第四讲：指代题

1、新托福阅读之指代题 识别单词间指代关系的能力 主要考察代词、先行词等语法关系 0-2points/set 题目问法固定：The word X in the passage refers to 指代题识别分类精读篇目推荐 第一类：生物学/古生物学(17篇) OG: P40, P90 Delta: P31, P37, P21/5-7, P33, P35, P42, P51/3-4, P86, P94, P128, P130/5, P131, P145/4-6, P183, P186 第二类：天文学/地理学(14篇) OG: P48, P117 Delta: P18, P25, P39, P73/1

2、-2, P74/5-6, P82, P92, P111, P158, P165, P182, P192 第三类：文学/历史/哲学(16篇) OG: P80, P101 Delta: P22, P24, P27, P52, P54, P56, P77, P114, P117, P132, P146/7-10, P149, P162, P196题型5：指代题 识别（refers to）题型说明OG 45 分为词汇指代词汇指代和代词指代代词指代两种类型 0-2 per set The simplest forms of inequality are based on age and sex. For

3、 example, old people may have a high or a low position; women may be ranked below men. But in every society there is another form of inequality that ranks families rather than individuals. If a large number of families are similar to each other in education, income, and values, they constitute a soc

4、ial class.The word in the passage refers tostratified societiesindividualslarge number of familieseducation, income, and valuesPesticides temporarily increase the productivity of crops, until insects develop genetic resistance to them.The word in the passage refers topesticidescropsinsectssoils1.语法原

5、则：单复数一致，人称一致 （基本所有题目的选项都符合语法原则）2.前指原则：正确答案必在所考代词之前 3.句内原则：正确答案与所考代词通常在同一句内，除非代词位于句首或出现指代传递现象 4.语义原则：代入并译成中文解题四大原则1.人称代词 在托福中经常考察的人称代词是they/it；they/it出现在句首通常指前半句或前一句的主语.Animals need natural periodic signals like sunrise to maintain a cycle whose period is precisely 24 hours. Such an external cue not

6、only coordinates an animals daily rhythms with particular features of the local solar day but alsobecause it normally does so day after day-seems to keep the internal clocks period close to that of Earths rotation.The word It in the passage refers to an external cue such as sunrisethe daily rhythm o

7、f an animalthe local solar daya cycle whose period is precisely 24 hoursWith the advent of projection, the viewers relationship with the image was no longer private, as it had been with earlier peepshow devices such as the Kinetoscope and the Mutoscope, which was a similar machine that reproduced mo

8、tion by means of successive images on individual photographic cards instead of on strips of celluloid. It suddenly became public-an experience that the viewer shared with dozens, scores, and even hundreds of others.The advent of projectionThe viewers relationship with the imageA similar machineCellu

9、loidOther statues were designed to be placed within an architectural setting, for instance, in front of the monumental entrance gateways to temples known as pylons, or in pillared courts, where they would be placed against or between pillars: their frontality worked perfectly within the architectura

10、l context.statuesgatewaystemplespillared courts2.平行结构Someothers; oneanother; athe one;asuch,not onlybut also;Energy is the real currency of the world. We depend on energy to grow our food, to keep us alive, and to warm and cool our bodies and the buildings where we live and work. We also use it to m

11、ove people and other objects as well as to change matter from one physical or chemical form to another.The word another in the passage refers tocurrencyenergymatterformAt least one central quality of musicrhythmic organizationcan exist apart from the ability of people to hear it. Some composers, suc

12、h as Scriabin, have emphasized the important of the rhythmic aspect of music by translating their works into rhythmic series of colored forms. Others, such as Stravinsky, have stressed the significance of seeing music performed by an orchestra or a dance troupe.The word Others in the passage refers

13、topeoplecomposersworksforms3.关系代词that, which, what通常就近指代。注意：which前边有插入语时，处理方法为去掉插入语With the advent of projection, the viewers relationship with the image was no longer private, as it had been with earlier peepshow devices such as the Kinetoscope and the Mutoscope, which was a similar machine that re

14、produced motion by means of successive images on individual photographic cards instead of on strips of celluloid.4. 指示代词This、TheseMany millions of years after ferns evolved (but long before the Hawaiian Island were born from the sea), another kind of flora evolved on Earth: the seed-bearing plants.

15、This was a wonderful biological invention.The word This in the passage refers tothe spread of ferns and mosses in Hawaiithe creation of the Hawaiian Islandsthe evolution of fernsthe development of plants that produce seedsFrom early times pots were used in both religious and secular contexts. The im

16、perial court commissioned work and in the Yuan dynasty (A.D. 1279-1368) an imperial ceramic factory was established at Jingdezhen. Pots played an important part in some religious ceremonies. Long and often lyrical descriptions of the different types of ware exist that assist in classifying pots, alt

17、hough these sometimes confuse an already large and complicated picture.religious ceremoniesdescriptions types of warepots5. 词汇指代用一个词、词组或指示性代词+名词性结构来指代前文内容。被指代内容可能是词语、词组甚至是整个句子或中心思想。The central character is Everyman, a human character, and the subject is death arriving before we want it to comea them

18、e that is universal to humans.The word theme in paragraph 5 refers toperformers playing animals, objects, or ideasdeath arriving before we want it to comebeauty, knowledge, and strengthEveryman as a central character 指代传递: 指代词通常首先指前一句的主语，其次是宾语，当前一句的主语也是代词时，则继续向前找Other features, however, show experts

19、 that Pakicetus is a transitional form between a group of extinct flesh-eating mammals, the mesonychids, and cetaceans. It has been suggested that Pakicetus fed on fish in shallow water and was not yet adapted for life in the open ocean. It probably bred and gave birth on land.PakicetusFishLifeocean

20、 指代题排除技巧 排除同等位置的选项（A or B ，from A to B to C，列举）The fins are stiff, smooth, and narrow, qualities that also help cut drag. When not in use, the fins are tucked into special grooves or depressions so that they lie flush with the body and do not break up its smooth contours.The word they in the passage

21、 refers to qualities fins grooves depressions其他语法关系Growth, reproduction, and daily metabolism all require an organism to expend energy. The expenditure of energy is essentially a process of budgeting, just as finances are budgeted. If all of ones money is spent on clothes, there may be none left to

22、buy food or go to the movies. Similarly, a plant or animal cannot squander all its energy on growing a big body if none would be left over for reproduction, for this is the surest way to extinction.The word none in the passage refers toFood PlantEnergy Animal 指代传递现象：指代词通常指代前一句主语宾语 主语修饰语，当前一句主语也是代词时,

23、则继续向前寻找While such interviews can be highly entertaining, they are not necessarily an accurate indication of public opinion. First, they reflect the opinions of only those people who appear at a certain location.The word “they” refers toNorth Americans news showsinterviews opinionsIn Southwest France

24、 in the 1940s, playing children discovered Lascaux Grotto, a series of narrow cave chambers that contain huge prehistoric paintings of animals. Many of these beasts are as large as 16 feet (almost 5 meters). Some follow each other in solemn parades, but others swirl about, sideways and upside down. The animals are bulls, wild horses, reindeer, bison, and mammoths outlined with charcoal and painted mostly in reds, yell