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XX设计（外文翻译）英文题目 The Development of Industrial Robots 中文题目 工业机器人的发展 系 （院） 机电工程学院 专 业 机械设计制造及其自动化 学生姓名 XXXX 学 号 XXXXXXX 指导教师 XXXXX 职 称 XXXXX 二XX年X月 XXXX（外文翻译）The Development of Industrial Robots Industrial robot is a robot, it consists of a CaoZuoJi，Controller， Servo drive system and detection sensor device composition, it is a kind of humanoid operating automatic control, can repeat programming, can finish all kinds of assignments in three difficulties in authorship space the electromechanical integration automation production equipment, especially suitable for many varieties, become batch flexible production. It to stabilize and improve the product quality, raise efficiency in production, improve working conditions of the rapid renewal plays an extremely important role.Widely used industrial robots can gradually improve working conditions, stronger and controllable production capacity, speed up product updating and upgrading. Improve production efficiency and guarantee the quality of its products, eliminate dull work, save labor, provide a safe working environment, reduces the labor intensity, and reduce labor risk, improve the machine tool, reduce the workload and reduce process production time and inventory, enhance the competitiveness of enterprises. As technology advances, the development of industrial robot, the process can be divided into three generations - generation, for demonstration reproduce, and it mainly consists of robot hand controller and demonstration teaching machines composed, can press advance box to record information guide action, the current industry repeated reappearance application of execution most. The second to feel robot, such as powerful sleep touch and vision, it has for some outside information feedback adjustment ability, currently has entered the application stage. Third generation of intelligent robot it has sense and understanding ability, in the external environment for the working environment changed circumstances, can also successfully complete the task, it is still in the experimental research phase. The United States is the birthplace of the robot, as early as in 1961, Americas Consolided Control Corp and AMF companies developed the first practical demonstration emersion robot. After 40 years of development, the United States in the world of robotics has been in the lead position. Still Its technology comprehensive, advanced, adaptability is strong. Japan imported from America in 1967, the first robot in 1976 later, with the rapid development of the microelectronics and the market demand has increased dramatically, Japan was labor significant deficiencies in enterprise, industrial robots by saviors welcome, make its Japanese industrial robots get fast development, the number of now whether robots or robot densities are top of the world, known as the robot kingdom, said. The robot introduced from Germany time than Britain and Sweden about late 1956, but the labour shortages caused by war, national technical level is higher social environment, but for the development and application of industrial robot provides favorable conditions. In addition, in Germany, for some dangerous prescribed, poisonous or harmful jobs, robot instead of ordinary people to the labor. This is the use of robots exploit a wide range of markets, and promote the development of the industrial robot technology. At present, the German industrial robots total of the world, which only behind to Japan. The French government has been more important robot technology, and through a series of research program, support established a complete science and technology system, make the development of the French robot smoothly. In government organization project, pay special attention to the robot research based technique, the focus is on the application research on in robot. And by industry support the development application and development of work, both supplement each other, make robots in France enterprises develop rapidly and popularize and make France in the international industrial machine with indispensable if position. British jam since the late 1970s, promote and implement a department measures listed support the development of policies and make robots British industrial robots than todays robot powers started to early, and once in Japan has made the early brilliance. However, at this time the government for industrial robots implemented the constraining errors. This mistake in Britain dust, the robot industry in Western Europe was almost in the bottom of it. In recent years, Italy, Sweden, Spain, Finland, Denmark and other countries because of its own domestic robots market in great demand, development at a very fast pace. At present, the international on industrial robot company mainly divided into Japanese and European series. In AnChuan of Japanese are mainly the ethical products, the OTC, panasonic, FANLUC, not two more, etc. The products of the company kawasaki the main Asiatic KUKA, German CLOOS, Swedens ABB, Italy CO work pelatiah U and Austria GM company. Industrial robot in China started in early 1970s, after 30 years development, roughly experienced three stages: in the 1970s and 1980s budding transplanter and the application of the 1990s initialization period. With the 20th century 70s world technology rapid development, the application of industrial robots in world created a climax, in this context, our country in 1972 start developing their industrial robots. Enter after the 1980s, with the further reform and opening, in high technology waves pound, our research and development of robot technology from the governments attention and support, during the seventh state funds, thanked the parts were set robot and research, completed demonstration emersion type industrial robot complete technology development, developed spray paint, welding, arc welding and handling robot. , the national high technology research and development program begin to carry out, after several years research and made a large number of scientific research. Successfully developed a batch of special robot. From 90 to 20 century since the early, Chinas national economy achieve two fundamental period of transformation into a new round of economic restructuring and technological progress, Chinas industrial robots upsurge in practice and have made strides, and have developed spot welding, welding, assembling, paint, cutting, handling, palletizing etc various USES of industrial robot, and implement a batch of robot application engineering, formed a batch of industrial robots for our country industrialization base, the industrial robot soar laid a foundation. But compared with the developed countries, China also has the very big disparity of industrial robots. Along with the development of industrial robot depth and the breadth and raise the level of robot, industrial robots are has been applied in many fields. From the traditional automobile manufacturing sector to the manufacturing extensions. Such as mining robots, building robots and hydropower system used for maintenance robots, etc. In defense of military, medicine and health, food processing and life service areas such as the application of industrial robots will be more and more. The manufacturing of automobiles is a technology and capital intensive industry, is also the most widely used of industrial robots, accounting for almost to the industry for more than half of the industrial robots. In China, the industrial robot first is also used in automobile and engineering machinery industries. In car production of industrial robot is a major in the equipment, the brake parts and whole production of arc welding, spot welding, painting, handling, glue, stamping process used in large amounts. Our country is forecast to rise period, entered the automobile ownership in the next few years, car will still growing at around 15 percent annually. So the next few years the industrial robot demand will show high growth trend, about 50% in growth, industrial robots in our automobile industry application will get a rapid development. Industrial robot in addition to the wide application of in the automotive industry in electronic, food processing, nonmetal processing, daily consumer goods and wood furniture processing industries for industrial robots demand is growing rapidly. In Asia, 2005 72,600 sets, installation industrial robots, compared with 2004 grew by 40%, and application in electronic industry accounted for about 31%. In Europe, according to statistics, since 2004 and 2005 in l: tI industry robot in the food processing industry increased 17% the application of left and right sides, in the application of nonmetal processing industry increased 20%, and daily necessities in consumption industries increased by 32% in wood furniture processing industry, up 18% or so. Industrial robot in oil has a wide application in, such as sea oil drilling, oil platforms, pipeline detection, refinery, large oil tank and tank welding etc all can use robots to complete. In the next few years, sensing technology, laser technology, engineering network technology will be widely used in industrial robots work areas, these technologies can cause the industrial robot application more efficient, high quality, lower cost. It is predicted that future robots will in medical and health care, biological technology and industry, education, relief, ocean exploitation, machine maintenance, transportation and agriculture and aquatic products applied field. In China, the industrial robot market share are mostly foreign industrial robots enterprise holds. Before the gunman in the international, domestic industrial robots enterprise facing great pressure of competition. Now China is from a manufacturing power to manufacturing power forward, Chinese manufacturing industry faces and the international community, participate in the international division of labor in the great challenge of industrial automation increase immediate, government must can increase the funds for robots and policy support, will give the industry of industrial robots development into new momentum. With independent brand devil robot MoShi special technology company dedicated to providing solutions to the mainboard and robot, is willing with all my colleagues a build domestic industrial robot happy tomorrow!The industrial robot is used in the manufacturing environment to increase productivity . It can be used to do routine and tedious assembly line jobs , or it can perform jobs that might be hazardous to do routine and tedious assembly line jobs , or it can perform jobs that might be hazardous to the human worker . For example , one of the first industrial robots was used to replace the nuclear fuel rods in nuclear power plants . A human doing this job might be exposed to harmful amounts of radiation . The industrial robot can also operate on the assembly line , putting together small components , such as placing electronic components on a printed circuit board . Thus , the human worker can be relieved of the routine operation of this tedious task . Robots can also be programmed to defuse bombs , to serve the handicapped , and to perform functions in numerous applications in our society .The robot can be thought of as a machine that will move an end-of-arm tool , sensor , and gripper to a preprogrammed location . When the robot arrives at this location , it will perform some sort of task . This task could be welding , sealing , machine loading , machine unloading , or a host of assembly jobs . Generally , this work can be accomplished without the involvement of a human being , except for programming and for turning the system on and off .The basic terminology of robotic systems is introduced in the following : 1. A robot is a reprogrammable , multifunctional manipulator designed to move parts , materials , tools , or special devices through variable programmed motions for the performance of a variety of different task . This basic definition leads to other definitions , presented in the following paragraphs , that give a complete picture of a robotic system . 2. Preprogrammed locations are paths that the robot must follow to accomplish work . At some of these locations , the robot will stop and perform some operation , such as assembly of parts , spray painting , or welding . These preprogrammed locations are stored in the robots memory and are recalled later for continuous operation . Furthermore , these preprogrammed locations , as well as other program data , can be changed later as the work requirements change . Thus , with regard to this programming feature , an industrial robot is very much like a computer , where data can be stored and later recalled and edited .3. The manipulator is the arm of the robot . It allows the robot to bend , reach , and twist . This movement is provided by the manipulators axes , also called the degrees of freedom of the robot . A robot can have from 3 to 16 axes . The term degrees of freedom of freedom will always relate to the number of axes found on a robot .4. The tooling and grippers are not part of the robotic system itself ; rather , they are attachments that fit on the end of the robots arm . These attachments connected to the end of the robots arm allow the robot to lift parts , spot-weld , paint , arc-weld , drill , deburr , and do a variety of tasks , depending on what is required of the robot .5. The robotic system can also control the work cell of the operating robot . the work cell of the robot is the total environment in which the robot must perform its task . Included within this cell may be the controller , the robot manipulator , a work table , safety features , or a conveyor . All the equipment that is required in order for the robot to do its job is included in the work cell . In addition , signals from outside devices can communicate with the robot in order to tell the robot when it should assemble parts , pick up parts , or unload parts to a conveyor .The robotic system has three basic components : the manipulator , the controller , and the power source .A . Manipulator The manipulator , which does the physical work of the robotic system , consists of two sections : the mechanical section and the attached appendage . The manipulator also has a base to which the appendages are attached . Fig.1 illustrates the connection of the base and the appendage of a robot .The base of the manipulator is usually fixed to the floor of the work area . Sometimes , though , the base may be movable . In this case , the base is attached to either a rail or a track , allowing the manipulator to be moved from one location to another .As mentioned previously , the appendage extends from the base of the robot . The appendage is the arm of the robot . It can be either a straight , movable arm or a jointed arm . the jointed arm is also known as an articulated arm .The appendages of the robot manipulator give the manipulator its various axes of motion . These axes are attached to a fixed base , which , in turn , is secured to a mounting . This mounting ensures that the manipulator will remain in one location。At the end of the arm , a wrist is connected . The wrist is made up of additional axes and a wrist flange . The wrist flange allows the robot user to connect different tooling to the wrist for different jobs . The manipulators axes allow it to perform work within a certain area . This area is called the work cell of the robot , and its size corresponds to the size of the manipulator . Fig.2 illustrates the work cell of a typical assembly robot . As the robots physical size increases , the size of the work cell must also increase .The movement of the manipulator is controlled by actuators , or drive systems . The actuators , or drive system , allows the various axes to move within the work cell . The drive system can use electric , hydraulic , or pneumatic power . The energy developed by the drive system is converted to mechanical power by various mechanical drive systems. The drive systems are coupled through mechanical linkages .These linkages, in turn , drive the different axes of the robot . The mechanical linkages may be composed of chains , gears ,and ball screws.B. ControllerThe controller in the robotic system is the heart of the operation. The controller stores preprogrammed information for later recall, control peripheral devices, and communicates with computers within the plant for constant updates in production The controllers is used to control the robot manipulators movements as well as to control peripheral components within the work cell. The user can program the movements of the manipulator into the controller through the use of a hand-held teach pendent. This information is stored in the memory of the controller for later recall. The controller stores all program data of the robotic system. It can store several different programs, and any of these programs can be edited.The controller is also required to communicate with peripheral equipment within the work cell. For example, the controller has an input line that identifies when a machining operation is completed. When the machine cycle is completed, the input line turns on, telling the controller to position the manipulator so that it can pick up the finished part. Then, a new part is picked up by the manipulator and placed into the machine. Next, the controller signals the machine to start operation.The controller can be made from mechanically operated drums that step through a sequence of events. This type of controller operates with a very simple robotic system. The controllers found on the majority of robotic systems are more complex devices and represent state-of-the-art electronics. That is, they are microprocessor-operated. These microprocessors are either 8-bit, 16-bit, or 32-bit processors. This power allows the controller to be very flexible in its operation.The controller can send electric signals over communication lines that allow it to talk with the various axes of manipulator. This two-way communication between the robot manipulator and the controller maintains a constant update of the location and the operation of the system. The controller also controls any tooling placed on the end of the robots wrist. The controller also has the job of communicating with the different plant computers . The communication link establishes the robot as part of a computer-assisted manufacturing (CAM) system.As the basic definition stated , the robot is a reprogrammable , multifunctional manipulator . Therefore , the controller must contain some type of memory storage . The microprocessor-based systems operate in conjunction with solid-state memory devices . These memory devices may be magnetic bubbles , random-access memory , floppy disks , or magnetic tape . Each memory storage device stores program information for later recall or for editing .C. SensorsMeasure robot configuration/condition and its environment send such information to robot controller as electronic signals (e.g.arm position,presencs of toxic gas ).D. User interfance This is the part for the user to operate a robot, the control panel.E. Manipulator base A robot may work in a fixed base or in a mobile base, that is it can move about by employing wheels or legs.F. Power supplyThe power supply is the unit that supplies power to the controller and the manipulator . Two types of power are delivered to the robotic system . One type of power is the AC power for operation of the controller . The other type of power is used for driving the various axes of the manipulator . For example , if the robot manipulator id controlled by hydraulic or pneumatic manipulator drives , control signals are sent to these devices , causing motion of the robot .For each robotic system , power is required to operate the manipulator . This power can be developed from either a hydraulic power source , a pneumatic power source , or an electric power source , These power sources are part of the total components of the robotic work cell .工业机器人的发展工业机器人是机器人的一种，它由操作机,控制器,伺服驱动系统和检测传感器装置构成，是一种仿人操作自动控制，可重复编程，能在三难空间完成各种作业的机电一体化的自动化生产设备，特别适合于多品种，变批量柔性生产。它对稳定和提高产品质量，提高生产效率，改善劳动条件的快速更新换代起着十分重要作用。广泛的应用工业机器人，可以逐步改善劳动条件，更强与可控的生产能力，加快产品更新换代。提高生产效率和保证产品质量，消除枯燥无味的工作，节约劳动力，提供更安全的工作环境，降低工人的劳动强度，减少劳动风险，提高机床，减少工艺过程中的工作量及降低停产时间和库存，提高企业竞争力。随着科技的不断进步，工业机器人的发展过程可分为三代，第代，为示教再现型机器人，它主要由机器手控制器和示教盒组成，可按预先引导动作记录下信息重复再现执行，当前工业中应用最多。第二代为感觉型机器人，如有力觉触觉和视觉等，它具有对某些外界信息进行反馈调整的能力，目前已进入应用阶段。第三代为智能型机器人它具有感知和理解外部环境的能力，在工作环境改变的情况下，也能够成功地完成任务，它尚处于实验研究阶段。美国是机器人的诞生地，早在1961年，美国的ConsolidedControlCorp和AMF公司联合研制了第一台实用的示教再现机器人。经过40多年的发展，美国的机器人技术在国际上仍一直处于领先地位。其技术全面、先进，适应性也很强。日本在1967年从美国引进第一台机器人，1976年以后，随着微电子的快速发展和市场需求急剧增加，日本当时劳动力显著不足，工业机器人在企业里受到了“救世主”般的欢迎，使其日本工业机器人得到快速发展，现在无论机器人的数量还是机器人的密度都位居世界第一，素有“机器人王国”之称。德国引进机器人的时间比英国和瑞典大约晚了五六年，但战争所导致的劳动力短缺，国民的技术水平较高等社会环境，却为工业机器人的发展、应用提供了有利条件。此外，在德国规定，对于一些危险、有毒、有害的工作岗位，必须以机器人来代替普通人的劳动。这为机器人的应用开拓了广泛的市场，并推动了工业机器人技术的发展。目前，德国工业机器人的总数占世界第二位，仅次于日本。法国政府一直比较重视机器人技术，通过大力支持一系列研究计划，建立了一个完整的科学技术体系，使法国机器人的发展比较顺利。在政府组织的项目中，特别注重机器人基础技术方面的研究，把重点放在开展机器人的应用研究上。而由工业界支持开展应用和开发方面的工作，两者相辅相成，使机器人在法国企业界得以迅速发展和普及，从而使法国在国际工业机器人界拥有不可或缺的一席之地。英国纪70年代末开始，推行并实施了一系列措施支持机器人发展的政策，使英国工业机器人起步比当今的机器人大国日本还要早，并曾经取得了早期的辉煌。然而，这时候政府对工业机器人实行了限制发展的错误。这个错误导致英国的机器人工业一蹶不振，在西欧几乎处于末位。近些年，意大利、瑞典、西班牙、芬兰、丹麦等国家由于自身国内机器人市场的大量需求，发展速度非常迅速。目前，国际上的工业机器人公司主要分为日系和欧系。日系中主要有安川、OTC、松下、FANLUC、不二越、川崎等公司的产品。欧系中主要有德国的KUKA、CLOOS、瑞典的ABB、意大利的COPU及奥地利的工GM公司。我国工业机器人起步于20世纪70年代初期，经过30多年发展，大致经历了3个阶段：70年代萌芽期，80年代的开发期和90年代的应用化期。随着20世纪70年代世界科技快速发展，工业机器人的应用在世界掀起了一个高潮，在这种背景下，我国于1972年开始研制自己的工业机器人。进入20世纪80年代后，随着改革开放的不断深入，在高技术浪潮的冲击下，我国机器人技术的开发与研究得到了政府的重视与支持，“七五”期间，国家投入资金，对工定机器人及零部件进行攻关，完成了示教再现式工业机器人成套技术的开发，研制出了喷漆，点焊，弧焊和搬运机器人。，国家高技术研究发展计划开始实施，经过几年研究，取得了一大批科研成果。成功地研制出了一批特种机器人。从2O世纪9O年代初期起，我国的国民经济进入实现两个根本转变期，掀起了新一轮的经济体制改革和技术进步热潮，我国的工业机器人又在实践中迈进了一大步，先后研制了点焊，弧焊，装配，喷漆，切割，搬运，码垛等各种用途的工业机器人，并实施了一批机器人应用工程，形成了一批工业机器人产业化基地，为我国机器人产业的腾飞奠定了基础。但是与发达国家相比，我国工业机器人还有很大差距。随着工业机器人发展的深度和广度以及机器人智能水平的提高，工业机器人已在众多领域得到了应用。从传统的汽车制造领域向非制造领域延伸。如采矿机器人、建筑业机器人以及水电系统用于维护维修的机器人等。在国防军事、医疗卫生、食品加工、生活服务等领域工业机器人的应用也越来越多。汽车制造是一个技术和资金高度密集的产业，也是工业机器人应用最广泛的行业，几乎占到整个工业机器人的一半以上。在我国，工业机器人最初也是应用于汽车和工程机械行业中。在汽车生产中工业机器人是一种主要的制动化设备，在整车及零部件生产的弧焊、点焊、喷涂、搬运、涂胶、冲压等工艺中大量使用。据预测我国正在进入汽车拥有率上升时期，在未来几年里，汽车仍将每年15左右的速度增长。所以未来几年工业机器人的需求将会呈现出高速增长趋势，年增幅达到50左右，工业机器人在我国汽车行业的应用将得到快速发展。工业机器人除了在汽车行业的广泛应用，在电子，食品加工，非金属加工，日用消费品和木材家具加工等行业对工业机器人的需求也快速增长。在亚洲，2005年安装工业机器人72，600台，与2004年相比，增长了40，而应用在电子行业的就占了31左右。在欧洲地区，据统计2005年与2004年相l：tI业机器人在食品加工行业的应用增长了17左右，在非金属加工行业的应用增长了20左右，在日用品消费行业增长了32，在木材家具加工行业增长了18左右。工业机器人在石油方面也有广泛的应用，如海上石油钻井、采油平台、管道的检测、炼油厂、大型油罐和储罐的焊接等均可使用机器人来完成。在未来几年，传感技术，激光技术，工程网络技术将会被广泛应用在工业机器人工作领域，这些技术会使工业机器人的应用更为高效，高质，运行成本低。据预测，今后机器人将在医疗、保健、生物技术和产业、教育、救灾、海洋开发、机器维修、交通运输和农业水产等领域得到应用。在我国，工业机器人市场份额大部分被国外工业机器人企业占据着。在国际强手面前，国内的工业机器人企业面临着相当大的竞争压力。如今我国正从一个“制造大国”向“制造强国”迈进，中国制造业面临着与国际接轨、参与国际分工的巨大挑战，对我国工业自动化的提高迫在眉睫，政府务必会加大对机器人的资金投入和政策支持，将会给工业机器人产业发展注入新的动力。拥有自主品
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