableasmodelsforblackwomen.AccordingtoPatriciaHillCollins,contributingeditorofDoubleStitch,"ThethemesimplicitinWhiteperspectivesonmotherhoodareparticularlyproblematicforBlackwomenandothersoutsidethisdebate"(43).Blackmothersinthe1800'shadremarkablydifferentlivesthanfree,whitewomen,forslave