国际贸易实务 (双语)--品质条款

1、Chapter Three Quality of Commodity第三章商品品质第三章商品品质【Learning Objectives】After learning this Chapter, you will be able to:1. Know about the importance of the name of commodity;2. Master various representation quality methods;3. Master quality clause of sales contract.Case 1Question: in this situation, d

2、oes the buyer hold the repudiation rights? Why?问题：在上述情况下，买方有无拒付的权利？为什么？One Chinese company exported a contract of grade B peanuts to a foreign country importer. When the seller was working on the delivery of the goods, he found that the grade B peanuts were out of stock. Without prior consent of the

3、 buyer, the seller delivered the grade A peanuts instead of grade B peanuts and stated on the invoice” Grade A peanuts, price is the same”, while the buyer refused the consignment.我国某公司向某国出口花生一批，合同规定为B级花生。卖方交货时发现B级花生无货，中国公司在未征得买方同意的情况下，用A级花生代替了B级花生并在发票上注明“A级花生、价格照旧”，货运抵买方后，遭买方拒绝。案例案例1Possibale answe

4、rThe buyer has the right to refuse to pay.This is because both sides confirmed the grade B peanuts when signing the contract,which holds a legal effect.If the seller gets the buyers consent,he can change the peanuts grade.So the buyer has the power to refuse to pay.Possibale answer答案：中文答案：中文回答：买方有权利

5、拒付，因为在双方签订合同时已经确定了是B级花生，合同是有法律效应的。卖方在征得买方的同意的情况下，才可以改变花生的等级。所以买方有权利拒付。the Chapter Three: Contents of Quality of Commodity 第三章第三章 商品品质目录商品品质目录1. Name of commodity 商品品名商品品名2. Stipulating Methods of Commodity Quality 商品的品质表示方法商品的品质表示方法 (重点重点)3. Quality Clauses of internatioanl trade in a Sales Contract

6、 合同中的品质条款合同中的品质条款 (重点重点) 4. Assignment 作业作业1. Name of commodity 商品的品名商品的品名 Name of Commodity，it is an address or concept of some commodity, is also called name clause. The name of the product ,to a certain extent, reflects the natural attribute of commodity, as well as the main performance character

7、istics. The name usually also represents the quality which the goods should have and is the essential main conditions in international trade of a sales contract .商品品名，它是某种商品区别于其他商品的一种称呼或概念。商品的名称在一定程度上体现了商品的自然属性、用途以及主要的性能特征。品名也代表了商品通常应具有的品质，是合同中不可缺少的主要交易条件 As the following naming:(1) With its main us

8、e naming: travel shoes, insecticide, bicycle(2) its main raw materials used in naming: sweater, glass(3) With its main components. Name: American ginseng royal jelly, aloe cream(4) With the appearance of naming: red bean, tapered roller bearing(5) The commendatory term naming: Youth treasure, robust

9、 fruit milk(6) The character name: wine of Home Kong Fu, Kong Yiji fennel(7) Process for the production of naming: Erguotou, refined oil如以下命名方式：(1)以其主要用途命名：旅游鞋、杀虫剂、自行车 (2)以其所使用的主要原材料命名：羊毛衫、玻璃杯 (3)以其主要成分命名：西洋参蜂皇浆、芦荟乳霜(4)以其外观造型命名：赤豆、圆锥滚子轴承(5)以其褒义词命名：青春宝、乐百氏果奶(6)以人物名字命名：孔府家酒、孔乙己茴香(7)以制作工艺命名：二锅头、精制油 Sig

10、nificance of Stipulating the Name of Commodity列明品名的意义列明品名的意义 (1)From the perspective of law, stipulate in the contract that the subject matter of the specific name, relationship to both the transfer of goods with respect to the rights and obligations of a contract for the sale, is the main trading c

11、onditions. 从法律的角度看,在合同中规定标的物的具体名称,关系到买卖双方交接货物方面的权利和义务,是买卖合同的主要交易条件 (2)From a business point of view, the name or description of the rules are both the substance of the transaction, which is the foundation and precondition. 从业务的角度看从业务的角度看,品名或说明的规定是双方交易的物质内容品名或说明的规定是双方交易的物质内容,是交易赖以是交易赖以进行的物质基础和前提条件；进行

12、的物质基础和前提条件； (3)Good name of commodity can generalize the characteristics of goods, with the purchase of consumer psychology, but also can enhance the consumers purchase desire. 好的商品名称既能概括商品的特性，符合购买者的消费心理，又能增进消费者的购买欲望。 Commodity Name Clause in a Sales Contract合同中的品名条款合同中的品名条款 (1)Make a realistic stip

13、ulation based on the goods, avoid exaggeration about the commodity.针对实际做出实事求是的规定，对商品的品名不要做夸大的宣传。(2)In the description of commodity clause of the sales contract, the stipulation of the commodity must be precise and specific.在签订买卖合同的品名条款时，对品名必须明确、具体。Commodity Name Clause in a Sales Contract合同中的品名条款合同中

14、的品名条款(3)In the contract, it should be possible to use the international common name. International in order to the statistic of commodity taxation is the common classification criteria, the Customs Cooperation Council chaired made harmonized commodity description and coding system ( The Harmonized C

15、ommodity Description and Coding System, H.S coding system ). The system was formally implemented in January 1, 1988, China in January 1, 1992 using the system, the preparation of China Customs statistics, the GSP treatment, according to H.S. Therefore, our country in the name of commodity, should be

16、 with H.S. Set name suit.If the seller delivers the goods do not conform with the contract name or description, the buy side has right to reject the goods, and asked to put in a claim for damages.在合同中，应尽可能使用国际上通用的名称。国际上为了便于对商品的统计征税时有共同的分类标准，海关合作理事会主持制定了协调商品名称及编码制度（The Harmonized Commodity Descriptio

17、n and Coding System,简称H.S.编码制度）。该制度于1988年1月1日起正式实施，我国于1992年1月1日起采用该制度、目前各国的海关统计，普惠制待遇等都按H.S.进行。所以，我国在采用商品名称时,应与H.S.规定的品名相适应。如果卖方交付的货物不符合合同规定的品名或说明，则买方有权拒收货物，并要求提出损害赔偿。2.Stipulating Methods of Commodity Quality商品的品质表示方法商品的品质表示方法The quality of goods is the integration of intrinsic and the outer forms

18、or shapes of goods. Intrinsic attributes includes chemical, physical, mechanical properties and biological structure; the outer forms or shapes of goods includes shape, color, transparency, or style of the goods.在合同中，应尽可能使用国际上通用的名称。国际上为了便于对商品的统计征税时有共同的分类标准，海关合作理事会主持制定了协调商品名称及编码制度（The Harmonized Comm

19、odity Description and Coding System,简称H.S.编码制度）。该制度于1988年1月1日起正式实施，我国于1992年1月1日起采用该制度、目前各国的海关统计，普惠制待遇等都按H.S.进行。所以，我国在采用商品名称时,应与H.S.规定的品名相适应。如果卖方交付的货物不符合合同规定的品名或说明，则买方有权拒收货物，并要求提出损害赔偿。Methods of Stipulating Quality of Commodity商品品质的表示方法商品品质的表示方法 1. Sales by Physical Commodity 以实物表示商品的品质以实物表示商品的品质 1.1

20、 Sales by Sample 凭样品买卖凭样品买卖 The sample refers to the article which can be used to represent the quality of the whole lot. In merchandising, a sample is a small quantity of a product, often taken out from a whole lot or specially designed and processed, that is given to encourage customers to buy the

21、 product.样本怎么来的？样本怎么来的？Sales by sample includes 3 cases: 1) Sale by the sellers sampleSale by the sellers sample 2)Sale by the buyers sample 2)Sale by the buyers sample 3)The counter sample 3)The counter sampleSale by Sellers Samples are the samples which are usually sent by the seller to the buyer,

22、 also called original sample. The seller provide can represent the whole batch of delivery quality of small objects, namely a representative sample. And at the same time keep a copy or copies of the same sample, the sample is called duplicate. The sample dispached and the duplicate sample /file samp

23、le kept shall have the same article number so as to make it convenient for delivery, verification when handling quality or future transactions.凭卖方样品是指由卖方向买方提供货物的样品，即原样。卖方所提供的能代表整批交货品质的少量实物，即为“代表性样品”。 同时，卖方应留存一份或数份同样的样品，该样品称为“复样”。一般来说，发出的样品和复样具有相同的编号，以备交货或处理品质纠纷时作核对之用。 Sale by buyers sample is define

24、d by Buyer s sample consultation transaction and contract, and by Buyer s sample delivery quality as basis, also known as sample contract.凭买方样品买卖是指凭买方提供的样品磋商交易和订立的合同，并以买方样品作为交货品质的依据，也称“来样成交”。A counter sample is a duplicate made by the seller according to the sample provided by buyer. After the confi

25、rmation of the buyer, the sample will serve as the basis of the transaction and delivery. A counter sample is also called a return sample. Actually, counter sample is a transfer from sale by buyers sample to sale by sellers sample. When a transaction is made based on the sample, the seller should ke

26、ep one or more equivalent samples for file, which are called duplicate samples.卖方根据买方提供的样品，加工自制一个类似的样品交买方确认，在买方确认后，这一样品就作为成交和交货的依据，称之为对等样品，也叫回样。实际上是把凭买方样品买卖，转化为凭卖方样品的买卖。根据样品成交的交易，卖方应留存一个或一个以上的样品备案,即复样。 1.2 Sales by inspection 看货买卖看货买卖Trading under this term, the buyer inspects the goods on the spot.

27、 For instance, various trade fairs, transaction and consignment of bulk agricultural products and heavy machinery, auction, exhibition, etc 现场实际看货成交。如各种展销会以及大宗农副产品、大型机器设备的交易和寄售、拍卖、展卖等贸易方式都属于看货成交。2. Sales by Description 以文字说明表示商品的品质以文字说明表示商品的品质 2.1 Sales by Specification 凭规格买卖凭规格买卖 By specification o

28、f goods, goods that reflect the quality of some main indicators. Such as composition, content, purity, performance, thickness, length. Sale by specification is more convenient, accurate, can also be adjusted according to different applications, so this method is widely used in international trade. 【

29、Typical Case Link 1】 凭商品规格，即反映商品品质的一些主要指标。如成分、含量、纯度、性能、长短、粗细。凭规格买卖比较方便、准确，还可以根据不同用途予以调整，故这种方法在国际贸易中广为运用。【典型链接典型链接 1】 One Chinese foreign trade export company A exported to German company B a batch of marijuana. In the contract it was stipulated that the water should not exceed 15%, impurity not more

30、 than 3%. Before the deal, company A sent the sample to the customer and after the contract Company A advised “the sample is similar to the goods”. After the arrival of the goods in Germany, the buyer B showed the inspection certification, reading the goods quality was 7% inferior to the quality of

31、the sample, therefore the buyer claimed for 600 pounds of compensation. Company A refused the compensation and stated its reason by saying that the merchandise on delivery was selected because while producing, it was not possible for the goods to be made exactly like the sample. But it was also not

32、so far as lower than the samples quality by 7%.【Typical Case Link 1】中国A外贸公司向德国B公司出口大麻一批，合同规定水分最高15%，杂质不超过3%，但在成交前，中国公司曾向对方寄过样品，合同订立后又电告对方“成交货物与样品相似”。货到德国后，买方出具了货物品质比样品低7%的检验证明，并要求赔偿600英镑的损失。中国公司拒绝赔偿，并陈述理由说：该方商品在交货时是经过挑选的，因为是农产品，不可能做到与样品完全相符。但也不至于比样品低7%。What mistakes are there in the Chinese company

33、A? 问题：中方公司的失误在哪里？Can Company A just turn a blind eye and ignore it by saying that the deal is not by the sample? 问题：是否可以该商品并非凭样成交为由而不予理赔？Question:Question:回答：卖方避免对交易货物的品质承担双重担保义务（既凭规格又凭样品）；虽卖方电文中告诉对方货物与样品相似，而不是完全相符，但买方有权保留索赔的权利；买方出具品质比样品低7%的证明，虽不符合实情，但卖方也拿不出留存样品，故要赔偿600英镑。For example:Fresh Hen Eggs,

34、 shell light brown and clean, every in size Grade AA:60 65gm per egg Grade A:55 60gm per egg Grade B:50 55gm per egg Grade C:45 50gm per egg Grade D:40 45gm per egg Grade F:35 40gm per egg2.2 Sales by Grade凭等级买卖凭等级买卖Sale by grade, best in quality in terms of the provisions of each grade specificatio

35、ns2.3 Sales by Standard 凭标准买卖凭标准买卖The standard is the government agency or the business community to some goods unified specifications or grades, and to the public, specific corporate standards, corporate standards, national standards, regional standards or international standards.标准是政府机关或商业团体对某一些商品

36、统一其标准是政府机关或商业团体对某一些商品统一其规格或等级，并予以公布，具体有企业标准，团规格或等级，并予以公布，具体有企业标准，团体标准、国家标准、区域标准或国际标准。体标准、国家标准、区域标准或国际标准。 In addition, in international trade, on some quality changes greatly, and the scientific method does not, difficult to establish uniform standards, such as agricultural and sideline products, has

37、 the following two kinds of standard:另外，在国际贸易中，对一些品质变化较大，不能和科学方法确实，难确定统一标准，如农副产品，有以下两种标准： A、Fair average quality (FAQ ) is the international market of agricultural and sideline products standard. The agricultural product of each production year intermediate goods, or a quarter or a shipment in place

38、 of a single commodity average quality.For example:Chinese Groundnut, 1994crop, FAQMoisture(max.) 13%Admixture(max.) 5%Oil Content(min.)44%A、良好平均品质、良好平均品质俗称大路货，是国际农副产品市场上通用标准。即农产品的每个生产年度的中等货，或某一季度或某装船月份在发运地的同一种商品的“平均品质”。如：中国花生仁，1994年产，大路货水分：最高13%杂质：最高 5%含油量：最低44%B. Good Merchantable quality(G.M.Q)Fo

39、r the trading of wood and aquatic products, GMQ is employed to indicate the quality. GMQ means the goods is free from defects and is good enough for use or consumption. GMQ is usually not supplement with specification and when disputes arise because of the quality of the goods, exporters will have t

40、o be invited to make the arbitration.B、上等可销品质、上等可销品质也称“精选货”。在买卖木材和水产品时，可以采用“凭上等可销品质”方式。“凭上等可销品质”是指卖方必须保证其交付的货物品质良好，合乎商销，而无须以其他方式证明商品的品质。但如果出现纠纷时，卖方卷入纠纷的仲裁。2.4 Sale by Description and Illustration凭说明书和图表买卖凭说明书和图表买卖 Aiming at the complex structure, the materials and design requirements are very strict

41、, illustrate its performance of large numbers of some goods, such as machinery, electrical, instrumentation. Sale by description and illustration, generally require a vendor quality assurance terms and technical terms of service. 针对结构复杂、材料和设计的要求非常严格，说明其性能的数量较多的一些商品，如机器、电器、仪表等。 凭说明书和图表买卖时，一般需订立卖方品质保证

42、条款和技术服务条款。 2.5 Sales by Trade Mark or Brand凭商标或牌号买卖凭商标或牌号买卖 Trademark brand name (Brand ) refers to the manufacturer or seller of the production or sale of commodity brands, also known as brand. Trademark (Trade Mark) is a brand of patterned, is a specific commodity sign. Trademarks and trademark by

43、 trademark law protection2.6 Sales by Name of Origin凭产地名称买卖凭产地名称买卖 Owing to some special factors like natural conditions and traditional production techniques in certain areas, the native products are renowned for their unique specialty in quality. So we can take the origin of the goods as character

44、istic of the commodity when stipulating the quality of goods such as France Perfume, German Beer, China Northeast Rice.3.Quality Clauses in Sales Contract合同中的品质条款合同中的品质条款Because quality clause is one of the essential terms and conditions in a contract, a breach of contract by the seller will lead to a very serious consequence. In order to facilitate the buyers performance of the contract, certain tolerance is allowed in commodity quality. In the quality clause concerning byproducts, quality latitude is stipulated, and as to manufactured goods, the concept of quality tolerance is applied