英语词汇学 Unit_01 Introduction to lexicology

1、English LexicologyIntroductionReferences1 林福炎. 现代英语词汇学M. 安徽教育出版社,19852 王文斌. 英语词汇文学M. 浙江教育出版社, 2001.3 陆国强. 现代英语词汇M. 上海外语教育出版社, 1999.4 秦秀白. 英语简史M . 湖南教育出版社，1983.5 汪榕培. 英语词汇学研究M. 上海外语出版社, 2000.6 汪榕培、卢晓娟. 英语词汇学教程M. 上海外语教育出版社,1997. 7 张维友. 英语词汇学教程M. 华中师范大学出版社, 1997.lexicologyAimsnStudy: structures,meaning

2、s and meaning relations, nExamine: situation and its developmentnConsider: how to analyze and explain the problems related to wordsnOutline: learning strategieslexicology nGeek morphemes: Lexi- meaning- word, phrasen lexicos- having to do with words or for wordsn logos -notes a department of knowled

3、ge.nvocabulary, lexis, lexicon ndictionary1. Introduction to English Lexicologyn1.1.1 What is a word?n1.1.3 What is vocabulary?n1.1.4 What is lexicology?n1.1.1A Definition of a WordnA word is a sound or combination of sounds forming a unit of the grammar or vocabulary of a language.( Oxford Advanced

4、 Learners Dictionary of Current English :OALDCE)n A word is one or more sounds which can be spoken (together) to represent an idea, object, action. (Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English :LDCE)a minimal free form of a language; a sound unity; a unit of meaning; a form that can function alone in

5、 a sentence.A word is a minimal free form of a language that has a given sound and meaning and syntactic function.Sound and Meaningtwo rival schools of thought: the Naturalists (自然派) the Conventionalists ( 惯例派)wthe Naturalists (自然派)nmaintain that there is a natural connection between sound and meani

6、ngnan intrinsic correspondence between sound and sense.n in onomatopoeian talking by iconic signs to imitate the sounds 2）the Conventionalists ( 惯例派)nRelations are conventional and arbitrary，no logical relationship between the sound and meaning.na kind of linguistic social contrast (一种社会契约） e.g. ndo

7、g, desk, chairn Not because the sound and three letters that make up the word automatically suggest the animal in question. It is only a symbolic connection.n the same phonological form may convey different meaning :e.g. meet, meat, mete Knight, nightnA word is a symbol that stands out for sth else

8、in the world.nno logical relationship, different languages ,same concept , the same phonological form may convey different meaning :e.g. What is in a name? That which we call a rose. By any other name would smell as sweet （香气馥郁）。e.g. woman, femme, fn nthe same meaning have different phonological for

9、ms in different languagesndifferent languages same conceptnThe written form of a nature language is the orthographical record of the oral form.nSound should be consistent with the form.Classification of wordsnIn terms of origin, native words & borrowed words;nIn terms of meaning and function, notion

10、al words & functional wordsnIn terms of use frequency, basic word stock & non-basic vocabulary*There are a large portion of the vocabulary that does not belong to the common core, such as terminology, jargon, slang, argot, neologism, literary words.nonbasic vocabulary : terminology(专业术语), jargon行话),

11、 slang,(俚语)argot(黑话), dialectal(方言) terminology: photoscanning（扫描）, penicillin（盘尼西林）, algebra（代数 ） njargon : bottom line（必然结果）, bargaining chip谈判各方的优势n slang : grass and pot（毒品大麻）, smoky, bear (police)，X- rays (radar )n argot : can-opener (all-purpose key), dip (pick-pocket )ndialectal : auld (Scot=

12、old), coo (Scot= cow)1.1.2. Lexis/ lexicon/ lexemen词项是词典的组成单位，包含词的读音、词性、词义，语义特征和句法特征等.nLexis is used interchangeably with vocabulary; nWhen we refer to an individual word, we may use vocabulary item, lexical item, or lexical unit; nLexicon can be a more technical version of lexis, sometimes it is us

13、ed synonymously with the word dictionary; nLexeme, like phoneme, morpheme, is realized by a set of concrete forms;nLemma, headword or entry word in dictionaries. 1.1.3 VocabularynVocabulary means the sum of all the words in the language. n词项-词词汇-词汇学nSpeaking vocabulary-active vocabularynwriting voca

14、bulary-active vocabularynreading vocabulary-passive vocabularynguess vocabulary-passive vocabulary1.1.3.1 Size of the English vocabularyna wide range: from 400,000 to 600,000 words ( Claiborne, 1983, p. 5) n a half million to over 2 million ( Crystal, 1988. p. 32)n about I million ( Nurnberg & Rosen

15、bium, 1977, P. 11)n 200.000 words in common usen adding technical and scientific terms stretch the total into the millions ( Bryson, 1990). 1.1.3.2 How many words do native speakers know?nEnglish native-speaking university graduates will have a vocabulary size of about 20,000 word families n English

16、 native speakers will add roughly 1.000 word families a year to their vocabulary size. nfive year old beginning school will have a vocabulary of around 4.000 to 5,000 word families.na 20-year-old university student having 20,000 word families. nA word family: is usually held to include the base word

17、, all of its inflections, and its common derivatives. 1.1.3.3 The complex nature of vocabularytypes of word knowledge:n the meaning(s) of the wordnthe written form of the wordnthe spoken form of the wordnthe grammatical behavior of the wordnthe collocations of the wordnthe register of the wordnthe a

18、ssociations of the wordnthe frequency of the word1.1.4 LexicologynLexicology is the part of linguistics, dealing with the vocabulary of a language and the properties of words as the main units of language. nGood knowledge of the description of the vocabulary, rules of word-formation, origin and hist

19、ory of words helps to guess and remember the meaning of new-learned words, to master the standards of their usage, and to prevent mistakes.nTwo ways to study lexicology: 1) Diachronic approach : 历时语言学 2) Synchronic approach : 共时语言学Lexicology as a branch of linguistic studynMorphology, Grammar, Seman

20、tics, Pragmatics, Culture, Cognitive mechanism, Historical linguistics, etymologyn词汇学研究范围十分广泛，包括词的界定、词的形态和构成、词的意义、词与词之间的意义关系、词义与语境的关系、成语的构成和使用、词典的类型和使用、词汇的发展史、词汇与文化的关系、词汇频率统计、词汇教学等诸多领域。n传统的词汇学有词源学、成语学、词典学、专名学、方言学等分支学科。Summaryndefined several terms that are necessary,n to discuss vocabulary with prec

21、ision. n indicated that languages contain huge numbers of words, nlearning the amount of vocabulary a native speaker knows is still an amazing feat. n knowledge of individual words grows over time, both in our ability to use them receptively and productively and in the different kinds of word knowle

22、dge n be ready to explore the fascinating world of how vocabulary is learned and used.1.2. 英语词汇的现状n1.2.1 全球语言英语全球语言英语(English as a global language)n1.2.2 英语词汇概况英语词汇概况1.2.1 全球语言英语全球语言英语n1.2.1.1英语的现在英语的现在(English today)n1.2.1.2英语的重要地位英语的重要地位n1.2.1.3英语的未来英语的未来1.2.1.1 英语的现在英语的现在(English today)n国际语言(inte

23、rnational language)n世界语言(world language)n全球语言(global language)n通用语言(lingua franca)n共同语言(common language)全球语言英语n首先，该语言必须在许多国家作为使用。n其次，如果该语言在某些国家不是官方语言，必须。n最后，如果该语言在某些国家不具备与官方语言同等的地位，必须。1.2.1.2 英语的重要地位英语的使用英语的使用讲英语的人可以分为三类。n第一类是本族语者本族语者，即英语是其母语 n第二类是以英语作为第二语言者第二语言者 n最后一类是以英语作为外语者外语者1.2.1.2 英语的重要地位英语教学

24、英语教学n非英语国家 英语国家n英语国家：语言学校n发展中国家：主要课程n母语教授、第二语言、外语1.2.1.3 英语的未来拒绝：英语作为国际语言使用拒绝：英语作为国际语言使用n新生国家：宗祖国语言 特权地位n民族语言n后殖民时期：母语活语言和全球语言：日益壮大活语言和全球语言：日益壮大n语言变体语言变体 ：“新英语”（new Englishes）n非英语国家：共同语言n英语语言的发展历史1.2.1.3 英语的未来活语言和全球语言：日益壮大活语言和全球语言：日益壮大n语言变体语言变体 ：“新英语”（new Englishes）。 n非英语国家：共同语言n英语语言的发展历史3. 本书各个单元简介

25、nUnit1 词汇概说nUnit2，3 构词法nUnit4，5，6，7 词的意义nUnit8，9， 10 词的来源，特征及发展nUnit11，12 英语的搭配，成语nUnit13，14 英语词典的基本知识及使用nUnit15， 16 英语词汇的记忆方法及学习策略Exercises1. Word 2. Lexis 3. Lexicon4. Vocabulary 5. Glossary 6. Phrase7. Expression 8. Diction 9. Collocation10. Phraseology 11. Morphology12. Lexicology 13. Etymology1

26、4. Lexicography 15. Lexical semanticsWhat do they refer to?1. A list of the difficult words used in a piece of writing or subject, with explanations of their meaning.2. A group of words that form a unit within a clause.3. Unclassified linguistic unit of any length: words, phrases,sentences,paragraphs,etc.4. The choice of words used in a speech or piece of writing.5. Words in general known, learnt, used, etc. or a list of words, usually in alphabetical order and wit