陈四楼矿240万吨新井设计【含7张CAD图纸】
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陈四楼矿240万吨新井通风安全设计英文原文Computer mapping of faults in coal miningVladislav Kecojevica， ， Dean Willisb， William Wilkinsonb and Andrew Schisslera aThe College of Earth and Mineral Sciences， The Pennsylvania State University， 154 Hosler Building， University Park， PA 16802， USAbMincom， Inc.， 9635 Maroon Circle， Englewood， CO 80112， USA Received 3 May 2004； revised 2 February 2005，7 March 2005. Available online 12 April 2005. AbstractEffective mapping of faults in coal mining is critical for reasons of economics and safety. Undetected or ill-mapped geologic hazards can stop or substantially hinder project development with respect to profit and safety. Computer mapping allows the mineral engineering profession to access geologic hazards in a shortened time required by todays rapid rate of extraction. A case study shows that the utility of computer modelingis presented for a coal surface mine with multiple coal seams and multiple reverse faults in Columbia. Mincoms MineScape model is used for computer mapping. Keywords: Computer mapping； Modeling； Geologic hazards； Coal mining； Safety Article Outline1. Introduction 2. Fault modeling using integrated geologic/mine planning software 3. Case study on surface coal mine in Columbia 4. Conclusions References1. IntroductionThe importance of locating and mapping geologic hazards has increased in the last 25 years because mines extract larger areas per unit time with more capital intensive equipment than in the past. Underground longwall mines in the United States best illustrate this factor. Data from Sprouls (1988)， Fiscor (2002) and U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA， 2004) show that， in 2002， the average longwall mine in the United States extracted 2749 m280 m or 77 ha of panel area per year compared to 945 m192 m or 18 ha in 1988. Average installed shearer horsepower was 346 kW in 1988 compared to 922 kW in 2002. Similar increases in productivity have been achieved in most international coal mining areas. Now more then ever， detecting， mapping and mitigating negative affects to production and safety from geologic hazards is an economic benefit to mining， and a critical practice in the mine design process. Long-term design plans， short-term production plans and day-to-day production realities depend on mapping and assessment practices that truly represent the geometry of the coal deposit. This is particularly true of deposits where geologic structure is impacted by large displacement faults (Molinda and Ingram， 1989， Nelson， 1991， Greb et al.， 2001 and Coolen， 2003). Geologic hazard maps are important to the hourly paid miners and mine management. Best-in-class safety performance is driven by miners taking responsibility for their individual safety within an environment where risks have been minimized. Hazard maps constructed collaboratively between geologists， mining engineers and miners reduce risk. Workers and supervisors can use the hazard map as an important tool that communicates unknowns and provides tools to aid in the safety process. Daily， weekly and longer time-frame operational decisions are based on the initial mine plan and modified as geologic hazard maps are updated with data from actual mining. Roof support effectiveness increases when potential hazards are accurately mapped. Greb (1991)， in an analysis of roof falls and hazard prediction in eastern Kentucky coal mines， remarked that roof-hazard prediction is a dynamic process that combines continually updated geologic and engineering knowledge to provide information for best support of mine roof. The iterative geologic and mine design process requires all tools to be available for the analysis. This paper presents example of faults mapping using MineScape (2004) geological modeling software. 2. Fault modeling using integrated geologic/mine planning softwareFaulting and other geologic structures affect the ways in which a coal seam can be accessed. Poor representation of the deposit geometry can lead to a poor access design， which in turn can lead to necessary adjustments in the field that are not optimal for production. Mine plans need to take into account the vertical superimposition of seams in reverse fault areas to insure that resource assessments provide an accurate accounting of the duplication of seams. Because the rock in the zone around the fault is often sheared， accurately delineating faults on hazard maps helps provide a safe mine design. Discovering that the fault geometry is significantly different from the model prediction during mining can be both a production nightmare and a safety hazard. Commonly， the graphical representation of coal deposits is performed by using Computer Aided Design (CAD) tools. The 3-D design tools have reduced development time and graphics can be generated very quickly. Mining engineers benefit from this progress， as parallel advancements in mining software help them to visualize the complexity and spatial distribution of rock strata parameters， allowing them to make engineering changes， and to test or compare new concepts even before the field action is taken. An overview on visualization in geological modeling and mine planning is given by LeBlanc-Smith et al. (1997)， while importance of measuring， understanding and visualising coal characteristics is discussed by Whateley (2002). Geological， geophysical， geotechnical and topographical field data are collected during the exploration phase of mining. Raw data is verified against a computer dictionary， a list or range of acceptable values， and stored in the relational geologic database. The dictionary is a stored set of validation parameters. In the case of numeric values， it is a range of valid values. In the case of character fields such as lithotype， it is a list of character strings that are considered acceptable values. The relational database is used to assemble and organize a range of parameters and information needed to characterize the coal deposit. The principles of Open Database Connectivity (ODBC) provide an environment in which various blocks of data can be either displayed， analyzed or cross-correlated. Modeling geologic structure， using for example MineScape Stratmodel， allows faults to be represented in true three-dimensional environment. This means that， in areas where the fault produces repeated section， the geometry is accurately depicted in the produced graphics. The user can see the intersection of the fault plane and the coal seams. When reserves are computed， a polygon drawn in plan view in this area will produce approximately double the reserves if evaluated through the vertical range of the repeat. This has an economic impact on the reserves， but more importantly， it allows the planner to know where in three dimensions the intersections are likely to occur. This can impact both surface and underground planning where proximity to the fault plane is a fundamental piece of information required in the planning process. Another important and unique aspect of computer software for geologic modeling and hazard analyses can be that access to the model is through a set of servers， which allows multiple users simultaneous access to the same model for graphics presentation， reserves calculation and other interrogations. Having one copy of the model on a server reduces design errors and confusion with users and management when multiple interpretations are in circulation. Other considerations for selecting the right software system to produce the quality of model needed for design include manageability. Even competent users will not provide the best models if the model construction process itself is too labor intensive. The interface between the geologists interpretation and the modeling system needs to be concise， easily understood and easily modified. Modeling itself needs to be as streamlined as possible to allow for iteration， as in the case of batch processing that is utilized in software models. MineScape has a “batch” process that can be stored. The batch process is established during the first execution of a multiple step process. For example， the steps might include building the MineScape Stratmodel table model， followed by creation of the gridded model， followed by production of multiple cross sections and multiple plan maps such as structure contours， thickness isopach， outcrop maps， subcrop maps and other graphic displays. The facility to “record” a batch file and then to replay it and even to specify what date and time the batch will be rerun are integral MineScape capabilities. When the first pass is completed， the whole set of steps is given a name and the process can be replayed by name. Therefore， one command allows the geologist to literally rerun all the modeling and graphics production steps without any intervention. The approach of batch processing allows the geologist to focus on the results of modeling analysis and not be labored with re-establishing the mechanics for each iteration. Having the capacity to easily run model iterations is particularly important. The functionality with regard to geologic assessment and volumetric analysis is derived from the continuity of lithologic codes. Geologic intercept information on which lithologic codes are based stem from drill holes， outcrop samples， survey data or scan lines across mining faces， and information gained from non-evasive measurements such as Radio Imaging Method developed by Stolarczyk et al. (2004). The model-building process is a combination of hard data such as drill hole data and geologic interpretation. This is often a learning process since the attitude of the fault (strike and dip of the fault surface)， the displacement (throw) and changes in coal and fault geometry are all dependent of the geologists interpretation of the data and are results of the modeling process. Because data collection is a dynamic process through the mining cycle， models need to have the ability to be changed and adapted with new data and interpretations. Iteration is useful tool for testing multiple hypotheses. For example， correlations across a fault may change with new data， particularly in areas where multiple faults in a small area add to complexity. If the complete process from modification of fault data through modeling to completed displays such as structure contours， subcrop maps and cross sections can be achieved with a single command， the geologist has the luxury of concentrating on a better interpretation that will aid the mine plan instead of the labor of creating an entirely new model. The easier the modeling， the more likely the geologist can spend the required time to achieve the most accurate model possible. Model display tools such as plan mapping and cross-section generation need to produce an accurate representation of the model， which shows where the coal is truncated at the fault intersection as precisely as possible， to aid in visualization and planning. Cross sections that traverse faults for underground mines and bench maps constructed for surface mine planning need to show the fault geometry as accurately as possible on either side of the extraction horizon for accurate short term-planning. 3. Case study on surface coal mine in ColumbiaA computer model of a coal deposit in Columbia with drill hole intercepts， faults， sections and the floor structure is shown in Fig. 1. Fig. 2 illustrates a surface mine with 10-m horizontal benches. In order to aid miners and planners in visualizing the faults and correlation of coal beds shown in three dimensions in Fig. 1 and Fig. 2， two-dimensional cross sections can be constructed (Fig. 3). In this example from a surface coal mine in Columbia (coordinates confidential)， the 3-D model provides information for optimal mine planning. Because of the steep inclination of bedding， the mine plan calls for mining to proceed by extracting the inter-burden between seams by truck and shovel methods. Dozers are utilized to push the remaining inter-burden and the coal seam to the reach of the shovel residing on the next lower bench. Mining then proceeds to the next seam and so on. In the diagram in Fig. 2， the offset in the middle of the diagram is caused by different stages of progress on two benches between adjacent panels. Inter-seam burden is blasted in blocks approximately 50 m long along strike in nominal planning geometries called panels. Strike is approximately northsouth. Panels are generally mined from the highwall toward the low wall. This is right to left in Fig. 2. Pit highwall limits are usually established as a ratio limit down dip and significant low walls are often planned because major seams have been burned near the surface. Maximum pit depth can be in excess of 200 m and overall highwall slopes range from 52 to 34 depending on pit depth and geotechnical conditions. Proximity to a major fault plane can demand a lower high wall slope. Low wall slopes are less and can be as low as 21. Display Full Size version of this image (43K)Fig. 1. A model of a Columbian coal deposit with drill hole intercepts， faults， sections and the floor structure. Display Full Size version of this image (61K)Fig. 2.Production benches for Columbian surface mine in a multiple seam terrain with complex reverse faulting. Display Full Size version of this image (65K)Fig. 3.Eastwest cross-section (at the most southerly edge of the model shown in Fig. 1 and Fig. 2). The accuracy of fault placement in the model was greatly affected by the evidence presented in the drill hole data， the drill hole spacing and other data. If a drill hole demonstrated an intersection with a fault， the exact fault intercept could generally be determined by examination of the core. This provided a much better reference than a case where there were no clear fault intersections in adjacent drill holes， but it was clear that there was displacement between the drill holes. In the later case， placement of the fault between the adjacent drill holes used the trend of the fault between other similar pairs of drill holes nearby， and accuracy was subject to drill hole spacing. As mining proceeded in an area， the location of the fault as recorded by surveyed points in the field was compared graphically to the initial model. Both the trace of the fault and the dip of the fault plane could often be assessed on upper benches during early phases of mining and subsequent adjustment of the modeled fault trace and dip of the fault plane provided a very accurate model of the fault as mining proceeded through lower benches. 4. ConclusionsComputer mapping software provides a comprehensive working environment where stratigraphic deposits can be modeled to represent the local geology. Commonly， the geological model is the base for reserves calculation and other mine planning work. MineScape Stratmodel was used for modeling a multiple coal seams and multiple reverse faults for a surface coal mine in Columbia. Faults were stored as graphical 3-D objects and were supported by graphical functions to assist in the interpretation and positioning of faults. Coal seams and faults were modeled using bore hole data and survey pickups or other non-bore hole based data， geologists interpretation of not-logged intervals， crops， pinch-outs and user interpretations of drill hole penetrations. The ability to visualize faults in 2-D and 3-D is important in both surface and underground mines. Proper interpretation based on a well-built model provides a much-needed margin of safety around areas where rock quality and changing mining conditions could pose a danger to miners. To avoid expensive and unsafe field modification of plans， high-quality displays from a good computer model will insure that the mine design and the real-world conditions are compatible. ReferencesCoolen， 2003 J.M. Coolen， Coal mining along the Warfield Fault， Mingo County， West Virginia: a tale of ups and downs， International Journal of Coal Geology 54 (2003)， pp. 193207. Fiscor， 2002 S. Fiscor， U.S. Longwall Census 2002， Coal Age vol. 107， No. 2， Primedia Business Magazines， Overland Park， KA (2002)， pp. 2832. Greb， 1991 S.F. Greb， Roof falls and hazard prediction in eastern Kentucky coal mines. In: D.C. Peters， Editor， Geology in Coal Resource Utilization: Fairfax， VA， TechBooks， American Association of Petroleum Geologists， Energy Minerals Division (1991)， pp. 245262. LeBlanc-Smith et al.， 1997 G. LeBlanc-Smith， J. Esterle， B. Poulsen， P. Soole and C. Caris， Perspective on visualization: effective integration of coal mine planning and exploration data， Australian Coal Review， July 1997 (1997)， pp. 1821. Molinda and Ingram， 1989 G.M. Molinda and D.K. Ingram， Effects of Structural Faults on Ground Control in Selected Coal Mines in Southwestern Virginia， U.S. Department of the Interior， Bureau of Mines， RI 9289. NTIS No. 90-196809， Pittsburgh， PA (1989). Nelson， 1991 W.J. Nelson， Faults and their effect on coal mining in Illinois， Circular vol. 523， Illinois State Geological Survey， Champaign， IL (1991)， pp. 140. Sprouls， 1988 M.W. Sprouls， Longwall Census 88， Coal Age vol. 25， No. 2， MacLean Hunter Publishing Corp.， Chicago (1988)， pp. 6577. 中文译文计算机映射采矿中的断层弗拉德斯拉夫.科克基维克a，迪恩.威廉斯b，威廉姆.维尔克森b，安德鲁.斯施勒aa美国宾夕凡尼亚州州立大学地球矿物科学学院，154 Hosler 大楼， 大学 Park， PA 16802， 美国b米尼科姆，Inc.，9635 Maroon Circle， Englewood， CO 80112， 美国2004年5月3日收稿，2005年2月2日和2005年3月7日两次校订，2005年4月12日网上可查摘要:采矿中有效的断层映射由于经济和安全原因而显得非常重要。未被发现的或错误标注的地质危险能阻碍甚至使项目的发展停滞，使其利润和安全受到影响。 计算机映射能够满足当今的快速回采率，要求采矿业在较短的时间内排除地质危险。一份案例研究表明计算机建模的作用在哥伦比亚的一个存在着多样煤层和多样逆断层的露天煤矿上实现.米尼科姆的MineScape模型被用在计算机映射上.关键词:计算机映射 建模 地质危害 采矿 安全文章大纲:1.绪论2.利用完整的地质煤矿编制软件建立断层模型3.哥伦比亚露天矿山的案例研究4.结论参考文献1.绪论由于有了更重要的加强设备，煤矿回采面积增大了，定位和映射地质危险的重要性也更加突出了，美国长壁开采的煤矿能最有力的说明了这一点，来自Sprouls (1988)， Fiscor (2002)和美国能源信息中心(EIA， 2004)的数据表明2002年美国长壁开采平均回采面积是2749m280m 或77 ha而在1988年平均回采面积是945 m192 m 或 18 ha，安装采煤机的平均功率在1988年只有346KW，而在2002年达到了922KW，大多数国际采煤地区生产率都有了类似的增长。检测、映射和减少地质危险对产量和安全的负面影响对采矿有一定的经济效益，并在矿山设计中非常重要。长期的设计计划，短期的产量计划，每天产量的实现要靠映射和评估来准确的描绘煤炭矿床的几何形状，这对由于大断层的位移被压紧的矿床的描绘尤其准确。映射地质危险对按时计薪和矿山管理者很重要，良好的安全性能是在危险减到最小的情况下矿工对个人负责来实现的， 映射地质危险是由地质学家、采矿工程师和矿工合作想出来减少危险的。矿工和检查员可以利用危险映射作为一个重要的、可以用来传达未知的和已知的危险的工具，利用它在安全的步骤下救助。每天，每周甚至更长时间的决策都要以最初的矿山计划和更具会才工作的数据修订的地质危险映射作为基础。当可能存在的危险被准确映射时，我们要增加有效地顶板支护。Greb在1991年肯塔基西部煤矿顶板垮落与危害预测的分析报告中强调顶板事故预报是一个动态过程，要结合不断更新的地质和设计知识来为最好的煤矿顶板支护提供信息。反复的地质和矿山设计要求用上所有能用上的工具来完成分析报告。这篇论文将以利用MineScape (2004)地质建模软件映射断层为例作介绍。2.利用完整的地质或煤矿计划编制软件映射断层 断层及其他的地质构造影响煤层形成的方式，不完善的矿床描述将导致不完善的设计，从而导致在非最佳领域中做出必要调整，采矿设计要考虑逆断层的垂直叠加，以确保资源评估对煤层叠加的评估数据精确，因为断层周围的岩石常被破坏，地质危害映射精确的描述断层有助于设计安全的采矿计划。在采矿过程中人们发现断层的形状与模型预测的形状又很大出入，这既是生产噩梦，又是安全中存在的隐患。通常情况下，对矿床的生动再现是通过计算机辅助设计工具（CAD）完成的，三维设计缩短了过程时间，使制图法快速产生，采矿工程师在次进步中收益颇多，采矿软件的发展帮助他们将岩层参数的复杂性和空间分布视图化。从而助其在新领域未进行操作之前就可以修改工程设计，检验与比较新内容。关于地质模型和采矿计划的总体设想是由LeBlanc-Smith et al在1997年提出来的，而测量，了解和将煤矿特性视图化的重要性是由Whateley 2002年提出来的。探测矿井的过程综合利用了地理学、地球物理学、土工技术与地形学。未处理的数据经过电脑字典与一系列人们所接受的数值所验证，并储存在相关的地理学数据库中。此字典是存储了有效参数的典籍，若遇到数值，则有一系列有效数据，若遇到特性区域，则有一连串能为人接受的特性参数。相关的数据库是用来集合与组织大量描述矿床的参数与信息。ODBC的原理为这些数据的演示、分析与交叉联系提供了环境。地质结构模型以MineScape Stratmodel为例，使在真实的三维环境中再现断层成为可能，这意味着在断层引起叠加的区域，其形状可以在制图中精确描述，用户可以看到断层的上下盘与煤层的交叉点。如果断层通过垂直叠加，那么当计算储量的时候，次区域可以有两倍的储量，这对储量有经济影响，但是更重要的是他允许设计者在三维图中意识到哪里可能出现交叉点，露天及地下设计在接近断层带的地方都有可能出现，这是设计过程中一条重要信息。电脑软件的另一个重要而特别的地方是通过一组服务器进行地质模型和安全隐患分析的，使众多用户能够使用 相同的模型进行制图再现、储量计算、以及解决其他的问题，当多种解释存在时每个服务器有一个拷贝的模型，可以减少计算失误和解决管理者和用户的疑虑。选择正确的软件系统的其他考虑是生产出包括可管理性在内的设计质量要求。如果模型在建造过程中需要大量人力，那么即便是有能力的用户也不能提供最佳模型，地质学家的解释与模型模型系统的分界面必须精确，简单易懂，易于修改。模型本省应尽可能的合理化以允许重复操作。正如软件模型中使用的批处理一样，批处理是在多部程序中首先建立的。例如这些步骤有可呢个包括MineSca
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