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外文翻译NEOPLAN Bus GmbH is a German automotive company that manufactures buses, trolleybuses and coaches. NEOPLAN is now asubsidiary of MAN SE.FoundationsThe company was founded by Gottlob Auwrter in Stuttgart in 1935,12 and manufactured bodywork for bus and truckchassis.3 From the very beginning, the designs of the buses produced were considered stylish. After World War II, an all-steel body design was developed, a rarity at that time.3By 1953, the company had moved away from manufacturing buses on truck chassis,3 to a partial monocoque design with a steel tube skeleton, providing the structural support,35 enhanced by welded side panels.3 The engine was moved to the rear,3 and the running gear and body functioned as one. In 1957, air suspension5 was made available, improving the ride of the bus for passengers.1960sIn 1961, a new bus design, the Hamburg,6was unveiled at the Geneva Motor Show. At a time when most coaches were rounded, bulbous or streamlined, the new design had clear-cut lines with edges and large windows.6 Developed by the founders eldest son, Albrecht Auwrter, and another student, Swiss national Bob Lee, as part of their dissertation at Hamburg University. The design also allowed every passenger to regulate their fresh air supply through a nozzle from two air ducts, commonly seen today.6Both Albrecht and Lee joined NEOPLAN after graduating from the university. Albrecht took over management of the company in 1965, and Bob Lee later became head of Engineering and Design.citation neededIn 1964, the founders second son, Konrad Auwrter, developed a double-deck bus design for a service bus as part of his dissertation.6 The Do-Bus design had low weight, and could carry over 100 passengers.6 It also featured a low-frame front axle with forward-mounted steering gear that permitted a low flat floor.56 The double-deck principle was applied to the coach design, creating a high-capacity comfortable touring vehicle. This vehicle was known as the Skyliner.71970sIn 1971, the Cityliner was introduced to the public.7 This design had a passenger platform above the drivers cab, and included an onboard toilet.7 The vehicle also made use, of glass-fibre reinforced plastic for certain areas of the body, this was the first instance when this technique was used.7 In 1973, the Jetliner was introduced,8 featuring a large one-piece windshield, with the driver and door windows sloping from the passenger window line down to the bottom of the windshield level.8A second manufacturing facility opened in Pilsting in 1973,28 and a third opened in Kumasi, Ghana in December 19742 to support increasing orders.8In 1975, the Jumbocruiser was launched,8 a double-deck articulated coach 18 metres (59 ft 1 in) long58 and 4 metres (13 ft 1 in) high.8 The Spaceliner,9 introduced in 1979 took the Cityliner concept of passenger floor level above the driver, and extended the actual floor above the cab. This kept the height of the vehicle lower than a double-decker, at 3.65 metres (12 ft), but still allowed installation of toilets, kitchens or sleep cabins below the passenger compartment.91980sA new fourth plant was added in 1981 in Berlin,9 and Bob Lee led the establishment of a fifth plant in Lamar, Colorado. In 1984, a further plant was added in Honey Brook, Pennsylvania. The United States plants were later spun off into a separate, and now defunct, independent company (Neoplan USA) that used the NEOPLAN name under licence.In 1980, the United Kingdom deregulated services over 35 miles (56 km) in length. This led to intense competition on a variety of long-distance services, with operators looking to differentiate their service. NEOPLAN vehicles, with their futuristic design and high quality construction,citation needed began to be imported in greater numbers.The Metroliner was introduced in 1988.10 This vehicle was the first full monocoque bus in the world, requiring no separate chassis or skeleton.101990sA manufacturing facility was opened in Ehrenhain in 1990.10In 1992, the 15 metres (49 ft 3 in) four-axle Megaliner was introduced,11 prompting a change in European Union regulations to allow non-articulated vehicles greater than 12 metres (39 ft 4 in) in length. The Starliner was introduced in 1996,11and would go on to win the Bus of the Year award for two consecutive years in 1998 and 1999.2000sIn 2001, NEOPLAN, or correctly, Gottlob Auwrter GmbH & Co KG was acquired by MAN AG subsidy MAN Nutzfahrzeuge AG to form NEOMAN Bus GmbH. The Starliner won the Bus of the Year award for two more consecutive years in 2001 and 2002.A new coach designed for touring was introduced in 2003 under the name Tourliner, and the Starliner was redesigned in 2004 and included the Electronic Stability Programme (ESP).The Trendliner was released in 2004,as a dual purpose intercity and combination bus which is designed to be used seven days a week.In 2005, two new shorter 13 metres (42 ft 8 in) versions of the Tourliner and Trendliner were released.From 2006, Euro4 compliant engines from MAN began being fitted in the new generation Cityliner.In 2007, a new Auwrter Museum was opened in Landau/Isar.On 1 February 2008, NEOMAN Bus GmbH was fully integrated into the Bus Division of the larger MAN Nutzfahrzeuge Group, and ceased to exist in its own right. NEOPLAN and MAN AG Buses now operate as two separate but integrated marques of MAN Nutzfahrzeuge Group.As a result of the reorganisation and restructuring of the Bus Division, NEOPLAN will concentrate on production at its Plauen and Pilsting sites, with Plauen being used for luxury coaches, whilst Pilsting will concentrate on customisations.AccidentsOn 17 May 2003 in France, a Neoplan Skyliner overturned on a French highway, killing twenty-eight people.In January 2007, a Neoplan Skyliner operated by National Express Coaches overturned and crashed on the M25 motorway near Heathrow Airport, killing two passengers; a third passenger died six-months later due to the injuries sustained in the crash.The company temporarily withdrew all twelve Skyliners from service pending investigations.The crash was deemed to have been caused by travelling at excessive speed and the driver was charged with three counts of causing death by dangerous driving.He was subsequently jailed for five years and banned from driving for an additional three years.No safety issues were found in the bus.On 28 May 2008, in Japan one of two Neoplan Megaliners operated by West JR Bus Company caught fire while in service, and burnt down completely. No passengers were injured. The company resumed operations with its second Megaliner on July 2008.On 16 March 2009, in Japan one of two Megaliners operated by JR Kanto Bus Company caught fire on an overnight Seishun Mega-Dream Go service between Osaka andTokyo. The 77 passengers and driver evacuated safely before the coach was completely destroyed. Following this accident, both operators suspended operations of the remaining two Megaliners in Japan.On 23 June 2013 a Neoplan Tourliner was involved in the 2013 Podgorica bus crash, 18 people being killed. The Tourliner derailed from a bridge and fell about 40 meters into a ravine. The causes of the accident are uncertain, but survivors claim that the driver was overspeeding while the tight mountain road was wet after a storm.12Airport busAn airport bus, or airport shuttle bus or airport shuttle is a bus or coach used to transport people to/from, or within airports. These vehicles will usually be equipped with larger luggage space, and incorporate special branding.Airport buses have been in use since the 1960s, when nationalized operator British European Airways employed the archetypal London redRoutemaster buses in a blue and white livery with luggage trailers on service to Heathrow Airport.1There are several types of airport bus operation:1 ，On airport transfer：Bus transport within an airport may take the following forms, and be operated by the airport owner, an airline, or a contractor to either.1.1， Airside transfer In the cases where airports do not use a jet bridge, for long distance transfers or for reasons of safety, passengers will be transferred from the airport terminal arrival or departure gate to the aircraft using an airside transfer bus or apron bus.Airside transfer buses can be of normal bus design, or due to not running on the public highway, can be extra long and wide,2to hold the maximum number of passengers. Sometimes a trailer bus is employed. Transfer buses are usually fitted with minimal or no seating, with passengers standing for the journey. Transfer buses will usually be fitted with flashing beacons for operating airside near runways. They may also feature driving cabs at both ends.1.2，Terminal transferIn cases where the airport features multiple terminals which are far apart or not physically connected, and where there exists no people moveror other transfer alternative, a zero-fare transfer bus may be employed to transfer connecting passengers from one terminal to another.34Terminal transfer may also be incorporated into public transport bus networks.1.3 Car park transferIn cases where the airport owned or affiliated car parks are large or relatively far from the terminal building, the airport owner or contractor may provide free car park shuttle buses5 making circular or shuttle runs between terminals and car park bus stands.2 Off airport transferThird party companies offering services to airline passengers may also operate buses as part of their business, with pick-up and drop off points near the airport terminal, and extra luggage space. These usually comprise:Off airport car parking services. These car park providers provide cheap car-parking some distance from the airport, by transferring passengers in shuttle buses. These can be anywhere from luxury coaches, full size buses or minibuses, sometimes fitted with luggage trailers.Car rental companies. Often, car rental providers will have their vehicles stored off-site, and transfer customers in regular buses.3 Public bus servicesA free inter-modal shuttle bus operated by Arriva for Durham Tees Valley AirportSeveral public transport operations may include airport focused services, such as:3.1 Intermodal shuttle buses3 Public bus servicesA free inter-modal shuttle bus operated by Arriva for Durham Tees Valley AirportSeveral public transport operations may include airport focused services, such as:3.1 Intermodal shuttle busesIntermodal shuttle busesSome transport companies may provide shuttle buses between railway stations and airports, with transit buses fitted for extra luggage space. These are sometimes supported financially by the airport or railway company. Durham Tees Valley Airport contracted Arriva North East bus company to provide a free shuttle bus for airport passengers.6 Railway operator First Capital Connect operates a fare paying shuttle bus fromLuton Airport Parkway railway station to Luton Airport using articulated Wright StreetCar vehicles.73 Public bus servicesA free inter-modal shuttle bus operated by Arriva for Durham Tees Valley AirportSeveral public transport operations may include airport focused services, such as:3.1 Intermodal shuttle busesIntermodal shuttle busesSome transport companies may provide shuttle buses between railway stations and airports, with transit buses fitted for extra luggage space. These are sometimes supported financially by the airport or railway company. Durham Tees Valley Airport contracted Arriva North East bus company to provide a free shuttle bus for airport passengers.6 Railway operator First Capital Connect operates a fare paying shuttle bus fromLuton Airport Parkway railway station to Luton Airport using articulated Wright StreetCar vehicles.73 Public bus servicesA free inter-modal shuttle bus operated by Arriva for Durham Tees Valley AirportSeveral public transport operations may include airport focused services, such as:3.1 Intermodal shuttle busesIntermodal shuttle busesSome transport companies may provide shuttle buses between railway stations and airports, with transit buses fitted for extra luggage space. These are sometimes supported financially by the airport or railway company. Durham Tees Valley Airport contracted Arriva North East bus company to provide a free shuttle bus for airport passengers.6 Railway operator First Capital Connect operates a fare paying shuttle bus fromLuton Airport Parkway railway station to Luton Airport using articulated Wright StreetCar vehicles.73 Public bus servicesSeveral public transport operations may include airport focused services, such as:3.1 Intermodal shuttle busesSome transport companies may provide shuttle buses between railway stations and airports, with transit buses fitted for extra luggage space. These are sometimes supported financially by the airport or railway company. Durham Tees Valley Airport contracted Arriva North East bus company to provide a free shuttle bus for airport passengers.6 Railway operator First Capital Connect operates a fare paying shuttle bus fromLuton Airport Parkway railway station to Luton Airport using articulated Wright StreetCar vehicles.7Some transport companies may provide shuttle buses between railway stations and airports, with transit buses fitted for extra luggage space. These are sometimes supported financially by the airport or railway company. Durham Tees Valley Airport contracted Arriva North East bus company to provide a free shuttle bus for airport passengers.6 Railway operator First Capital Connect operates a fare paying shuttle bus fromLuton Airport Parkway railway station to Luton Airport using articulated Wright StreetCar vehicles.73.2 Premium airlink servicesBus companies that operate normal transit bus services may often operate a premium fare route to an airport alongside their standard routes, using specially branded8 vehicles with extra luggage space. These routes are usually limited stop, rather than point to point shuttle buses.Newly privatised London Buses operated an Airbus service from Victoria Coach Station to Heathrow Airport in the 1990s, although this was withdrawn after London Underground and Heathrow Express rail links were improved.3.3 Demand responsive shuttle busesSome public bus operators have moved into the demand responsive transport sector, bridging the gap between premium fixed route bus services and private hire airport taxicabs, incorporating an area in which the service can vary its route to pick up pre-booked passengers. Unlike private hire firms, these are still legally public buses. Examples include dot2dot from National Express Group, and the Edinburgh Shuttle operated byLothian Buses, which feature high specification minibus based vehicles with luggage space.3.4 Express servicesSeveral long distance express bus and coach operators make airports hubs of their service networks, such as National Express Coaches Airport services. These services do not necessarily use vehicles that have any extra modification beyond the standard express bus or coach specification, although they will usually carry a livery indicating the airport service, and special route numbers such as 747.A specialist express bus operation is that of the likes of easyBus, that runs minibus services from stops in London direct to Luton Airport.3.5 Terminal transferIn the case where different airport terminals are far apart and not linked by other modes, public bus operators may choose to provide a route to link the two terminals, either as a point to point shuttle or as part of a standard route network. A specialist example being the Crawley Fastway, which is a bus rapid transit scheme which at the heart of its route network links the North and South terminals of Gatwick Airport.3.6 RailairRai lairMain article: RailAirRailAir, or Rai lair, services are designed to connect railway stations to airports, where there is no direct train link.4 Other non airport bus services4.1 Standard bus servicesOther non airport bus servicesStandard bus servicesIn addition to the specially equipped or liveried buses that serve airports, several non-specific bus services may also call at airports. These are often scheduled outside normal operating hours to serve the airport workers and passengers with unsociable flight times as well as normal passengers.4.2 Private hirePrivate hireSeveral private hire airport transfer companies, or airport focused taxicab operators, also use minibuses, to varying specifications, for transporting groups of people.中文翻译 1983年款尼奥普兰客机由普利茅斯旅行社现代尼奥普兰机场快线尼奥普兰客车用在迪拜机场设立，该公司是由1935在斯图加特成立后，主要负责制造车身的巴士和卡车底盘。从一开始，该公司生产汽车的设计被认为是当代最时髦的。然而在第二次世界大战后，全钢车身设计开发在当时是十分罕见的。1953年，Neoplan公司已经在卡车底盘制造一种钢管骨架部分的单体设计，负责提供结构支撑，使焊接侧面板增加强度。引擎被移到后方，和运行齿轮合为一体。1957年，空气悬架在公共汽车上可以使用，因此也提高了公共汽车的乘客数量。20世纪60年代 1961年，一个新的总线设计，在在日内瓦汽车展上亮相。在大多数的时候是圆形的，球状或流线型的，新的设计具有鲜明的线条边缘和较大采光的窗户。创始人的长子和另一个学生，瑞士国家鲍勃李，一起在汉堡大学完成论文。该设计还允许每个乘客通过喷嘴从两个风道来调节他们的新鲜空气，这种技术在今天是很常见。Albrecht二人在大学毕业后加入了尼奥普兰。他接管了公司的管理。1965年，他和BobLee后来成为工程设计的技术总监。1964年，创始人的第二个儿子，康拉德开发了一种双层客车设计的服务总线作为他的博士论文的研究方向。“我们要设计的公交车应具有低的重量，这就是今天所说的轻量化，并可携带超过100名乘客。在前部安装转向齿轮，允许低平板地板。双层原理应用于客车的设计，创造一个高容量的舒适的游览公交车。这辆车被称为机场快线，其实就是机场摆渡车的前身。20世纪70年代 1971年，cityliner被介绍给公众。该设计在旅客站台上方的驾驶室，还包括车载厕所。该车辆也使用玻璃纤维增强塑料在其车身上。在第一次实验时，使用这种技术。1973年，该公司介绍了喷气式客机具有的大型单件的挡风玻璃，从乘客窗线下的挡风玻璃的水平底面。第二个生产工厂在1973年开在皮尔斯廷和库马西，支持增加订单加纳。在1975年，该巨型巡洋舰发射，双层铰接式客车18米（59英尺1英寸）长的和4米（13英尺1英寸）高。的航天班机，介绍了客运楼1979级以上的司机cityliner的概念，并扩展驾驶室上面的实际地板。这种车辆在3.65米（12英尺），但仍允许安装卫生间，厨房或睡在车厢内的乘客舱。20世纪80年代一个新的第四厂于1981在柏林成立，同时鲍勃李LED在拉玛尔五分之一厂成立。1984年，美国植物后来被剥离到一个单独的，而现在已不存在的独立公司（尼奥普兰美国）使用尼奥普兰名称的许可。在1980年，英国解除服务超过35英里（56公里）长的。该LED上的各种远程服务与运营商的激烈竞争，来区分他们的服务。尼奥普兰车辆，其未来的设计，高质量建设开始大量进口。在都市间高速列车在1988年被引入。这车是世界上第一个全承载式客车，不需要单独的底盘或骨架。20世纪90年代 工厂在1990年成立于埃伦海因。在1992年，15米（49英尺3）允许了四轴megaliner，促使欧盟法规的变化允许非铰接式车辆超过12米（39英尺4英寸）的长度。该设计在1996被引入，并连续两年在1998和1999年赢得年度汽车。21世纪 2001年，尼奥普兰，或准确的说是“Gottlob AUWRTER公司”设计的“火箭”专为旅游进行了2003辆tourliner和火箭进行了重新设计，在2004年加入电子稳定程序（ESP）。trendliner在2004发布，作为一个“两用汽车”与城际巴士的组合，它的设计只用了一周的时间。2005年，两个13米（42英尺8英寸）的tourliner和trendliner版本发布。2006年，欧4兼容的引擎从人开始被安装在新一代cityliner。2007年，一个新的转换器在朗道/ ISAR打开。2008年2月，钮门巴士公司完全融入该组总线划分，并停止在自己的权利的存在。尼奥普兰AG公共汽车现在作为两个独立但集成人该集团的品牌。由于巴士部门重组和结构调整，尼奥普兰将集中在其生产的普洛恩和皮尔斯廷一起被用于豪华客车，而皮尔斯廷将集中的定制。Neoplan公司历史重要事件 2003年在法国，一个尼奥普兰机场快线翻倒在法国的公路，曾造成二十八人死亡。2007年1月，一个由国家专业教练操作的尼奥普兰在伦敦希思罗机场附近的翻转和M25高速公路坠毁，造成两名乘客乘客死亡，三分之一乘客由于在事故住院6个月。公司暂时撤回所有12辆服务车来等待调查，事故原因被视为已经造成的行驶速度过快，司机被指控三
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