华电博士英语课程Unit 4 Abstract (2)

1、Unit 4 Abstract (2) Topical Highlights 1.5 Steps for Abstract Writing 2. 5A Strategy 3.Likely Mistakes/Common Errors 4.Attention: vocabulary (3) Theme Presentation 1. 5 Steps for Abstract Writing 1) Underlining Key Words and Sentences Underline the key words and sentences signaled by transitional de

2、vices: headings, topic, supporting and concluding sentences of paragraphs, mark transitional markers ; note the key words indicating comparison/contrast or essentials 2) Listing Essential Points of the Paper List the main points drawn from the whole paper. Try to put the same emphasis onto the point

3、s of your paper Check the table of contents or the outline or the main points of the paper. 3) Boiling down Each Section to a Sentence or Two 4) Drafting the Abstract Use your own words wherever possible. Avoid including opinions, examples, details and explanations. Do not use such phrases as as not

4、ed in., as shown by . or for example,. Eliminate references to tables, figures, or sources. Write concise, straightforward English; count every word. 5) Checking the Final Draft make sure your abstract useful, representative and readable. the abstract be clarity, consistency, proper emphasis, and ob

5、jectivity. 2. 5A Strategy 200 -word abstract be critical and objective . answering the following questions will make your abstract satisfactory: Q1 What is the general knowledge of your topic in the academic field? Q2: What research topic is the paper to focus on? Q3: What method or material do you

6、use to support your main point of view? Q4 : What conclusion will you draw? Q5: What is the main contribution of the paper? Then the abstract can be improved on by using the following formula: Abstract = A1+ A2 +A3+ A4 + A5 where, A1 to Q1 (one sentence) A2 to Q2 (one topic sentence, one or two supp

7、orting sentences ) A3 to Q3 (two or three sentences give specific information ) A4 to Q4 .(one sentence) A5 to Q5 (one sentence) Ex. 4-1 Abstract (1) Modem management is essentially about managing people as well as processes in a rapidly changing environment. (2) The author presents the factors whic

8、h make strategic management effective. (3) A dominant factor is the organization climate which, in turn, is determined by the quality of the managers and the availability of alternatives. (4) To improve the organization climate in which strategic management can be effective, the quality of the manag

9、ers is a crucial factor. (5) The scope for alternatives also proves an important constraint. (6) The author suggests that the assessment of effects for management should include the use of consultants and the role of formal procedure. (7) It is concluded that the correct judgment and optimal operati

10、on of the essential factors will enhance the effectiveness of strategic management in general. 3. Likely Mistakes/Common Errors 1) Mixed Writing Style formal style and the colloquial style are sometimes mixed up in writing abstracts. Ex.4-2 Abstract In this paper, we have given a reason that is why

11、the competitive ability of the national firms is weak. Because the non-national firms can get very cheap labor, under the same technical and, economical conditions and the same cost, a non-national firm can produce more output than a ; national firm does, so it can get much more profit. In this way

12、the competitive ability of the non-national firm is stronger than the national firms. Ex. 4-3 . Abstract This paper will explore the analytical components and anomalies of admiralty jurisdiction as it relates to marine insurance and will conjugate, if you will. the irregular verb that constitutes ad

13、miralty jurisdiction2 of marine insurance contracts. I think, admiralty jurisdiction should include all maritime contracts. My study has confirmed the saying that. 2) Over-simplified Statements Ex.4-4 Abstract In this paper, reconstruction of many holograms are presented by computer with an analyzed

14、 mathematical model. Ex.4-5 Abstract The author in this paper presents a process of fuel-saving innovation. The process is proved to be effective, and the authors are satisfied with the results. 3) Monotonous Expression variety in the form is desired: long sentences ,passive and active voices, chang

15、ing of verbs and phrases Ex.4-6 Abstract The influence of the cavity of the operation of hydrogen maser and. are discussed. Some design considerations of. are given. A practical construction. is shown. The method with high precision of. is presented. The measured stability data. are also given. Ex.

16、4-7 Abstract In this paper, we obtain the stone theorem in De Morgan algebra, and using this theorem, we give a necessary and sufficient condition that De Morgan becomes Kleene algebra. For proving the above result, we introduce a new quasiboolean ring. Furthermore, we prove the quasi-Boolean ring.

17、Using this result, we get a necessary and sufficient condition that De Morgan algebra becomes Kleene algebra. And finally, we discuss some properties of the quasi-Boolean ring. 4) Incomplete Contents abstract of the paper entitled Relation between shear relaxation and molecular structure of lubricat

18、ing oils, published by the well-known international journal ASLE Transactions. Ex. 4-8 Abstract The viscoelastic property of various lubricating oils was measured with the oscillating crystal technique. The relation between the shear relaxation behavior and the molecular structure of the lubricating

19、 oils is discussed. Eyrings theory for viscous flow is used to explain the relaxation behavior from a molecular point of view. Some insight into a procedure for estimating the relaxation time from the molecular structure is presented. suggested version: This paper aims to present the relation betwee

20、n the shear relaxation and molecular structure of lubricating oils. The viscoelastic property of various lubricating oils was measured with the oscillating crystal technique. The shear relaxation behavior of the lubricating oils is closely related to the rigidity of a molecule and depends on the ave

21、rage size of flow segments rather than only on the size of a molecule. 5) Displacement of Information Ex.4-10 Abstract Recent anatomic, studies have shown that the left bundle system of human heart actually branches out three divisions, that is, left anterior, left posterior and left mid-septal divi

22、sions. When the mid-septal fascicles are diseased, the prominent anterior shift of QRS loop and the prominent tall R wave in the right chest leads could be recorded in VCG and in EKG respectively. It was denominated anterior conduction delay (ACD). ACD is considered .to be a manifestation of left mi

23、d-septal fascicular block. In the present study, 61 eases of ACD are discussed and the EKG criteria of ACD are recommended. Special Attention: Vocabulary (3) 1) New Word Meanings Derived from Words Already Known the meanings of many ordinary words enriched, extended and professionalized. For example

24、: Tree树树状物 (tree circuit树枝状电流) cushion 垫子缓冲器 (pneumatic cushion 气压式缓冲器) pecker 啄木鸟穿孔器 (automatic pecker 自动穿孔器 ) daughter 女儿子体 (decay daughter裂变产物 ) guard 保卫防护 (mudguard 挡泥板) field 田野场 (magnetic field 磁场) cherry-picker 采樱桃的人航天器的车载升降台 break破裂霹雳舞 watergate 水门事件的政治丑闻 对 采取隐蔽的或违法的手法 short短卖空股票 pinger微波炉发出

25、声响的定时装置 微波炉 noodle面条，笨蛋在电脑键盘上胡乱击健 grey 灰色人口倾向老化 mushroom 蘑菇蘑菇发 foot脚沉淀物，压脚板 2) More Noun Clusters high precision instrument instrument of high precision, nearly engine noise noise of the engine that are nearby; data transmission systems systems for transmission of data. The Chinese Science News The

26、News of Science of China. two nouns cannot be put together. the China map but the map of China. 3) More Artificial Language (Graphs and Tables, etc.) (1)signs such as +, -, =, etc.; (2) formulae such as E = m v2, t (3) charts (4) tables help to present technical information in a way that a text alon

27、e fails to. condense, summarize and organize complex details help to reveal relationships and allow reference to specific facts Artificial language is concise in form, rich in meaning, produce distinctive effects and helps to achieve more concise and helps to informative purposes in writing papers.

28、Reflections and Practice(1) I. Give your comments on the following abstracts. Abstract 1As the basic concepts of Corporate Finance theory, PV (present value) and NPV (net present value) can be calculated by discounting cash flows (现金贬值流通) in different periods to value asset and investments. A manage

29、r who invests only in the asset with positive NPV (货币当时实有面值) serves the best interest of the firms ownersregardless of the differences in the owners wealth and the tastes. As shareholders are free to shift funds forward or backward on efficient capital markets on their own, their consumption behavio

30、r is constrained by only two things: their personal wealth and the interest rates at which they can borrow and lend. The manager of the firm cant affect the interest rates but can increase the shareholders wealth by investments with positive NPV. Through pursuing positive NPV of investment, the owne

31、rship and management of a corporation can be separated efficiently. Abstract 2 The first day I became a TESL teacher, I was informed by an experienced colleague that literature is useless in the teaching. Two years later, from my experience, I decided there is an important position for literature in

32、 the teaching. Abstract 3Owing to the economic growth in the pacific region, especially in the Mainland China, many multinational pharmaceutical companies have been expanding their business into these countries. For the past decade during the opening of the China market, Hong Kong has been regarded

33、as the base for exploring this market. A questionnaire was designed to investigate the buying behavior of the medical practitioners. For all the respondents from both Hong Kong and the Mainland China, the most dominant influences were quality of the product and the reputation of the company. But dif

34、ferences emerged when the following factors were concerned: personal selling, credible scientific and clinical reports, price of the product, samples, sales bonus, seminars and conferences, advertising in medical journals, attractive promotional literature (促销文献), promotional materials and support,

35、etc. Awareness of the differences can guide the multinational pharmaceutical companies (多国医药公司) to formulate cost-effective promotional strategies for the market in China. Abstract 4When employers focus only on the direct, out-of-pocket costs of health care, they fail to consider the indirect costs

36、of illness in the workplace from workers impaired functioning on the job and absenteeism. A case study is presented of the effects of clinical depression on direct and indirect health-related costs and a model is provided that employers can apply to a wide range of illness to analyze their investmen

37、ts in health care. The framework is applied to several workplace situations: employees depression, cigarette smoking breaks, and arthritis, to estimate the costs of lost productivity. A break-even analysis is also shown when employers investments in health interventions are likely to be justified. S

38、ince health service research is, in many respects, still in early stages, areas for further research are recommended at the end of this paper so that more efforts may be exerted.Abstract 5This paper conducts study on mathematical simulation of the calculation process of anatase titanium dioxide in a

39、 rotary kiln (转窑中锐钛氧化计算过程的数学模拟). According to the characteristic feature of the calculation process, the kiln is divided into four zones, that is, preheating zone, drying zone, dehydration zone and heating zone. In each zone, a set of differential equations are obtained by combining heat and mass ba

40、lance equations, heat transfer equations and the intrinsic calculation kinetic equations of hydrous titanium dioxide. All the equations are solved numerically by using Rung-Kutta method. The results obtained include temperature profile curves of hot gas, material and wall along the kiln, and corresp

41、onding crystallite-size profile curves of the material. Influence of various parameters, such as initial water content in the slurry and ratio of primary gas to secondary gas, on the calculation process is also discussed. Based on these, several suggestions on the operation and design of a titanium dioxide kiln are put forward. They are: (1) Ratio of primary gas to secondary gas of the kiln should be strictly controlled; (2)