薄煤层滚筒采煤机总体方案设计与摇臂设计【含CAD图纸】
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附录A简介：煤炭是我国的主要能源，在我国一次性能源中占76以上。煤系地层大多形成与还原环境，煤层开采后处于氧化环境，流铁矿与矿井水和空气接触后，经过一系列的氧化、水解等反应，使水呈酸性，形成酸性矿井水。对地下水以及其它环境和设施等造成一定的环境影响和破坏。本文对酸性矿井水的危害、形成原因以及对酸性矿井水的预防和治理进行了简单的阐述。关键字：采煤活动 酸性矿井水 环境影响 预防 治理煤炭是我国的主要能源，在我国一次性能源中占76以上，必定要进行大量的采煤。采煤过程中破坏了煤层所处的环境，使其原来的还原环境变成了氧化环境。煤炭中一般都含有约0.35的硫，主要以黄铁矿形式存在，约占煤含硫量的2/3。煤层开采后处于氧化环境，流铁矿与矿井水和空气接触后，经过一系列的氧化、水解等反应，生成硫酸和氢氧化铁，使水呈现酸性，即生产了酸性矿井水。PH值低于6的矿井水称酸性矿井水。酸性矿井水在我国部分煤矿特别使南方煤矿分别较为广泛。我国南方煤矿的矿井水pH值一般在2.55.8，有时达2.0。pH值低的原因与煤中含硫量高有密切关系。酸性矿井水的形成对地下水造成了严重的污染，同时还会腐蚀管道、水泵、钢轨等井下设备和混凝土井壁，也严重污染地表水和土壤，使河水中鱼虾绝代，土壤板结，农作物枯萎，影响人体健康。1 酸性矿井水的危害矿井水的pH值低于6即具有酸性，对金属设备有一定的腐蚀性；pH值低于4即具有较强的腐蚀性，对安全生产合矿区生态环境产生严重危害。具体有以下几个方面：1) 腐蚀井下钢轨、钢丝绳等煤矿运输设备。如钢轨、钢丝绳受pH值4的酸性矿井水侵蚀，十几天至几十天强度会大大降低，可造成运输安全事故。2) 探放pH值低的老空水，铁质控水管道和闸门在水流冲刷下腐蚀很快.3) 酸性矿井水中SO2-含量很高，与水泥中某些成分相互作用生成含水硫酸盐结 晶。这些盐类在生成时体积膨胀。经测定，当SO4生成CaSO42H2O时，体积增大一倍;形成MgSO47H2O时，体积增大430%混凝土构筑物结构。4) 酸性矿井水还是环境污染源。酸性矿井水排入河流，pH质小于4时，会使鱼类死亡；酸性矿井水排入土壤，破坏土壤的团粒结构，使土壤板结，农作物枯黄，产量降低，影响工农关系；酸性矿井水人类无法饮用，长期接触，可使人们手脚破裂，眼睛痛痒，通过食物链进入人体，影响人体健康。2 酸性矿井水形成的原因煤系地层大多形成于还原环境，含黄铁矿（FeS2）的煤层形成于强还原环境。煤炭中一般都含有约0.35的硫，主要以黄铁矿形式存在，约占煤含硫量的2/3。煤层开采后处于氧化环境，流铁矿与矿井水和空气接触后，经过一系列的氧化、水解等反应，生成硫酸和氢氧化铁，使水呈现酸性，即生产了酸性矿井水。酸性矿井水形成的主要原因即发生的主要化学反应如下：1) 黄铁矿氧化生成游离硫酸和硫酸亚铁：2FeS27O2+2H2O2H2SO4+2FeSO42) 硫酸亚铁在游离氧的作用下转化为硫酸铁：4FeSO42H2SO4O22Fe2（SO4）32H2O3) 在矿井水中，硫酸亚铁的氧化作用，有时也不一定需要硫酸：12FeS23O2+6H2O4Fe2（SO4）34Fe（OH）34) 矿井水中硫酸铁，具有进一步溶解各种硫化矿物的作用：Fe2（SO4）3MSH2O3/2 O2M SO4+2FeSO4H2SO5) 硫酸铁在弱酸性水中发生水解而产生游离硫酸：Fe2（SO4）3+6H2O2 Fe（OH）33H2SO46) 在矿井深部硫化氢含量高时，在还原条件下，富含硫酸亚铁的矿井水也可产生游离硫酸：2FeSO45H2S2 FeS23SH2SO44 H2O酸性矿井水的性质除与煤中含硫量有关外，还与矿井水涌水量、密闭状态、空气流通状况、煤层倾角、开采深度及面积、水的流动途径等地质条件和开采方法有关。矿井涌水量稳定，则水的酸性稳定；密闭差、空气流通良好，则水的酸性较强，Fe3+离子含量较多；反之，则酸性较弱，Fe2+离子较多；开采越深，煤的含硫量越高；开采面积越大，水的流经途径越长，则氧化、水解等反应进行得越充分，水的酸性越强，反之则弱。3 酸性矿井水的预防与治理3-1 酸性矿井水的预防根据酸性矿井水形成的条件和原因，可以从减源、减量、减时等三个方面进行预防或减轻其危害程度。1) 减源：捡选利用造酸矿物，化害为利。煤矿床的主要造酸矿物时夹杂在煤层中的黄铁矿结核和煤本身的含硫量。煤的开采率低、残留煤柱或浮煤丢失多，黄铁矿结核废弃在井下采空区中，被积水长期浸泡，是产生酸性水的重要根源。减少工作面丢失的浮煤、积极捡选利用黄铁矿结核，能减少产生酸性水的物质。拦截地表水，减少入渗量。例如回填矸石，控制顶板，防止地面水沿塌陷裂隙浸入老空区。在井下，特别是老井或废弃封闭井巷处，对矿井水施放适量的抑菌剂，抑制或杀灭微生物的活性，或者减少矿井水中微生物的数量。通过降低微生物对硫化物的有效作用，达到控制酸性矿井水生成的目的。2) 减少排水量：设立专门排水系统，集中排酸性水，并在地表拦蓄起来，使其蒸发、浓缩，而后加以处理，免除污染。3) 减少排放酸性水的时间：减少矿井水在井下的停留时间，可在一定程度上降低微生物对煤中硫化物的氧化作用，从而有助于减少酸性矿井水的形成。对含黄铁矿多、硫分高、地表水渗漏条件又好的浅部煤层，或已形成强酸性水的老窖积水区，在开拓布局上要权衡利弊，统筹安排，在矿井前期不予开采或探放，留待矿井水末期处理，避免长期排放酸性水。3-2 酸性矿井水的治理在一定地质条件下，酸性水中的硫酸可与钙质岩石或其它基性矿物发生中和反应而降低酸度。用烧碱作中和剂用量少，污泥生成也少，但水的总硬度往往很高，虽降低了水的酸度，但增加了硬度，而且成本高，现已基本不用。目前，处理方法有以石灰乳为中和剂的方法、石灰石为中和剂的方法以及石灰石石灰法、微生物法和湿地处理法。石灰乳中和剂处理法适用于处理酸性较强、涌水量较小的矿井水；石灰石石灰法适用于各种酸性矿井水，尤其是当酸性矿井水中的Fe2+离子较多时适用，还可以减少石灰用量；微生物法基本原理时应用氧化铁细菌进行氧化除铁，此菌能从水生环境中摄取铁，然后以氢氧化铁形式把铁沉淀子在它们的粘液分泌物中，时酸性水的低铁转化为高铁沉淀出来，然后再用石灰石中和游离硫酸，可降低投资，减少沉渣。湿地法又称浅沼泽法，此法具有成本低、易操作、效率高等优点，具体方法在这里不再详述。结论煤系地层大多形成与还原环境，煤层开采后处于氧化环境，流铁矿与矿井水和空气接触后，经过一系列的氧化、水解等反应，使水呈酸性，形成酸性矿井水。对地下水以及其它环境和设施等造成一定的环境影响和破坏，同时会对人体健康造成一定的影响。通过对酸性矿井水的形成原因进行分析，并采取一定的预防和治理措施，可减少酸性矿井水对地下水的污染、其它环境和设施等造成的破坏以及对人体健康的影响。参考文献：1王大纯等主编，水文地质学基础，地质出版社，北京2苑明顺，环境及地下水水力学研究专题论文综述，长江科学院院报，1994.33林年丰，李昌辉，田春生等，环境水文地质学，北京，地质出版社1990.2附录BBrief introduction: The coal is the main energy of our country, accounts for more than 76% in the disposable energy in our country. The coal measures strata mostly form and reduce the environment, is in the environment of oxidizing after the coal seam is exploited, it flow iron ore after being with keeping in touch well water and air ore,oxidize one that is a series of, hydrolysis,etc. react, make water present acidity, form the acid ore well water. Cause certain environmental impact and destruction to groundwater, other environments and facility,etc. This text to acid ore danger of well water, reason of forming and well water prevent from and administration go on simple exposition to acid ore.Key word: Activity of mining Acid ore well water Environmental impact Prevent AdministrationThe coal is the main energy of our country, accounts for more than 76% in the disposable energy in our country, must carry on a large amount of coal mining. Mine course destroy environment that coal seam in, make reducing environment become the environment of oxidizing original its. Generally all contain about 0.3% - 5% sulphur in the coals, exist in the form of pyrite mainly, account for coal 2/3 containing sulphur quantity. Coal seam in environment of oxidizing exploit, flow iron ore with after ore keep in touch by well water and air, react a series of oxidize, hydrolysis,etc., produce sulfuric acid and hydrogen oxidize irons, make water appear acidly, has produced the acid ore well water. The ore well water that pH is lower than 6 calls the acid ore well water. Acid ore well water some colliery make southern colliery part comparatively extensive especially in our country. Of our country southern ore well water pH of colliery generally until 2.5-5.8, up to 2.0 sometimes. It has close relations that high in sulphur in reason and coal why pH is low. The forming of the acid ore well water causes serious pollution to the groundwater, will also corrode the apparatus and concrete borehole wall in the pit such as the pipeline, water pump, rail at the same time, pollute the surface water and soil seriously too, make the fishes and shrimps in the river peerless, the soil board is formed, the crops are withered, influence the health.1 Danger of an acid ore well waterPH of the ore well water is lower than 6 acidly, have certain corrosivity to the metal apparatus; PH lower than, 4 have stronger corrosivity promptly, shut to safety in production ecological environment of mining area produce and endanger seriously. There is the following several respect specifically:1) Corrode transporting equipment of colliery such as the rail, steel wire rope in the pit. Rail, pH 4 acid ore well water corrode, intensity will reduce greatly to dozens of day more than ten day steel wire rope, can cause the incident of transporting.2) Visit and put low always empty water of pH, the iron accuses of water pipeline and gate to corrode quickly under the circumstances that the rivers is eroded.3) SO2 content is very high in the acid ore well water, interact and produce moisture sulphate to form with some compositions in cement brilliant. The volume expansion while turning into of salt. Through determining, when SO4 produces CaSO42H2O, the volume increases one time; While forming MgSO4-7H2O, the volume increases 430% of the concrete structures structure.4) The acid ore well water is still the environmental pollution sources. The acid ore well water enters the river, pH quality is smaller than 4 oclock, will enable fishs death; The acid ore well water enters the soil, destroy the granule structure of the soil, make the soil board form, the crops are withered and yellow, the output is reduced, influence the relation between workers and peasants; The well water mankind of acid ore is unable to drink, keep in touch for a long time, can make the tricks of people break, eyes importance, enter the human body through the food chain, influence the health2 Reason why the acid ore well water formsCoal measures stratum form on environment of reducing mostly, containing pyrite (FeS2) coal seam form on better to reduce the environment. Generally all contain about 0.3% - 5% sulphur in the coals, exist in the form of pyrite mainly, account for coal 2/3 containing sulphur quantity. Coal seam in environment of oxidizing exploit, flow iron ore with after ore keep in touch by well water and air, react a series of oxidize, hydrolysis,etc., produce sulfuric acid and hydrogen oxidize irons, make water appear acidly, has produced the acid ore well water. The main chemical reaction that the main reason why the acid ore well water forms takes place promptly is as follows:1) The pyrite oxidizes and produces free sulfuric acid and inferior iron of sulfuric acid：2FeS27O2+2H2O2H2SO4+2FeSO42) Sulfuric acid inferior iron turn into the sulfuric acid iron under free function of oxygen： 4FeSO42H2SO4O22Fe2（SO4）32H2O3) In the ore well water, the oxidation of the inferior iron of sulfuric acid, might not need sulfuric acid either sometimes： 12FeS23O2+6H2O4Fe2（SO4）34Fe（OH）34) The sulfuric acid iron, further dissolve the function of different mineral of sulfides in the ore well water：Fe2（SO4）3MSH2O3/2 O2M SO4+2FeSO4H2SO5) Sulfuric acid iron hydrolyzed but free sulfuric acid emerges among the weak acid water： Fe2（SO4）3+6H2O2 Fe（OH）33H2SO46) When the deep department hydrogen content sulfide of the mine is high, under reducing the condition, the ore well water rich in inferior iron of sulfuric acid can also produce free sulfuric acid：2FeSO45H2S2 FeS23SH2SO44 H2OThe properties of the acid ore well water, besides relating to sulphur content in the coal, still with the ore well water amount of water welled up, airtight state, air circulate state, coal seam inclination, exploit depth and area, flow route,etc. of water geological condition involved in mining method. The amount of water welled up of the mine is stable, then the acid stability of water; Airtight difference, air circulate well, water acid and relatively strong then, Fe3 ion content more; On the contrary, acid and relatively weak, there is more Fe2 ion; Exploit the more deeply, the higher the sulphur content of the coal is; Exploit area to be heavy, to flow through route to be the longer, oxidize, hydrolyze etc. and reflect that the more abundantly goes on water, it is strong that water is acid, weak on the contrary.3 Prevention and administration of the acid ore well water3-1 Prevention of the acid ore well waterAccording to acid ore terms and reason that well water form, can from reduce source, decrement, three respect go on, prevent or lighten his extent of injury reduce,etc.1) Reduce the source: Pick up, select, utilize, make acid mineral, take, make for the profit. Colliery bed mixed with pyrite tuberculosis and coal sulphur content of itself in coal seam build sour mineral mainly. Exploitation rate of coal low remaining coal column or floating coal lose more, pyriting tuberculosis discarding in adopt of the empty district in the pit, soaked in long-term water accumulation, it is the important origin of producing the acid water. Reduce the lost floating coal of working range, pick up and select to utilize pyrite tuberculosis actively, can reduce the material which produces the acid water. Intercept the surface water, reduce into the oozing amount. Such as backfill waste rock, control roof, prevent surface water from along collapse crack it soaks in to be always empty district. In in the pit, old well or discard, close well lane, discharge restraining pharmaceutical of fungus of right amount of to the ore well water, inhibit or kill the activity of the microorganism, or reduce the quantity of the microorganism in the ore well water. Through reduce microorganism effective function in sulphide, achieve, control acid ore purpose that well water turn into.2) Reduce the displacement: Set up special drainage system, concentrate on arranging the acid water, and retain in the earths surface, make it evaporate, concentrate, and then deal with, avoid pollution.3) Reduce the time to discharge the acid water: Reduce ore well water in residence time in the pit, can reduce microorganism to coal oxidation of the sulphide to a certain extent, thus facilitate reducing the forming of the acid ore well water. To the shallow department coal seam including the more, sulphur content high, surface water seepage of pyrite with good condition, or has already formed the ponding district of tough cellar of the strong acid water, should weighed the advantage and disadvantages in opening up the overall arrangement, overall arrangement, refuse to exploit or visit and put in the mine in earlier stage, wait until the ore and deal with in latter stage of well water, avoid discharging the acid water for a long time.3-2 Administration of the acid ore well waterUnder certain geological condition, sulfuric acid of acid water but and calcium rock or other base mineral happen, neutralize, react and reduce acidity. Make neutralizer to be consumption little with caustic soda, it is even little for mud to turn into, but the total hardness of water is often very high, although has reduced the acidity of water, has increased the hardness, and with high costs, have not basically used now. At present, the treatment method is method taking lime milk as neutralizer, lime stone as the neutralizer method and lime stone -Deal with France in lime law, microbial law and wetland. Lime milk neutralizer handle law apply to, deal with acid strong, amount of water welled up little ore well water; Lime stone -The lime law applies to various acid ore well water, especially applicable when there is more Fe2 ion in the acid ore well water, can also reduce lime consumption; Microbial law employ, oxidize iron bacterium oxidize and get rid of irons at the basic principle, fungus this can absorb iron in aquatic environment, oxidize by hydrogen iron form precipitate iron son among their mucus secretion, when acid for water turn i
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