名词性从句(可编辑修改word版)

1、名词性从句一.概述：在句子中起名词作用的各种从句统称为名词性从句。根据它们在句中的语法作用，这类从句乂可分为主语从句、表语从句、宾语从句和同位语从句。二.名词性从句连接词1 ,连词（只起连接作用，不做成分）that没有实在意义，whether翻译为“是否”，可以引导各类名词性从句，可以和or,or not连用if翻译为“是否”，多引导宾语从句。注意if跟whether的区别。注：if “如果”还可以引导条件状语从句。as if /though翻译为''好像"，在名词性从句中只能引导表语从句。注：as if/though “好像”还可以引导方式状语从句。because翻

2、译为“因为"，在名词性从句中只能引导表语从句。注：because “因为”还可以引导原因状语从句.2,连接代词（既起连接作用，而且充当句子成分，都有各自的含义）who“谁”在从句中作主语，表语。可引导各类名词性从句whom“谁”在从句中作宾语。可引导各类名词性从句which“（特定范围内的）哪一个/些”在从句中充当主语，宾语，定语。不引导 同位语从句。what“什么，什么样的”有疑问含义。在从句中充当主语，表语，宾语，定语。 可以引导各类名词性从句”所.的”或“的事物/东西/人/样子/地方等"。无疑问含义， 在从句中作主语，宾语，表语。一般不引导同位语从句“多少”提问“价格

3、，人口等”whose“谁的”在从句中作定语。多引导宾语从句。whoever“无论谁”无疑问含义。在从句中作主语，表语。引导名词性从句时在含 义上相当于anyone who注：还可以引导让步状语从句。此时可与no matter who互换whomever“无论谁”无疑问含义。在从句中作宾语。引导名词性从句时在含义上相 当于 anyone whowhichever“（特定范围内的）无论哪一个/一些”无疑问含义。在从句中作宾语，定 语。whatever“无论什么”无疑问含义。在从句中作主语，表语，宾i甬 定语。引导名 词性从句时在含以上相当于anything that注：还可以引导让步状语从句。此时

4、可与no matter what互换3,连接副词（既起连接作用，而且充当句子成分，都有各自的含义）when“什么时候”有疑问含义。在从句中作时间状语。可引导各类名词性从句.“的时候”无疑问含义。在从句中作时间状语Where“哪儿”有疑问含义。在从句中作地点状语。可引导各类名词性从句。“的地方”无疑问含义。在从句中作地点状语。why“为什么”有疑问含义。在从句中作原因状语。可引导各类名词性从句。“的原因”无疑问含义。在从句中作原因状语。how“多么”后接形容词，副词。“怎么样，如何”修饰动词，说明动作实行的方式。how many“多少”后接可数名词how much“多少”后接不可数名词how l

5、ong“多长”指时间，回答可用“for+一段时间”how soon“多快”指时间，回答可用“in+一段时间”how far“多远”指路程或距离how fast“多快”指速度whenever“无论何时”无疑问含义注：还可以引导让步状语从句。此时可与no matter when互换wherever“无论哪儿”无疑问含义注：还可以引导让步状语从句。此时可与no matter where互换however“无论什么”无疑问含义注：还可以引导让步状语从句。此时可与no matter how互换三.在名词性从句中一律用陈述句的语序，即使从句表达的是疑问含义。四.if, whether的区别1 .引导主语从

6、句时.，如果主语从句放在句首，只能用whether不能用if引导，但 是如果用it做形式主语，而把主语从句放在句末时，也可以用if引导.2 .引导宾语从句时常放在动词know, ask, care, wonder之后，if和whether均可。 少数动词，如：leave, put, discuss, doubt后的宾语从句常用whether, o3 .在介词后面的宾语从句中，在表语从句、同位语从句中，表“是否”，只能用 whether；4 . whether和if都可以和or not连用，但是whether之后可以直接跟or not,而if不 可以。I don't know wheth

7、er or not I will stay.（只能用 whether）5 .在不定式前只能用whether.如：I can' t decide whether to stay.我不能决定是否留下。五.与“命令、要求、建议”等相关的名词性从句中通常用虚拟语气，虚拟语气的 构成是“should+动词原形”或省去should,直接用动词原形。六.名词性从句以考查引导词为主，同时考查时态，语序，与其它从句的区别以及混同虚拟语气的考查。一.主语从句1 .主语从句定义：在复合句中充当主语的句子叫做主语从句。That he will succeed is certain.Whether wild l

8、ife can be well protected is of great importance.Who will go makes no different.Which kind of food is the best is still not certain.What is needed for the space trip is careful preparation.Whoever comes is welcome.How we can help he twins will be discussed at the meeting.When they'll start the p

9、roject has not been decided yet.Where he hid the money is to be found out.Why dinosaurs died out remains a puzzle.2 .主语从句引导词按照在句中是否做成分主要分为三类：连词that、whether, if 连接代词、连接副词。（1）由连词that引导的主语从句:引导词that无含义，在句中不做成分，引导主语从句的连词that的省略：若that引导的主语从句直接位于句首， 则that不能省略；若在句首使用了形式主语it, that引导的主语从句置后，则that 可以省略。That y

10、ou will win the medal seems unlikely.你想获得奖牌看起来是不可能的。That you are so indifferent bothers me.你如此冷淡使我很烦恼。That she survived the accident is a miracle.她在事故中幸免于难简直是奇迹。Tliat you didn't go to the talk was a pity.很遗憾你没去听报告。（that 不可省）It was a pity （that） you didn't go to the talk.很遗憾你没去听报告。（that 可省）（2

11、）由连词whether引导的主语从句：whether有含义“是否”，在句中不做成 分，不可以省。whether可以和or not连用。Whether it will do us harm remains to be seen.是否对我们有害还要看一看。Whether they would support us was a problem.他们是否会支持我们还是一个问题， Whether she is coming or not doesn't matter too much.她来不来都无关紧要。（3）如果主语从句放在句首，不能用if引导，但是如果用it做形式主语，而把 主语从句放在句末

12、时，也可以用if引导.Whether Mary really heard him is really doubtful.（对）It was doubtful if Mary really heard him.（对）If Mary really heard him is really doubtful.（错）（4）连接代词引导的主语从句：连接代词who, whose, whom, which, what, whoever, whomever, whichever, whatever,在句子起名词性作用，担当一定成分。 不能省略。Who killed the scientist remains a

13、 question.Whom she borrowed money from still puzzled him.Which side will win is not clear.What you need is more practic已你所需要的是更多的训练。What I want to know is this.我想知道的就是这事。Whatever he did is right.Whoever breaks the law will be punished.（主语从句）=Anyone who breaks the law will be punished.（定语从句）比较：Whoeve

14、r breaks the law, he should be punished.（让步状语从句）=No matter who breaks the law, he should be punished.（让步状语从句）（4）用连接副词when, where, why, how引导的名词性从句（其连接副词有含义, 在句中作状语。）Where we should leave it is a problem.When they will come hasn't been made pubic.他们什么时候来还不知道。How it was done was a mystery.这是怎样做的是一

15、个谜。3 .主语从句注意事项（1）为了避免主语冗长，句子头重脚轻,经常用it做形式主语，而将主语从句置后 （尤其是当谓语较短时）。That light travels in straight lines is known to all.光沿直线传播，这是众所周知的事。=It is known to all that light travels in straight lines.众所周知光沿直线传播。Whether they would support us was a problem.他们是否会支持我们还是个问题c=It was a problem whether they would su

16、pport us.When the plane is to take off has not been announced.飞机何时起飞还没有宣布。=It has not been announced when the plane is to take off.还没有宣布飞机何时起飞。（2）如果句子是疑问句，则必须用带形式主语it的结构Has it been settled who will be sent to carry out the task?谁将被派去执行这项任务决定了吗？（3）连接代词What引导的名词性从句what引导主语从句时，常常翻译为“所.的”或“的事物/东西/人/样子/

17、地方等”此时无疑问含义。What在从句中作主语，宾语。What you need is a good-sized canvas bag.What make the river more beautiful are the lotus(荷花)plants growing in the water.what引导主语从句时: 谓语动词常与其后的作表语的名词一致。What you left are only several old books.What you said is of great importance.what引导主语从句常见句型。What makes this shop differe

18、nt is that it offers more personal service.(4) Who, whom, which, what和ever构成合成词，ever起到强调作用，此类引 导词引出的主语从句一般不能用形式主语it引导。(5)单个主语从句作主语时，谓语动词用单数形式。如果是两个或两个以上的 主语从句作主语，谓语动词则用复数形式。4.固定用法(借助形式主语it,主语从句不能提前)和译法(1) It is +名词+that 从句It is a fact thaf# 事实是It is good news that 是好消息It is a question that 是个问题It is

19、 common knowledge that 是常识类似的名词还有:apity； a wonder； a good thing； no wonder； surprise 等。例如：It is a mystery to me how it all happened.®一切是怎么发生的是个谜。It is common knowledge that the whale is not a fish.鲸鱼不是鱼,这是常识。It is no surprise that Bob should have won the game.鲍勃会嬴得这场比赛，这不足为奇。(2) It is +形容词+ tha

20、t从句It is necessary that 有必要It is clear that 很清楚It is likely that 很可能It is important that 重要的是类彳以的形容i司还有： strange; natural; obvious; true; good; wonderful; possible; unlikely; quite; unusual; certain; evident; worth-while; surprising; interesting; astonishing, etc.It is obvious that conductors and in

21、sulators are both important in industry.很明显导体和绝缘体在工业中都很重要。It is doubtful whether she will be able to com已她是否能来令人怀疑。It was really astonishing that he refused to talk to you.他拒绝和你说话真是令人惊讶。It is essential that he should be here by the weekend.周末之前，他应该到这里是必要的。用于 It is important / natural / necessary / i

22、mpossible that句型中，主语从句应 使用虚拟语用“should +动词原形”的形式,should有时可以省略。It is natural that they (should) like each other.(3) It is +过去分词+that从句It is said that 据说It is reported that 据报道It has been proved that 已证明It must be proved that必须指出类似的过去分词还有:known; estimated; expected; believed; thought; hoped; noted; dis

23、cussed; required; decided; suggested; demanded: made clear; found out, etc. 例如：It is thought that he is the best player.大家都认为他是最好的选手。It is estimated that the vase is 2000 years old.据估计这个花瓶有 2000 年的历史。It has not been made clear when the new road is to be opened to traffic.还没弄清楚这条路将开始通车。在 It + be + su

24、ggested/advlsed/ordered/requested/ insisted/requlred 中,应使用虚 拟语，即that从句的谓语用“should +动词原形”的形式,should有时可以省略。It is suggested that we should eat more vegetable and do more exercise.(4) It + 不及物动词或短语 + that 从句(happen, doesn't matter,turn out)。如: It happened that I saw him yesterday.碰巧我昨天看见他了。It does n

25、ot matter whether I missed my train, because there is another later.没有赶上这趟火车没有关系，稍晚还有一趟。(5)当“及物动词+宾语”较短时，也可用这种结构。例如：It shocked me that Peter did not tell anybody where he was.让我吃惊的是彼得没有告诉任何人他在哪里。It does not interest me whether you go or not.我对你去不去不感兴趣o二.表语从句1 .定义：在复合句中，如作表语的是一个从句，该从句被称为表语从句。Here wis

26、h is that she could lose weight soon.The question is whether it is worth doing.It looked as if it was going to snow.The problem was who could do the work.That is what he is worried about.His trouble is where he can find a new job.The problem is how he cnn Ret food and clothing.That was why the broth

27、ers wanted to make a bet.2 .表语从句的构成：主语+系动词+引导词+句子3 .常见的系动词(1) be (am, is, are, was, were)(2) feel, seem , look, appear ,sound, taste , smell(3) stand , lie , remain .keep, stay(4) become ,get, grow , turn ,go ,come, run, fall(5) prove, turn out 4.表语从句的连接词：接词:that / whether /as if /as though / becaus

28、e (if 不引导表语从句)连接代词：who / whom / whose / which / what连接副词：when / where / why / how(1)从属连词that： that在表语从句中不担任句子成分，无实际意义，一般不能 省略（2） whether在表语从句中表“是否”但不充当句子的成分。if不能引导表语从 句。如:The question is whether it is worth doing.What the doctor really doubts is whether my mother will recover from the serious diseas

29、e soon.（3） as if/as though引导的表语从句如果是事实，就用陈述语气，如果与事实不符， 就用虚拟语气（主句一般现在时从句就用过去式，be的话变成were。主句是过去 式，从句用过去完成时）。It looks as if he were her own father.（与事实不符）It was as though he were mad.（与事实不符）Dark clouds are gathering. It looks as if it's going to rain.（4） because引导表语从句通常只用于"This/That/It is beca

30、use”结构中。My anger is because you haven't written to me fbr a long time.（5） 连接代词 who, whom, whose, what, which, whoever, whatever, whichever 引 导的表语从句。The problem is who we can get to replace her.问题是我们能找到谁去替换她呢。That was what she did this morning on reaching the attic.那就是她今晨上了阁楼干的。I read about it in

31、 some book or another, but what I don't know is wliich (book) it is.what在表语从句中充当主语.宾语睇语表示"什么”'所的事物，东西，人，样子，地方等“The question is what caused the accident.That mountain is no longer what it used to be What he told you was what had been discussed at the meeting.(6)连接副词where, when, how, why除

32、在句中起连接作用外，在从句中还充当 时间、地点、方式、原因状语，本身具有词义。Thafs where I can't agree with you.This is why Sara was late for the meeting.This is how they overcome the difficulties.My strongest memory is when I attended an American wedding.The question is how he did it.问题是他是如何做此事的。That is where he was born.那就是他出生的地方。

33、5.表语从句注意事项（1） that, why与because引导表语从句时,的区别 虽然三者均可引导表语从句，但that没有词义，而why和because有自 己的意思；另外，虽然why和because都可引导表语从句，但前者why 强调结果，后者because强调原因。如： The reason was that you don't trust her.原因是你不信任她。 The fact is that they are angry with each other.事实是他们生彼此的气。 He was ill. That's why he was sent to the

34、hospital.他病 了,所以被送到医院来。 He was sent to the hospital. Thaf s because he was ill.他被送到医院，是因为 他生病了。（2） reason做主语时，表语从句只能用that引导，不能用why引导。句型结构为：The reason is that或者 The reason （why./for.）is/was that.（表语从句常用常考句型）The reason why he was late was that he missed the train by one minute this morning（当主语是reason时

35、,reason后面的表语从句只能用that引导而不能用because或者why.但reason后面的定语从句可以用why或者that弓层）The reason why he was late for school was that he got uplate. The reason that he gave for his absence was that he wasill.（3） 表语从句的另一常用句型：名词主语+ be + that从句The fact is that I was in the garden when the robbery happened.作主语的名词通常有表示事实、

36、真理的名词fact, ti-uth或表示看法观点的名词idea, opinion, belief, view, feeling, suggestion, plan 等。如果是suggestion, proposal, advice, requirement等词后的表语从句要用虚拟语气（should ） do<,三.宾语从句1 .定义：在复合句中充当宾语的句子叫做宾语从句。They know that the habit will kill them.He asked whose spacesuit it was.Will you please tell me hvw I cau keep

37、 fit and healthy?Pay attention to what the doctor said, will you?宾语从句分为动词（包括动词，动词短语，动词不定式，动词ing）的宾语从句 和介词的宾语从句。2 .动词的宾语从句。动词短语后的宾语从句I have found out that all the tickets for the concert have been sold out.动词ing后的宾语从句Not knowing what he should do, he began to cry.双宾语，直接宾语由从句充当He told me that he would

38、 go to the university.形式宾语：动词find, feel, consider, make, believe等后面有宾语补足语的时候， 则用it作形式宾语，而将宾语从句后置。此时that不能省略。I feel it a pity that I haven't been to the get-together.我没去聚会，感觉非常遗憾.He has made it clear that he will not give in.他已表明他不会屈服。I think it necessary that we take plenty of hot water every da

39、y.我认为每天多喝开水是有必要的.有些动词带宾语从句时需要在宾语与从句前加it,这类动词主要有： take ,have, like, dislike, love, hate, appreciate 等，后常跟 that, if 或 when 从句。 We take it that you will agree with us.我们认为你会同意我们的。He will have it that our plan is really practical.他会认为我们的计划确实可行。I hate it when they with their mouths full of food.我讨厌他们满嘴食物

40、时说话。动词doubt后的宾语从句：肯定句用连词whether/if引导，否定，疑问句用连 词that引导。be sure后的宾语从句：肯定，疑问句中用that,否定句中用连词whether/if 导3 .介词的宾语从句We are talking about whether we admit students into our club.我们正在讨论是否让学生加入我们的俱乐部.Are you sorry for what you've done?你为你所做的一切感到内疚吗？He was deeply displeased by what had occurred that day.他

41、对那天发生的事感到很不快。I walked over to where she sat.我走向她坐的地方。The new book is about how Shenzhou 6 manned spaceship was sent up into space.这本新书是关于神州6号载人航天飞船是如何升入太空的.The boy is interested in whatever he saw here.The first prize should go to whoever writes best.注意：连词that引导的名词性从句很少作介词的宾语，只用在except, but, in,besi

42、des等之后才用。其他一些介词的宾语从句如果由连词that引导，则需用it 先行一步，作形式宾语。I could say nothing but that I was angry.我无话可说，只是感到生气。I know nothing about him except that he is from the south.He is a good student except that he is careless.他是一个好学生，只是有点粗心。When you start the engine, you must see to it that car is in neutral.开启发动机时,

43、一定要使汽车的离合器处于空挡位置。You may rely on it that I shall help you.你可以指望我会帮助你的。介词后的宾语从句一般不用which和if引导，要用whether和what。4 .引导宾语从句的关联词有三类：(1)从属连词that。如:He told us that he felt ill.他对我们说他感到不舒服。I know he has returned.我知道他已经回来了。注：that在引导宾语从句时也并不是任何情况下都可以省略。在以下情况下，that 不能省略。and连接两个宾语从句，放在and后面的that宾语从句，that不能省略。Ever

44、ybody could see what happened and that Tom was frightened. 大家都会看出所发生的事情并知道Tom非常害怕。主句谓语动词与that从句之间有插入语，that不可省略We decided, in view of his special circumstances, that we would admit him for aprobationary period.鉴于他的特殊情况，我们决定应允他一段试用期。that引导的宾语从句作介词宾语时，that不能省略I know nothing about him except that he is

45、from the south.对他我一无所知，只知道他是南方人。有it作形式宾语时不能省I hate it when they with their mouths full of food.我讨厌他们满嘴食物时说话. He is a good student except that he is careless.他是一个好学生，只是有点粗心。 I feel it a pity that I haven't been to the get-together.我没去聚会，感觉非常遗憾.(2)从属连词if/whether。如:I doubt whether he will succeed.我

46、怀疑他是否会成功。I don' t know if you can help me,我不知道你能否帮助我。if和whether在作“是否”解时，引导宾语从句常放在动词know, ask, care, wonder, find out等之后，介词后一般用whether不用if引导。if和whether引导的宾语从句可以互换使用，但whether常和or not连用，if 般不与or not连用。如：I wonder whether it is true or not.我不知它是真是假。 避免歧异时，我们常用whether而不用if.(3)连接代i司 who, whom, whose, w

47、hat, which, whoever, whatever, whichever连接副词 where, when, how, whyo &D：Have you decided which subject you are going to choose?He asked me how soon we would finish the work.I wonder what he' s writing to me about.我不知道他要给我写信说什么事。I will tell you why I asked you to come.我会告诉你我为什么要你来。4 4) what引导的

48、宾语从句翻译为“什么，什么样的”，有疑问含义I wonder what has happened to him.May we ask what you are doing in this country and what your plans are?翻译为“所.的”或“的事物，东西，人。样子，地方等”此时无疑问 含义。What在含以上相当于the thing(s) thatAll that先行词+thatI am interested in what you ere doin= now.宾语从句=I am interested in the thing(s) that you are doi

49、ng now,定语从句I will do what I can to help you.宾语从句=1 will do all that I can to help you.125 .宾语从句注意事项。（1）宾语从句的时态变化规律：当主句是一般现在时态时.，从句可根据需要用任 何时态。当主句是一般过去时态时，从句只能使用过去范围内的任何时态。但客观 真理除外。（2）宾语从句的语序用陈述语序：连接词+主语+谓语+其他成分。（3）宾语从句中的虚拟语气：在表示建议suggest、advisex propose;要求 demand、desire、request： 决定 decide; 命令 order&

50、gt; command、require; 坚决 主张insist;等动词后跟宾语从句，运用虚拟语气，即用（should） +v.如：I suggested that you （ should ） study hard. He ordered that we should go out at once.（4）宾语从句的否定转移。在think. believe, suppose, expect等动词后的宾语从句, 有时谓语尽管是否定意思，却不用否定形式，而将think等动词变为否定形式。如:I don't tliiiik you are right.我认为你错 了。I don't

51、believe they have finished their work yet.我相信他们还未完成他们的工作。I don't suppose he cares, does he?我想他不在意，是吗？四.同位语从句1 .概念：同位语从句就是在复合句中作名词的同位语的从句。The fact that women can work as well as men is clear.We were very excited at the news that cur team had won.Henry Adams made a promise that he would not open t

52、he letter until 2 o'clock.I have no idea when Chaplin's Clm will be on again.同位语从句一般跟在某些表示抽象概念的名词后面，用以说明名词所表示的具体 内容。常跟同位语从句的名词主要有：idea, news, fact, promise, answer, belief, condition, doubt, fear, hope, problem, proof, question, reply, report, suggestion, thought, truth, message» word （

53、消息）, suggestion, possibility 等等°I heard the news that our team had won e我听到了我们队获胜的消息。I've come from Mr wang with a message that he won't be able to see you tliis afternoon.我从王先生那里来，他让我告诉你他今天下午不能来看你了。He must answer the question whether he agrees to it or not.他必须回答他是否同意这样一个问题。有时同位语从句可以不紧跟

54、在抽象名词后面，而被别的词隔开。The thought came to him that maybe the enemy had fled the city.他突然想起可能敌人已经逃出城了。2 .英语中引导同位语从句的连接词通常有连词that, whether,连接代词what, whoo连接副词how, when, where （注：if, which不能引导同位语从句。）3. 连词that引导同位语从句The idea that you can do this work well without thinking is quite wrong.你认为不动脑筋就能做好这件工作的想法是完全错误

55、的。引导同位语从句的连词that通常不省略，但在非正式文体中也可以省去。He grabbed his suitcase and gave the impression he was boarding the Tokyo plane.彳也 拿起了手提箱，给人的印象是他要登上飞往东京的飞机了。4 .连词whether引导的同位语从句The question whether we should call in a specialist was answered by the family doctor.我们是否请专家由家庭医生来定。whether可引导同位语从句，但if不能引导同位语从句。5 .其它引导词引导的同位语从句©have no idea what size shoes she wears.我不知道她穿几号的鞋。（what作定语）The question who will take his place is still not clear. （who 作主语） We haven't yet settled the question where we are going to spend our summer vacation.到哪儿去度暑假，