统计方法简介

1、. kjjjjnpppn122)(232 kn )(232 kn)(23 kX),(2 N. 0,10,lnxxxxy . 3),(2 N)3,3( X niiXxns12)(11 .0),(:0 YXH 212 nrrt iiiiiiiYyXxYyXxr22)()()(t2 nt)2(2 ntt.有有关关联联与与独独立立）无无关关联联与与Y:(Y:10XHXH212 nrrTss niiiiiiiiiisQRnnQQRRQQRRr12222)()1(61)()()(T2 nt)2(2 ntT.CorrelationsCorrelations1.942*.0003131.942*1.00031

2、31Pearson CorrelationSig. (2-tailed)NPearson CorrelationSig. (2-tailed)N城镇可支配收入农村纯收入城镇可支配收入农村纯收入Correlation is significant at the 0.01 level (2-tailed).*. .CorrelationsCorrelations1.000.717*.0003131.717*1.000.000.3131Correlation CoefficientSig. (2-tailed)NCorrelation CoefficientSig. (2-tailed)N城镇可支配

3、收入农村纯收入Spearmans rho城镇可支配收入农村纯收入Correlation is significant at the 0.01 level (2-tailed).*. . pppppppppppxaxaxayxaxaxayxaxaxayxxx2211222212121212111121jiyyji 0),cov(piiyD 21)(且且. 1)()()()()()()()()(1)()()()()()()()()(122222221121122222221122211222211112222112211XxXxXxXxXxXxXxXxXxXxXxXxXxXxXxXxXxXxXxX

4、xXxXxXxXxRippiippiippiippippiippiiiiiippiippiiiiii与 的样本相关系数1XpX 与 的样本相关系数1X2X.ijiijy JjIi, 2 , 1;, 2 , 1 ),0(2 Nij0 ii 0:1210 IH .Jyyy11211,Jyyy22221,iJiiyyy,21IJIIyyy,211y2y iyIyy1水平2水平i水平I水平. IiJjiijIiiIiJjijyyyyJyy11221211)()()(WBTOTSSSSSS 总平方和总平方和组间平方和组间平方和组内平方和组内平方和.)1()1( JISSISSFWB21)( yyJSSI

5、iiB IiJjiijWyySS112)()1(, 1 JIIFF.)()1()1()1(, 1 JIIWBFJISSISSF1 I)1( JI1 IJBSSWSSTOTSS)1( ISSB) 1( JISSW)1()1( JISSISSWB.ANOVAANOVA销售额579.2502289.6256.406.007949.3752145.2081528.62523Between GroupsWithin GroupsTotalSum ofSquaresdfMean SquareFSig.factorAfactorB1A2A3A1B2Bkyyy11112111,kyyy21212211,kyy

6、y31312311,kyyy12122121,kyyy22222221,kyyy32322321,11y21y31y12y22y32y1y2y1y2y3yy.ijkijjiijky 01 Iii 01 Jjj IiJjijij110 ), 0(2 Nijk.IAH21:JBH21:0:ijABH. IiJjKkijijkIiJjjiijJjjIiiIiJjKkijkyyyyyyKyyIKyyJKyy111211212121112)()()()()(EABBATOTSSSSSSSSSS总平方和总平方和因子因子A平方和平方和交互效应平方和交互效应平方和误差平方和误差平方和因子因子B平方和平方和.)

7、1(, 1)1()1( KIJIEAAFKIJSSISSF)1(, 1)1()1( KIJJEBBFKIJSSJSSF)1(),1)(1()1()1)(1( KIJJIEABABFKIJSSJISSF.sourcedfSSMSFFactorAFactorBIteractionErrorTotal1 I1 J)1)(1( JI)1( KIJ1 IJKASSBSSABSSESSTOTSS)1( ISSA)1( JSSB)1)(1( JISSAB)1( KIJSSE)1()1( KIJSSISSEA)1()1( KIJSSJSSEB)1()1)(1( KIJSSJISSEAB.T Te es st

8、ts s o of f B Be et tw we ee en n- -S Su ub bj je ec ct ts s E Ef ff fe ec ct ts sDependent Variable: 销售额21613.750a63602.292237.296.000579.2502289.62519.079.000532.0421532.04235.048.000144.083272.0424.746.022273.2501815.18121887.00024SourceModel促销方式售后服务促销方式 * 售后服务ErrorTotalType III Sumof SquaresdfMe

9、an SquareFSig.R Squared = .988 (Adjusted R Squared = .983)a. .iiiexy10ni, 2 , 1), 0(2Nei独立同分布于.xy10iiiiixxyyxx21)()(niiiniiiExyyySSRSS121012)()(.222)()()(iiiiyyyyyyERTOTSSSSSSTOTETOTRSSSSSSSSR12TOTESSSSnnRadj2112总平方和总平方和回归平方和回归平方和误差平方和误差平方和.sourcedfSSMSFModelErrorTotal12n1nRSSESSTOTSSRSS) 2( nSSE)2(

10、 nSSSSER0:10H.)(10iiixyeiy ie 不独立异方差.Model SummaryModel Summaryb b.959a.920.917460.67750Model1RR SquareAdjustedR SquareStd. Error ofthe EstimatePredictors: (Constant), 人均GDPa. Dependent Variable: 农村纯收入b. A AN NO OV VA Ab b70775004170775003.61333.492.000a615448929212223.7557692949230RegressionResidua

11、lTotalModel1Sum ofSquaresdfMean SquareFSig.Predictors: (Constant), 人均GDPa. Dependent Variable: 农村纯收入b. .CoefficientsCoefficientsa a1229.224149.8858.201.000.002.000.95918.262.000(Constant)人均GDPModel1BStd. ErrorUnstandardizedCoefficientsBetaStandardizedCoefficientstSig.Dependent Variable: 农村纯收入a. =122

12、9.224+0.002GDP农村纯收入人均.xbay11baxy bxaey xbaey xbaylnxbeay1XY10.nnppnnnppppexxxyexxxyexxxy2211022222211021112211101jiNeforeeCOVeVareEijiii), 0(0),()(0)(22.nnnIeeCOVINeeEeXY22),(), 0(, 0)(,nyyyY21npppnnxxxxxxxxxX212221212111111p10neeee21.YXXX1)(ppppccccccXXCOV11100100212)(),()(E),(2iiiicN.niippiiniiiEx

13、xyyySS1211012)()(222)()()(iiiiyyyyyyERTOTSSSSSS回归平方和残差平方和总平方和越小拟合越好是一定量.TOTETOTRSSSSSSSSR12TOTESSSSpnnRadj11120:210pH1,) 1(pnpERFpnSSpSSF.sourcedfSSMSFModelpRSSpSSR) 1( pnSSpSSERError1 pnESS) 1(pnSSETotal1nTOTSS.0:0iiH1pniiiiitScTi)2(1pnitT.Model SummaryModel Summaryb b.965a.932.927433.56533Model1RR

14、 SquareAdjustedR SquareStd. Error ofthe EstimatePredictors: (Constant), 新增固定资产, 人均GDPa. Dependent Variable: 农村纯收入b. A AN NO OV VA Ab b71666083235833041.71190.623.000a526340928187978.8967692949230RegressionResidualTotalModel1Sum ofSquaresdfMean SquareFSig.Predictors: (Constant), 新增固定资产, 人均GDPa. Depen

15、dent Variable: 农村纯收入b. .C Co oe ef ff fi ic ci ie en nt ts sa a1116.393150.2827.429.000.002.000.90516.388.000.169.078.1202.177.038(Constant)人均GDP新增固定资产Model1BStd. ErrorUnstandardizedCoefficientsBetaStandardizedCoefficientstSig.Dependent Variable: 农村纯收入a. =1116.393+0.002GDP0.169农村纯收入人均新增固定资产.), 0(210

16、iiiiiNuuxy.),0(.,2110Niideeuuuxyttttttt.qpkqkjkijixxXXd11)(),()()(),(12jijijiXXSXXXXd)()(),(12XXSXXGXd两点之距一点到总体之距,21nXXXG.初始分类： ;,2211nnxGxGxGnk 若 与 距离最小,合并为一类iGjG1 nkmk 输出分类结果如何计算类与类之间的距离.寻找m个凝聚点:imiixxx,21若 则 ;得),(min),(1ijlmjiklxxdxxd0klGx 00201,mGGG计算各类的重心:mxxx,21若 则 ;得),(min),(1jlmjklxxdxxdklGx

17、 mGGG,21计算各类的重心:mxxx,21重心改变输出分类结果.),(min),(,jiGXGXqpXXdGGdqjpi),(max),(,jiGXGXqpXXdGGdqjpi),(),(qpqpXXdGGd. piqjGXGXjiqpqpXXdnnGGd),(1),(22qpqpqpSSSGGd),(2pnipippippXXXXS1)()(qniqiqqiqqXXXXS1)()(qpnniqpqipqpqipqpXXXXS1)()(.1G2G),(),(),(),(),(),(21212211GdGdGdGdGGdGdG若待判若若.),(11pNG),(22pNG)()()(),(1121112XSSXGd)()()(),(2121222XSSXGdaXXXSSXGdGdW)()()()(2/),(),()(2112112220)(0)(0)(21WWGWG若待判若若.),(111pNG),(222pNG)()(),(111112XSXGd)()(),(212222XSXGd),(),()(1222GdGdW0)(0)(0)(21WWGWG若待判若若.1G2G2