六级阅读理解100篇文本

1、 六级阅读理解 100 篇文本完成版 CantheComputerLearnfromExperience 计算时机总结经验吗 Computershavebeentaughttoplaynotonlycheckers,butalsochampionshipchess,whichisafairlyaccurateyardstickformeasuringthecomputersprogressintheabilitytolearnfromexperience. Becausethegamerequireslogicalreasoning,chesswouldseemtobeperfectlysui

2、tedtothecomputer.allaprogrammerhastodoisgivethecomputeraprogramevaluatingtheconsequencesofeverypossibleresponsetoeverypossiblemove,andthecomputerwillwineverytime.Intheorythisisasensibleapproach;in practiceitisimpossible.Today,apowerfulcomputercananalyze40000movesasecond.Thatisanimpressivespeed.Butth

3、ereareanastronomicalnumberofpossiblemovesinchessliterally trillions.Evenifsuchaprogramwerewritten(andintheoryit couldbe,givenenoughpeopleandenoughtime),thereisnocomputercapableofholdingthatmuchdata. Therefore,ifthecomputeristocompeteatchampionshiplevels,itmustbeprogrammedtofunctionwithlessthancomple

4、tedata. Itmustbeabletolearnfromexperience,tomodifyitsown programm,todealwitharelativelyunstructuredsituationin aword,to“thinkforitself.Infact,thiscanbedone. Chess-playingcomputershaveyettodefeatworldchampionchessplayers,butseveralhavebeatenhumanplayersofonlyslightly lowerranks.Thecomputershavehadpro

5、gramstocarrythemthroughtheearly,mechanicalstagesoftheirchessgames.Buttheyhavegoneonfromtheretoreasonandlearn,andsometimestowinthegame. Thereareotherproofsthatcomputerscanbeprogrammedtolearn,butthisexampleissufficienttodemonstratethepoint.Granted,winningagameofchessisnotanearthshakingeventevenwhenaco

6、mputerdoesit.Buttherearemanyserioushumanproblems whichbanbefruitfullyapproachedasgames.TheDefenseDepartmentusescomputerstoplaywargamesandworkoutstrategiesfordealingwithinternationaltensions.Otherproblemsinternationalandinterpersonalrelations,ecology andeconomics,andtheever-increasingthreatofworldfam

7、ine canperhapsbesolvedbythejointeffortsofhumanbeingsand trulyintelligentcomputers. Notes check:agameplayedonacheckerboardbytwoplayers,eachusing12pieces ecology:therelationshipbetweenorganismsandtheirenvironment 生态关系,生态学 Readingcomprehension Thepurposeofcreatingchess-playingcomputersis Atowintheworld

8、chesschampion Btopavethewayforfurtherintelligentcomputers Ctoworkoutstrategiesforinternationalwars Dtofindanaccurateyardstickformeasuringcomputerprogress 2Today,achess-playingcomputercanbeprogrammedto Agivetrillionsofreponsesinasecondtoeachpossiblemove andwinthegame Bfunctionwithcompletedataandbeatt

9、hebestplayers Clearnfromchess-playingintheearlystageandgoontowinthegame Devaluateeverypossiblemovebutmayfailtogivetherightresponseeachtime think,itisnecessaryto Amangetoprocessasmuchdataaspossibleinasecond Bprogramitsothatitcanlearnfromitsexperiences 3Foracomputerto Cprepareitforchess-playingfirst D

10、enableittodealwithunstructuredsituations 4TheauthorsattitudetowardstheDefenseDepartmentis AcriticalBunconcernedCpositiveDnegative 5Intheauthorsopinion, Awinningachessgameisanunimportantevent Bserioushumanproblemsshouldntberegardedasplayingagame Cecologicalproblemsaremoreurgenttobesolved Dthereishope

11、formoreintelligentcomputers YouCallThisaGoodEconomy 这能称之为上佳经验 Youhavetohavelivedinthe1950sand1960stohaveexperienced agoodeconomy.Intheperiodbetween1950and1970itwasthe ruleratherthantheexceptionthatanordinaryfamily,withouthighereducation,couldsustainitselfdecentlyontheincomeofasinglebreadwinner养家糊口的人

12、.In1955,whenIwas19andlivinginBrooklyn,N.Y.,myfather,whohadasixth-gradeeducation,maintainedourfamilyoffiveonawageof$82aweek asabookbinder.Mymothertaughtusfairnessandcompassion;myfather,disciplineandenterprise. TheU.S.economyinthoseyearswasgood.ThenwheredidthisgoodeconomygoItwasinflatedaway.Thepriceof

13、gold,whichItakeasproxyforthepricesofallgoods,was$35anounceinthoseyears.Itisatroughlytentimesthatpricetoday. Thereisanotheranswer,though:inflationcausedtheentireworkforcetobemovedintohighertaxgroups,thusreducingafter-taxpurchasingpower.Thatis,myfathersbinderyjobin1954paid$82aweek,with$80afterdeductio

14、ns;today,at$820perweekthenetwouldbe$662. Toordinarypeople,theeconomydoesntlookverygoodatall. After-taxincomescontinuetodecreaseinpurchasingpower.Thejobsofferedintheemploymentadspayonlyalittlemorethantheminimumwage,maybe$5anhour,which,afterpayrolldeductions,yields$4anhour.Comparethatwithminimum-wagej

15、obsoftheearly1950s,when75centswasworthtodays$beforeandaftertaxes. Notes 1 Brooklyn:adistrictofNewYorkcity 2 inflate:通货膨胀 3 proxy:theauthoritytoactforanother 4 payroll:alistofemployeesandthewagesduetoeach ReadingComprehension Intheauthorsopinion,agoodeconomy,toordinarypeoplecan beexpressedintermsof t

16、heamountofwage after-taxincome theactualpurchasingpower theminimumwageperhour Intheperiodbetween1950and1970, therewasnotmuchdifferenceinthelivingstandardsbetween peopleofhigherandlowereducation anordinaryfamilyoffivewithoutexceptioncouldliveonone personincome theincomeofanordinaryfamilywasmorethanen

17、oughforbuyingfood foranaveragefamilytheincomewassufficienttosupportall themembers Todayabookbinderswageistentimesthatofthe1950sbut itsincometaxratehasincreased timesc.70timesd.80times 4 Theworseningofabookbinderslivelihoodresultsfrom a. hisloweducationandtheamountofwage b. thehigh-taxationandtheinco

18、medeductions c. thehightaxationandcostofliving d. thelowwageandhigherprices 5 Thepassageimpliesthatwhilethecostoflivingisgettinghigher a. thevalueoflaboractuallyisshrinking b. theminimumwagelevelisincreasinglikewise c. theincometaxrateisrisingalong d. theemploymentadsnaturallyofferahigherminimumwage

19、 6 Theauthorstoneinwritingthearticleis a.ironicalb.subjectivec.high-soundingd.convincing 7 thearticleaimsto a. helpcontroltherapidlyincreasingprices b. givesomeadvicetothepolicy-makerstheyoungergenerationwithsomebasicfactsuponthesocietysattentionagainstinflation 1c2b3d4c5a6d7c AreExpertsAlwaysRight

20、专家总是对的吗 Theworldhasbecomesocomplicatedthatwevelostconfidence inourabilitytounderstandanddealwithit.Butcommonsense isusefulnowasiteverwas.Noamountofexpertisesubstitutes foranintimateknowledgeofapersonorasituation.Attimes youjusthavetotrustyourownjudgement. Italmostcostmemylifetolearnthat.Iwasreadinga

21、bookoneday,idlyscratchingthebackofmyhead,whenInoticedthat,inoneparticularspot,thescratchingechoedinsidemyheadlikefingernailsonanemptycardboardcarton,Irushedofftomydoctor. “Gotaholeinyourhead,haveyouheteased.Itsnothing justoneofthoselittlescalpnervessoundingoff. Twoyearsandfourdoctorslater,Iwasstillb

22、eingtolditwasnothing.Tothefifthdoctor.Isaid,almostindesperation, ButIliveintisbody.Iknowsomethingsdifferent. “Ifyouwonttakemywordforit,IlltakeanX-rayandproveittoyou,hesaid. Well,thereitwas,ofcourse,thetumorthathadmadeaholeasbigasaneyesocketinthebackofmyskull.Aftertheoperation,ayoungresidentpausedbym

23、ybed.Itsagoodthingyouresosmart,hesaid.Mostpatientdieofthesetumorsbecausewedontknowtheyrethereuntilitistoolate. Imreallynotsosmart.AndImtoodocileinthefaceofauthority. Ishouldhavebeenmoreaggressivewiththosefirstfourdoctors.Itshardtoquestionopinionsdeliveredwithabsolutecertainty. Expertsalwayssoundsosu

24、re.NevileChamberlain,theBritishprimeminister,waspositive,justbeforethestartofWorldWarII,thattherewouldbe“peaceforourtime.ProducerIrvingThalbergdidnothesitatetoadviseLouisB.MayeragainstbuyingtherightstoGoneWiththeWindbecause“noCivilWarpictureevermadeanickel.EvenAbrahamLincolnsurelybelieveditwhenhesai

25、dinhisGettysburgAddress:Theworldwilllittlenote,norlongremember,whatwesayhere Weshouldnot,therefore,beintimidatedbyexperts.Whenit sanareawereallyknowaboutourbodies,ourfamilies,ourhousesletslistentowhattheexpertssay,thenmakeupourownminds. Notes cardboardcarton:aboxorcontainermadeofastiffpasteboard ofp

26、aper scalp:theskincoveringthehead tumor:肿瘤 eyesocket:theopeningorcavityinwhichtheeyefits docile:easilymanagedortaught readingcomprehension “Itin“dealwithit“refersto plication 2. aExpertiseinmeans monsenseb.expertskillorknowledgec.unusualability toappreciate d.personalexperience 3. Wehavetotrustourow

27、njudgementsince a. notallofushaveacquiredreliableexpertise b. expertsoftenlosetheircommonsense c. expertsmaysometimesfailtogivegoodadvice d. intimateknowledgeofapersonisnottobesubstitutedfor byexpertise 4“Thatin“italmostcostmemylifetolearnthat(para. 2) refersto a. Icanlearntotrustmyjudgement b. Ican

28、acquireanintimateknowledgeofmyself c. commonsenseisnotasusefulasknowedge d. expertisemaynotbereliable 5Whilereadingoneday,theauthor a. foundaholeatthebackofhishead b. heardascratchingsoundfromacarton c. noticedsomeechofromhisheadwherehewasscratching d. noticedasoundcomingoutfromhishead 6teaseinparag

29、raph3meansa.tomakefunofb.tocomfortc.toreplyd.todisbelieve 7ifyouwonttakemywordforitinmaybeparaphrased a. ifyoudontthinkmywordisworthanything b. ifyoudontlistentomyadvice c. ifyoudontbelievemyjudgement d. ifyoupreferactionstowords 8Skullinmostprobablymeans a. thebonyframeworkofthehead b. thesurfacesk

30、inofthehead c. thenervesysteminsidethehead d. thetoppartofthehead 9Theauthordidntthinkhewassmartbecause a. hehadalreadysufferedfortwoyears b. hehadnotbeenabletoputupwiththepain c. hehadbelievedtoomuchinexpertise d. hehadformedtoostronganopinionofhimself 10Ithappensthattheexamplesgivenbytheauthor a.

31、allconcernwithwars b. aretakenfrommodernAmericanhistory c. havebecomepopularthemesinmovies d. haveAmericanCivilWarasthebackground 11Inthelastparagraph,theworkintimidatea.deceiveb.frightenc.maketimidd.encourage maymean 1b2b3c4d5c6a7c8a9c10a11c JustCallMeMister 1 OncolddayspeopleinManhattanliketotaket

32、heirchildren toPlaySpace,anindoorplaygroundfullofwonderfulclimbingandslidingcontraptions.Theresjustoneirritatingdetail:whenyoupayyourmoney,thecashierpullsoutafelt-tripmarkerandanadhesivelapeltagandasksyouyourname. “Frum,Isay. “No,yourfirstname. “Whatdoyouneedmyfirstnamefor “Towriteonthetag,soallthec

33、hildrenandthestaffwillknowwhattocallyou. “Inthatcase,writeMr.Frum. 2 AtwhichIamshotalookasifIhadaskedtobecalledtoDukeofPlazaToro. 3 Inencouragingfive-year-oldstoaddressgrownupsbytheirfirst names,PlaySpaceisonlyslightlyaheadofthetimes.Asa journalist,Ifaithfullyreportthatthecustomofaddressing stranger

34、sformallyisasdeadasthepracticeofleavingavisitingcard. 4 Thereshardlyasecretaryleftwhodoesnotreply,whenIgiveamessagefroherboss,Tlltellhimyoucalled,David.Orapublicrelationsagent,whetherinBangororBangkok,whodoesnotbeginhistelephonicspielwithacheerful“Hello,David! 5 Youdonthavetobeajournalisttocollectam

35、azingfirst-namestories.Placeacollectcall,andtheoperatorfirst-namesyou.Theteenagerbehindthecounteratafast-foodrestaurantasks a70-year-oldcustomerforhisfirstnamebeforetakinghisorder. 6 Habitualfirst-namesclaimtheyaremotivatedbynothingworsethanuncontrollablyhigh-spiritedfriendliness.Idontbelieveit.IfIa

36、skedthefast-foodorder-takerstolendme$50,their friendlinesswouldvanishinawhoosh.ThePRmandropsallhischeerfulnessthemomenthehearsIwontgoalongwithhisstoryidea.No,itsnotfriendlinessthatdrivesfirst-namers;it saggression.ThePRagentswhocallmeDaviduninvitedwouldnever,iftheycouldsomehowgethimonthephone,addres

37、spressbaronRupertMurdochthatway.ThewomanatthebankwhocalledmeDavidwouldneverfirst-namethebankschairman.Likethemock-cheerystaffatPlaySpace,theyareengagedinasmiley-facedactofbelittlement,anassertionofpowerdisguisedasgoodcheer. Notes 1 contraptions:(informal)mechanicaldevices;gadgets 2 felt-tipmarker:软笔

38、尖的颜色笔 3 adhesivelapeltag:不干胶标牌 4 DukeofPlazaToro:Dukeisanoblemanwiththehighesthereditaryrank,especiallyinBritain.PlazaToraisSpanish,somethinglike“BullFightingRinginEnglish 5 Bangor:CityofSouthcentralMaine 6 Bangkok:CapticalofThailand,曼谷 7 spiel(slang)alengthy,usuallyextravagant,speechorargumentinten

39、dedtobepersuasive 8 collectcall:atelephonecallwithpaymenttobemadebythereceiver 9pressbaron:Baronisthelowestmalerankofnobility,buthereitstandsforamanwithgreatpowerinpress 10mock:simulated 11cheery:cheerful Readingcomprehension Theauthorapparentlyregrets havingtotakehischildrentoPlaySpace beingfirst-n

40、amed beingapproachedsofrequentlybyPRagents havingtoputonanadhesivelapeltag “PRinparagraph6standsfor a.personalrequestb.personalrespect c.publicrelationsd.publicreview 3 Whentheauthor,asajournalist,speaksonthephone a. heisusuallyveryformalandfaithful b. hedoesnotknowwhetheragrownuporachildisspeakinga

41、t theotherend c. hefindspeopleaddresseachotherformally d. hefindsthesecretaryisoftenwillingtopassamessage 4 Heoftenfindssecretaries a. irresponsibleinansweringphonecalls b. trustworthyinpassingmessages c. notonlyfriendlybutalsocareful d. callinghimDavid 5 Theauthorthinksthataddressingastrangerbyhisf

42、irstname isbeing a.cheerfulb.friendlyc.disrespectfuld.light-hearted 6 Asdeadasinparagraph3maybeparaphrasedas a.asfirmlyfixedasb.asuselessas c.asoutoffashionasunmistakenlyas 7 Habitualfirst-namersclaimamountstosaying a. theresnothingthatcanbeworsethanhigh-spiritedfriendliness b. theirattitudeshouldbe

43、acceptable c. theyaresometimestoohigh-spiritedtocontrolchemselves d. oneshouldcontroloneselfwhilespeakingtoastranger 8 Theso-calledhigh-spiritedfriendliness(para.6)isactually a. cheerfulnessinappearancebutmockeryinreality b. outandoutinsult c. awell-acceptedskillinpublicrelations d. anactofoutwardwa

44、rmth 9 Inawhooshinparagraph6means heendc.inasecondd.inreality 10 Iwontgoalongwithinparagraph6maybeparaphrasedas a.Iwontbelieveb.Iwontgoonlistening. c.Iwontagreewith.D.Iwontstickto. 1b2c3c4d5c6a7b8a9c10b TheDvelopmentofCivilization 1 Thefirsttwostagesinthedevelopmentofcivilizedmanwer

45、eprobablytheinventionofprimitiveweaponsandthediscoveryoffire,althoughnobodyknowsexactlywhenheacquiredtheuseofthelatter 2 Theoriginoflanguageisalsoobscure.NodoubtitbeganverygraduallyAnimalshaveafewcriesthatserveassignals,buteventhehighestapeshavenotbeenfoundabletopronouncewords,evenwiththemostintensi

46、veprofessionalinstruction.Thesuperiorbrainofmanisapparentlyanecessityforthemasteringofspeech.Whenmanbecamesuffivientlyintelligent,wemustsupposethathefraduallyincreasedthenumberofcriesfordifferentpurposes.Itwasagreatdaywhenhediscoveredhatspeechcouldbeusedfornarrative.Therearethosewhothinkinthisrespec

47、tpicturelanguageprecededorallanguage.Amancoulddrawapictureonthewallofhiscavetoshowinwhichdirectionhehadgone,orwhatpreyhehopedtocatch.Probablypicturelanguageandorallanguagedevelopedsidebyside.Iaminclinedtothinkthatlanguagehasbeenthemostimportantsinglefactorinthedevelopmentofman. 3 Twoimportantstagesc

48、amenotsolongbeforethedawnofwrittenhistory.Thefirstwasthedomesticationofanimals;thesecondwasagriculture.Agriculturewasastepinhumanprogresstowhichsubsequentlytherewasnothingcomparableuntilourownmachineage.Agriculturemadepossibleanimmenseincreaseinthenumberofthehumanspeciesintheregionswhereitcouldbesuc

49、cessfullypracticed.Thesewere,atfirst,onlythoseinwhichnaturefertilizedthesoilaftereachharvest.Agriculturemetwithviolentresistancefromthepastoralnomads,buttheagriculturalwayoflifeprevailedintheendbecauseofthephysicalcomfortsitprovided. 4 Anotherfundamentaltechnicaladvancewaswriting,which,likespokenlan

50、guage,developedoutofpictures,butassoonasithadreachedacertainstage,itwaspossibletokeeprecordsandtransmitinformationtopeoplewhowerenotpresentwhentheinformationwasgiven. 5 Theseinventionsanddiscoveries-fire,speech,weapons,domesticanimals,agriculture,andwritingmadetheexistence ofcivilizedcommunitiesposs

51、ible.Fromabout3000B.C.until thebeginningoftheIndustrialRevolutionlessthantwohundredyearsagotherewasnotechnicaladvancecomparabletothese. Duringthislongperiodmanhadtimetobecomeaccustomedtohistechnique,andtodeveopthebeliefsandpoliticalorganizationsappropriatetoitTherewas,ofcourse,animmenseextensioninth

52、eareaofcivilizedlife.Atfirstithadbeenconfinedtothe Nile,theEuphrates,theTigrisandtheIndus,butattheendoftheperiodinquestionitcoveredmuchthegreaterpartoftheinhabitableglobe.Idonotmeantosuggestthattherewasnotechnicalprogressduringthislongtime;therewasprogress- therewereeventwoinventionsofverygreatimpor

53、tance,namelygunpowderandthemarinerscompassbutneitherofthesecanbecomparedintheirpowertosuchthingsasspeechandwritingandagriculture. Notes 1 ape:anymonkey 2 narrative:astoryordescriptionofactualorfictionalevents;tonarrateistogiveanaccountorcommentary 3 prey:ananimalhuntedorcaughtforfood 4 pastoral:ofor

54、pertainingtoshepherds,herdsmen,etc. 5 nomad:oneofagroupofpeoplewhohavenopermanenthomeandmoveaboutfromplacetoplace 6 theNile:thelongestriverintheworldflowingthroughEastAfrica,尼罗河 7 theTigris:riverofSouthwestAsia,joiningtheEuphratesinSouthIraq 8 theEuphrates:riverofSouthwestAsia,幼发拉底河 9 theIndus:riverofSouthCentralAsia,risingfromSouthwestTibet,flowingthroughPakistantotheArabianSea ReadingComprehension whichoneofthefollowing,accordingtotheauthor,wasfirstdiscoveredorinventedinhumancivilization? a.writte